Mindanao State University

College of Agriculture
General Santos City

Identification of Diffe rent Organic Compounds

A Written Report Submitted to:

Dr. Ange m Descallar

Subject Instructor

A Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Submitted by:
Mendez, Maria Cheska M.

December 2023
Introduction:

Solubility is defined as the ability of a compound to dissolve in a solvent to form a solution and
it is categorized into three categories: highly soluble, sparingly soluble, or insoluble.
Furthermore, it is an important tool in organic chemistry in order to identify the different classes
of organic compounds. The solubility of a compound in various solvent can give information on
its functional groups and polarity. Polarity refers to substances with similar polarities to be
soluble in one another while compounds with differing polarities will be insoluble in one
another. This means that a substance dissolve in a solvent depends on its polarity.

Organic compounds refer to a compound that contains carbon and is covalently bound to other
atoms of elements (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen). It can be classified into different classes
based on their functional groups, which determine their physical and chemical compounds. For
instance, alcohol, ketone, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids contain different functional groups
that have different polarities which affect the solubility of the compounds in various solvents.
Alcohols belong to the hydroxyl group (-OH). Both ketone and aldehydes incorporate a carbonyl
functional group. Ketones contain the carbonyl (-CO-) in the middle of the carbon chain while
aldehydes contain the carbonyl (CHO), and carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group (-
COOH).

In this laboratory activity, we are expected to perform a solubility test of the different organic
compounds using various solvents such as water, hexane, sodium bicarbonate, and silver nitrate
and we will observe which compounds dissolve in which solvents in order to identify the
functional group present in each compound. In addition, this activity will allow us understand
and identify the different classes of compound through the solubility test as well as the physical
and chemical properties of different functional groups and how they affect the solubility of
organic compounds.

Review of Related Literature:

The solubility of lignin monomeric compounds in the presence of deep eutectic solvents shows a
promising results in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, the usage of fourier-
transform infrared spectroscopy method is useful technique for confirming the identity of pure
compounds due to its simplicity, fast determination, and low cost (Hladnik et.al. 2021).
Furthermore, In the conduction of solubility test as well as observing the changes in pH level of a
tricalcium silicate–containing sealer (BioRoot RCS [BR]), a mineral trioxide aggregate–
containing sealer (MTA Fillapex [MTA]), and an epoxy resin–based sealer (AH Plus [AH]) for 6
months in a double distilled water, it shows that both MTA Fillapex and BioRoot RCS are
soluble while AH Plus is insoluble during the entire period. Also, the solubility of compounds
can be determined on the basis of mass difference in percent (Urban et.al. 2018). Moreover, The
usage of nanoencapsulation in hydrophobic or poorly soluble nutrients, and food bioactive such
as water- insoluble vitamins, phenolic compounds, essential oils, etc. is an effective alternative in
increasing their solubility as well as bioavailability (Rezaei et.al., 2019). Additionally, Solubility
is the driving force for absorbtion and acceptable solubility in the intestinal. Along with that, the
solubility of a compound affects its absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
(ADMET) profile (Bergström & Larsson, 2018). Furthermore, the increase of temperature affects
the solubility of a compound and it is dependent based on the solution concentration. In addition,
Jouyban-Acree model can be utilized in order to correlate the experimental solubility data
(Galvão et.al., 2018).

Deep eutectic solvents are currently becoming increasingly popular in a wide range of
applications due to its green nature, biodegradability, tuneability, affordability, and ease of
preparation compared to other solvents (Achkar et al., 2019). Moreover, Volatile organic
compounds are vast class of chemicals present in many of the building and maintenance supplies
we use in our houses. These include benzene, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, methylene
chloride, and so on. Also, the synthesis of complex organic molecules is crucial in the discovery
and production of useful chemicals, such as small- molecule drugs (Coley et al., 2019). Further,
chemical solvents consist of approximately 80% of the total volume of chemicals used in
numerous significant chemical processes, particularly the production of fine chemicals.
However, these solvents are frequently petroleum-derived volatile organic chemicals that pose a
number of health and environmental hazards (Häckl & Kunz, 2018). Additionally, There are
seven major functional groups; these include hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino,
phosphate, and sulfhydryl. They are part of the organic molecules where the carbon atom is
bound to something other than hydrogen (Foist, 2023).

Materials:

1. Test tubes
2. Test tube Rack
3. Distilled Water
4. Hexane
5. Sodium bicarbonate solution
6. 1% silver nitrate solution
7. 2,4-DNP reagent (2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine)

Unknown organic compounds samples: Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, and Carboxylic Acid

Methods:

1. Label four test tubes as A, B, C, and D

1. Add 1 ml. of water to test tube A, 1 ml. of hexane to test tube B, and I ml. of sodium
bicarbonate solution to test tube C
2. Add 1 ml of 1% silver nitrate solution to test tube D
3. Add a small amount (a few drops) of each organic compound to each test tube, one
compound per test tube.
4. Gently shake each test tube to mix the contents.
5. Observe and record the solubility of each compound in each solvent.
6. Add 1-2 drops of 2,4-DNP reagent to each test tube and observe any color changes
7. Record your observations and conclusions.
Example observations: soluble, insoluble, no reaction, positive/negative test
Result and Discussion:
The purpose of this laboratory experiment was to conduct a solubility test using four different
polar compound, four different solvent and a 2,4-DNP reagent.. In this experiment, we utilized
alcohol, ketone, aldehydes, and carboxylic acid as our compounds and label it as 1,2,3,4. And we
used water, hexane, sodium bicarbonate, silver nitrate, and 2,4-DNP as our solvent and label it as
A,B,C,D. After the experiment, we successfully identify what compounds are soluble and
insoluble with the various solvent used. The result only suggests that solubility testing is
effective in identifying the solubility as well as the polarity of each compound in different
solvents, supporting the previous research on the identification of different organic compound.

