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Unit 4-A Interest Rate

中興大學 財金系教授
葉仕國
不同利率概念
• Treasury rates
• LIBOR phased out
• Repo Rates
• Zero Rates
• 與 Bond pricing 有關之報酬概念
-- Bond yield
-- Par yield (related to swap rates in Chapter 7)
• Forward Rates
• Yield with different compounding frequency
國際金融界無風險利率指標

1. 過去 LIBOR
2. 現在 OIS (Overnight Index Swap) with
reference key rates like Fed Fund Rate or SOFR
The “Risk-Free” Discount Rate
• A risk-free discount rate is in theory necessary to
value derivatives
• LIBOR and swap rates have traditionally been used as
proxies for risk-free rates by derivatives dealers
• During the crisis banks were reluctant to lend to each
other and LIBOR soared
• As a result, practices in the market have changed
• For collateralized transactions derivatives dealers now
use the OIS rate as the discount rate (It is argued that
collateralized transactions are funded by the
collateral)
• For non-collateralized transactions a rate reflecting
the bank’s funding cost is often used 5
LIBOR弊端
• 各家成員銀行的報價並非根據實際交易所產生,而是期望在該
利率下獲得其他銀行的資金,是主觀估計值,因此有人為操作
的空間。
• 2008年金融危機使得LIBOR的公正性受到質疑,此後各國主管
機關紛紛展開對LIBOR的相關調查,結果也在2012年揭露了巴
克萊銀行案及瑞銀(UBS)集團案,證實了LIBOR遭操縱的事實。
美元區替代利率-SOFR
• 擔保隔夜融資利率(Secured Overnight Financing Rate, SOFR)
• 工作小組:美國替代參考利率委員會(ARRC)
• 發佈日:2018.4.2
• 基於 1、交易量大、流動性高,具穩定性的市場
2、無風險或近似無風險
3、不能對美國貨幣政策造成限制
• ARRC 1.0 → 衍生性金融商品
• ARRC 2.0 → 非衍生性金融商品(ex. 企業貸款、浮動利率債券)
美元區替代利率-SOFR
十億美元

• 特點:
1、交易量大且穩定
2、實際交易基礎,操縱難度高

隔夜RP交易 隔夜銀行 聯邦資金 3個月期國 3個月期主


(SOFR) 融資交易 交易 庫券 要銀行融

• LIBOR轉換SOFR的困難點: (OBFR) (EFFR) 資交易

1、 SOFR僅有隔夜1種期限
2、 SOFR為擔保借款利率,信用風險小
無法產生 yield curve
相對於無抵押的美元LIBOR而言,
SOFR是有抵押的擔保利率,兩者之
間天然存在信用利差。

O/N LIBOR - SOFR


John Hull textbook 對LIBOR 之態度

• 10th ed. Textbook

• 9th ed. Textbook


2003全球十大期貨暨選擇權契約
2003/01~10 2002/01~10
類別 Contract / Exchange 成長率
交易量 交易量
KOSPI 200 Options / KSE,
股價指數 2,344,348,761 1,498,473,443 56.45%
Korea
Eurobund Futures / EUREX,
債券 214,467,656 166,524,262 28.79%
Germany
3-Month Eurodollar Futures /
短期利率 176,361,117 178,491,737 -1.19%
CME, U.S.
E-Mini S&P 500 Futures / CME,
股價指數 139,066,299 94,795,854 46.70%
U.S.
Interbank Equilibrium Futures /
短期利率 134,430,421 - N/A
MEXDER, Maxico
Euro-BOBL Futures / EUREX,
債券 130,371,815 98,960,897 31.74%
Germany
Ten Year T-Notes Futures /
債券 123,358,522 79,086,828 55.98%
CBOT, U.S.
3-Month Euribor Futures /
短期利率 118,930,184 90,000,654 32.14%
LIFFE, U.K.
Euro-SCHATZ Futures /
債券 101,711,955 95,068,236 6.99%
EUREX, Germany
Dow Jones Euro STOXX 50
股價指數 98,977,433 70,943,939 39.51%
Futures / EUREX, Germany
資料來源:FIA
2019 Contract Ranking
Jan-Dec 2019
Rank Contract Vol
Bank Nifty Index Options, National Stock
1 Exchange of India 2,994,080,115
2 Bovespa Mini Index Futures, B3 1,614,094,434
CNX Nifty Index Options, National Stock
3 Exchange of India 1,161,043,042
4 SPDR S&P 500 ETF Options 703,262,435
5 Eurodollar Futures, Chicago Mercantile Exchange 687,072,595
US Dollar/Indian Rupee Options, National Stock
6 Exchange of India 648,945,670
7 Kospi 200 Options, Korea Exchange 637,637,015
8 Brent Oil Futures, Moscow Exchange 616,575,153
9 US Dollar/Indian Rupee Options, BSE 597,155,819
US Dollar/Indian Rupee Futures, National Stock
10 Exchange of India 551,281,470
國內利率期貨合約

十年期公債期貨(2004/1/2 上市) -
利率類
三十天期利率期貨(2004/5/31 上市) -
十年期公債期貨於2019年9月下市
加分作業
• 為何國內利率類的期貨商品發展不起來?
何謂利率期限結構 (term structure of
interest rates)?