The table below shows the result attained upon the conduction of solubility test.

Solvent C
Solvent A Solvent B Solvent D
(Sodium 2,4-DNP Test
(Water) (Hexane) (Silver Nitrate)
Bicarbonate)
A layer is
formed and
the solvent
become A layer is a visible layer
A layer is
cloudy. Aside formed is
formed. And
Compound 1 Insoluble from that (bubble like formed(whitish
it became
there's no formation). and has an oil
cloudy
significant like behavior)
reaction
happened.

Soluble and
the mixture
the color of
the mixture is the mixture became
Compound 2 soluble the mixture is
cloudy became cloudy cloudy and
yellowish.
has 2 layers
the mixture
a layer is
bubbled up
the mixture formed, the
Compound 3 No reaction No reaction other than
became cloudy layer settled
that there's no
at the bottom
other reaction
the solution is
clear when the mixture
Compound 4 No reaction No reaction No reaction
mixed became cloudy

Based on the observation, only compound 2 is soluble in water while compound 1 is insoluble.
Additionally, compound 3 and 4 have no reaction when mixed with water. In hexane solvent,
compound 1 formed a layer this means that the compound is insoluble with the solvent. While
both compound 3 and 4 have no reaction when mixed with the solvent, compound 2 changed
color when mixed this only means that the mixture is soluble. Furthermore, In solvent 3,
compounds 1,2, & 3 undergo a chemical change due to the presence of bubbles while compound
4 is a true solution because the solute particles are spread evenly throughout the sodium
bicarbonate solvent does making the substance appears as transparent/clear. Furthermore, in
silver nitrate solvent, compound 1 is insoluble due to the layer form while compound s 2,3, & 4
forms a cloudy mixture this indication only means that an insoluble product known as a
precipitate is formed. Lastly, in the 2,4-DNP Test , compound 1,2, & 3 are insoluble because of
the layers that formed and it indicates that the substances did not mixed with the solvent while
compound 4 have no reaction. In light with this, when some substances are dissolved in a
solvent, they undergo either a physical or a chemical change that yields ions in solution.

REFERENCES:

Achkar, T. E., Fourmentin, S., & Greige‐Gerges, H. (2019). Deep eutectic solvents: An overview
on their interactions with water and biochemical compounds. Journal of Molecular
Liquids, 288, 111028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111028

Bergström, C. a. S., & Larsson, P. (2018). Computational prediction of drug solubility in water-
based systems: Qualitative and quantitative approaches used in the current drug discovery
and development setting. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 540(1–2), 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.044

Coley, C. W., Thomas, D. A., Lummiss, J. a. M., Jaworski, J. N., Breen, C., Schultz, V., Hart, T.,
Fishman, J., Rogers, L., Gao, H., Hicklin, R. W., Plehiers, P., Byington, J., Piotti, J. S.,
Green, W., Hart, A. J., Jamison, T. F., & Jensen, K. F. (2019). A robotic platform for
flow synthesis of organic compounds informed by AI
planning. Science, 365(6453). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1566
Foist, L. (2023). Functional Groups Overview & List. Study.com.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/functional- groups- in-organic-
molecules.html#:~:text=Functional%20Groups%20in%20Organic%20Compounds,chemi
stry%20of%20many%20organic%20compounds
Galvão, A. C., Da Silva Robazza, W., Bianchi, A. D., Matiello, J. A., Paludo, A. R., & Thomas,
R. (2018). Solubility and thermodynamics of vitamin C in binary liquid mixtures
involving water, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol at different temperatures. The
Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 121, 8–16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2018.02.005

Greene, D. (2023). What is Solubility? ChemTalk. https://chemistrytalk.org/what- is-

solubility/?fbclid=IwAR12GPPb66FmQDq1TXT9CkxpP9Nmct35bn2UhU0rVtupJKzOs
5MYT_3JCI0

Häckl, K., & Kunz, W. (2018). Some aspects of green solvents. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 21(6),
572–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.03.010
 Hladnik, L., Vicente, F. A., Novak, U., Grilc, M., & Likozar, B. (2021). Solubility assessment of
lignin monomeric compounds and organosolv lignin in deep eutectic solvents using in
situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Industrial Crops and Products, 164,
113359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113359

Rezaei, A., Fathi, M., & Jafari, S. M. (2019). Nanoencapsulation of hydrophobic and low-soluble
food bioactive compounds within different nanocarriers. Food Hydrocolloids, 88, 146–
162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.10.003
Volatile Organic Compounds in Your Home - MN Dept. of Health.
(n.d.). https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/air/toxins/voc.htm

Urban, K., Neuhaus, J. W. G., Donnermeyer, D., Schäfer, E., & Dammaschke, T. (2018).
Solubility and pH value of 3 different root canal sealers: a long-term investigation.
Journal of Endodontics, 44(11), 1736–1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.026

DOCUMENTATION:

Getting of solvent in a
container utilizing a dropper

Pouring the compound into

a test tube

Mixing a solvent into a

test tube filled with a
substance using a dropper