利率期限結構乃意指某種證券(或資
產)在某一固定時點上,不同到期時
間(time to maturity)所對應的各種不
同到期日報酬(yield to maturity),將
之描繪成圖,便是所謂的殖利率曲
線(yield curve)。
殖利率曲線的形成與估計

2024/3/12 債券風險20
2024/3/12 債券風險21
零息債券殖利率曲線的建構

2024/3/12 債券風險22
Asset Pricing Formula

E (C1 ) E (C 2 ) E (C n )
P= + +  +
(1 + r1 )1
(1 + r2 )
2
(1 + rn )
n

P: Asset price
E: expectation
Ci: Cash flow of i period
ri: Spot rate for maturity of i period
理想的利率期限結構(殖利率曲線)必須
具備的特質

• 連續性
• 即期利率(或零息債券殖利率)
• 涵蓋短中長期
• Default Risk 相當
• 利率必須具備代表性

零息公債或 (LIBOR)殖利率曲線成為最重要的殖利率
曲線
殖利率曲線的意涵

2024/3/12 債券風險25
Coupon effect

The impact of coupon level on the yield-to-


maturity of coupon bonds with the same
maturity has been called the coupon effect. The
phenomenon that securities of the same maturity
have different yields appears whenever securities
have different cash-flow patterns.
Coupon effect

10 110
PA = + 2
= 105.512
1.06 1.07
5 105
PB = + 2
= 96.428
1.06 1.07

10 110
PA = + 2
= 105.513
1.06953 1.06953
5 105
PB = + 2
= 96.428
1.06975 1.06975
RiskMetrics風控系統獲大華證採用

在金融市場日趨活潑的之際,風險控管更形
重要,大華證券昨(4)日與代理RiskMetrics
風控系統的精業嘉實公司簽約,成為台灣第一
家採用該套風險控管系統的公司。
除了採用RiskMetrics之RiskManager風控系
統外,大華證券債券部負責計算及提供該風控
系統中所需要的台灣債券市場零息債券殖利率
曲線及利率交換市場之零息曲線資料,使
RiskMetrics 的系統能適用於台灣的市場。
【 2002-02-05/經濟日報/14版/工商活動 】
如何估計殖利率曲線

市場上所交易的債券都是附息債券(coupon bond),
無法直接觀察到零息債券之殖利率,所以在一般
公開資訊上(如報紙、財金資訊網、或金融機構之
定期研究報告等)所見到的殖利率曲線圖,都是以
附息債券之殖利率畫出,並非所需之零息債券殖
利率,更無法據以進行相關之應用。因此,如何
透過合理的方法正確地估計出殖利率曲線,便成
為利率相關商品探討上的首要課題。
熱門公債收盤價 更新日期: 2007/3/8

期次 收盤 前一日收盤 漲跌bp DURATION 到期年期

央債90-7期 2.0100 2.0200 -1.00 8.31283 15年期

央債93-8期 1.9625 1.9625 0.00 6.85073 10年期

央債94-2期 1.8167 1.8167 0.00 2.81641 5年期

央債94-3期 2.0400 2.0400 0.00 14.90348 20年期


Spot Rate

Maturity Coupon Yield to Price


Maturity
1.0 0.0% 3.350% 96.73
2.0 3.875% 3.790% 100.16

3.0 7.0% 4.111% 108.00

Cashflow Stream

Period 1 Period 2 Period3

1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000


bootstrapping

Constructing the spot rate curve:


1-period spot rate r1=0.0335
2-period spot rate should satisfy
3.875 100 + 3.875
+ = 100.16
(1 + 0.03350) 1
(1 + r 2 ) 2

which implies r2=3.799%


3-period spot rate should satisfy
7.0 7.0 100 + 7.0
+ + = 108
(1 + 0.03350) (1 + 0.03799) (1 + r3 )
1 2 3

which implies r3=4.144%


YTM and Spot Rate

rate 4.144%
4.111%

3.799%
3.790%

3.350%
maturity

years
加分作業
• 請依各同學所關心的市場,畫出該市場在今
年1月到3月期間特定時點的公債殖利率曲線。
(可能不只一條),並分析有無特殊(倒掛)現象?
• 若犯嚴重錯誤,將倒扣成績
Not Yield Curve

2024/3/12 橫軸為到期日,而非時間 債券風險36


• 上面計算遠期利率的作法又稱為隱含遠期利率
(implied forward rate),這意味著遠期利率的估算必須透過即
期利率的殖利率曲線才能產生,這樣也顯示遠期利率曲線是
即期利率曲線所隱含出來的概念。

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雙元曲線折現 (dual curve discounting)
多重曲線折現 (multi-curve discounting)
• 利率衍生性商品其標的變數也大多是 LIBOR 相關變數,所
以公式(2.7)之分子其實就是對未來各期 LIBOR 變數所產
生之現金流的預期值。既然根據不偏預期理論,未來各期
LIBOR 利率預期值會等於 LIBOR 的遠期利率。

2024/3/12 債券風險42
Unit 4-B Interest Rate Futures

中興大學 財金系教授
葉仕國
長期利率期貨

• 美國市場實務
1. Long-term interest rate futures是指T-bond和T-note
futures contracts.
2. CBOT以長期利率期貨著稱。
3. T-note為中期政府債券,到期日為1~10年,半年
付息一次,一般在5/15和11/15。
4. T-bond為長期政府債券,到期日為10~30年,付
息方式同T-note。
5. T-bond和T-note contract標的債券是虛擬債券,並
不實際存在。
長期利率期貨
6. Long-term interest rate futures的重要規格
 面額:10萬美元。
 票面利率多為6%。
 T-bond futures標的債券期間多為15-30年;T-note
futures標的債券期間有2、5、10年。
 T-bond futures 2010年新規定
⚫ New Regular 交割標的物必須是,在交割月第一
天時,到期期間15年-25年之T-bond。
⚫ Ultra 交割標的物必須是,在交割月第一 天時,
到期期間25年-30年之T-bond。
T-note futures交割標的物必須是,在交割月第一天時,
到期期間介於6.5~10年,且不能贖回之T-bond或note。
• Example:

181天

54天
1998,1,1 1998,3,5 1998,7,1

目前quoted spot price


付息日

已知目前T-bond報價為95-160,又T-bond面值$100,其
coupon rate = 11%,半年付息 為5.5 (= 100×11%×1/2)
則目前T-bond之現金價格為:
54
Cash price = $95.5 + $5.5 
181
• T-bond futures之quotes
與cash price計算方式同T-bond

現貨 期貨到期日

1/1付 2/6目 4/7 7/1付


息日 前 息日

Quoted futures price

問:到期交割之cash futures price為何?


Cash futures price = quoted futures price + 應計利息
×?
• 轉換因子(conversion factors)
The long position in the T-Bond futures contract
is said to face conversion factor risk.
1. 轉換因子定義:用以計算債券期貨短部位者,
在以某一種債券交割後所能得到的cash。
(要計算conversion factor的理由是因為short
position者,所提出交割之bond,並非債券期
貨上的虛擬債券)
2. short position者在交割時所收到的現金
=(quoted futures price × 用以交割債券之轉換
因子)+應計利息
3. 轉換因子計算釋例一
 判斷maturity(比3少捨去法)
有一bond準備用以交割,其maturity為20年2
個月,coupon rate=10%;
此例中,將20年2個月視為20年。
Ex. 20年1個月→20年
20年2個月→20年
20年4個月→20年3個月
20年8個月→20年6個月
 計算bond price(用虛擬債券之票面利
率作為discount rate,令為6%)
40
5 100
P= t
+ 40
= 146.23
t =1 1.03 1.03
 計算轉換因子
Conversion factor = 146.23 ÷ 100 = 1.4623
4. 轉換因子計算釋例二
• 有一bond準備用以交割,其maturity = 18
年又4個月,coupon rate = 8%;
 判斷maturity
將maturity視為18年又3個月。
 計算bond price

個 36個半年

付 目 付 共37次利息 $7 付
息 前 息 息
日 求 日 日

36
4 100
P= t
+ 36
= 125.83
t = 0 1.03 1.03
再折現三個月,
125.83
P =
'
= 125.83 1.014889 = 123.99
(1 + 3%)12

再減去應計利息,

P'' = 123.99 − 2 = 121.99


 計算conversion factor
Conversion factor = 121.99÷100 = 1.2199
• 問:以準備交割債券coupon rate和虛擬
債券coupon rate的關係
• 說明轉換因子>、<、=1。
• 國內轉換因子係將各交割債券每一元面額之未
來現金流量以期貨虛擬債券之票面利率折算至
交割日所得之值。公式如下:
−d
y−d
CF = (1 + r ) y
 PV − C 
y
n −1
1 1
PV = C   +
i = 0 (1 + r )
i
(1 + r ) n −1
• CF:轉換因子
• R :期貨票面利率
• C :交割債券票面利率
• Y :交割日前一次與下一次付息日之間隔天數
• 2005年9月7日之後標的債券改變為票面利率3%
之十年期政府債券(Que: 原先為多少?)
十年期公債期貨可交割債券暨轉換因子表

轉換因子
債券代碼 期別 發行日 到期日 期間(年) 票面利率 發行總額(億) 94年12
94年6月 94年9月 月
A89109 89甲9 89/3/14 104/3/14 15 6.125% 500 1.0850 ---- ----
A89111 89甲11 89/8/11 104/8/11 15 5.125% 300 1.0096 ---- ----
A90103 90甲3 90/3/6 105/3/6 15 4.625% 500 0.9692 ---- ----

A92107 92甲7 92/9/19 102/9/19 10 2.750% 400 0.8504 0.8545


0.8581

A92110 92甲10 92/12/5 102/12/5 10 2.875% 350 0.8557 0.8595


0.8631

A93104* 93甲4 93/3/4 103/3/4 10 2.375% 750 0.8178 0.8223


0.8266

A93108* 93甲8 93/9/15 103/9/15 10 2.625% 700 0.8271 0.8312


0.8349

A94104 94甲4 94/3/16 104/3/16 10 2.250% 400 0.7915 0.7959


0.8002

可交割債券期數(* 含增額發行): 15 7
7

可交割債券總發行額(億): 6,600 3,600


3,600
Cheapest-to-Deliver Bond

• At any given time, there are many bonds that can


be delivered in the CBOT Treasury bond futures
contract. These vary widely as far as coupon and
maturity is concerned. The party with the short
position can choose which of the available bonds is
“cheapest” to deliver. Since the party with the short
position receives
(quoted futures price × conversion factor) +
accrued interest
• and the cost of purchasing a bond is
quoted price + accrued interest
• the cheapest-to-deliver bond is the one for
which
quoted price – (quoted futures price ×
conversion factor)
is least. This can be found by examining each of
the bonds in turn.
• Example
The party with the short position has decided to
deliver and is trying to choose between the three
bonds in Table 6.2 Assume that the current quoted
futures price is 93-080 or 93.25. The cost of
delivering each of the bonds is as follow:
Bond 1: 99.50 – (93.25×1.0382) = 2.69
Bond 2: 143.50 – (93.25×1.5188) = 1.87
Bond 3: 119.75 – (93.25×1.2615) = 2.12
The cheapest-to-deliver bond is bond 2.
Table 6.2 Deliverable Bonds

Bond Quoted Price Conversion Factor

1 99.50 1.0382

2 143.50 1.5188

3 119.75 1.2615
36 years’ reunion
What is Ultra Treasury bond futures?
• Before 2010
- Treasury bond futures contract permitted delivery of at least 15
years to maturity Treasury bonds
• In 2010
- Ultra: at least 25 years to maturity
- new regular: 15 to 25 years to maturity

The specifications for the Ultra T-Bond futures resemble those for
the regular CME Group Treasury bond contract. They are identical
in terms of their notional value, minimum tick size, contract critical
dates, and notional coupon.
How to price T-bond Futures?

• Very difficult
• You need to know which is CDT bond?
• Consider different timing option
Treasury Bill Quote in the U.S.
If Y is the quoted price of a Treasury bill that
has n days to maturity the equivalent annual
interest rate is

360
(100 − Y )
n
This is referred to as the “discount rate”.
Eurodollar Futures
• If Z is the quoted price of a Eurodollar futures
contract, the value of one contract is 10,000[100-
0.25(100-Z)],Z=100-R
• A change of one basis point or 0.01 in a Eurodollar
futures quote corresponds to a contract price change
of $25 (代表報價上升1個b.p.合約價值上升25
元)(台灣為822元,30/365)
• (100-Z)%代表 annualized three-month Eurodollar
futures interest rate.
Eurodollar Futures continued
• A Eurodollar futures contract is settled in cash
• When it expires (on the third Wednesday of
the delivery month) Z is set equal to 100
minus the 90 day Eurodollar interest rate
(actual/360) and all contracts are closed out
SOFR Futures
• The one-month SOFR futures is designed to be
as similar as possible to the one-month Fed
Fund futures contract and is based on an
arithmetic average of overnight rates (R)
• The three-month SOFR futures is designed to
be as similar as possible to the three-month
Eurodollar futures and is based on the result
of compounding overnight rates (R)

Options, Futures, and Other


Derivatives, 11th Edition, Copyright 75
© John C. Hull 2021
3-Month Eurodollar Futures vs. 3-
month SOFR Futures
• The 3-month Eurodollar futures for a contract
month is settled on the third Wednesday of
the month and equal to the 3-month LIBOR
rate observed two days earlier
• The 3-month SOFR futures for the same
contract month is settled 3-months later
(when all the relevant overnight rates have
been observed)

Options, Futures, and Other


Derivatives, 11th Edition, Copyright 76
© John C. Hull 2021
END

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