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The Focus study will contribute with new and important knowledge on multi-component
interventions targeting smoking behavior among adolescents. During this same period, no overall
decline in prevalence of susceptibility to smoking among high school students was observed. This
will lead to important knowledge for evidence-and practice-based recommendations to AHSs,
politicians, and other stakeholders. This book focuses on the literature directed to those who cannot
or will not quit smoking and offers an informed risk reduction approach aimed directly at the chronic
smoker. Implementation challenges are notorious in school-based interventions and thus, an issue of
concern in this study. Varenicline See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers
Topics Job Board We're Hiring. Danish studies have shown that in AHSs, smoking plays a central
role in social interactions among students, and the school context may increase the students’ use of
cigarettes by creating peer groups around the use of cigarettes 20. Smoking-Cessation Interventions
for U.S. Young Adults: Updated Systematic Review. Although NYTS was not administered before
2000, YRBS results indicate that the rate of decline in youth smoking was slower during 2003--2009
than during 1997--2003, and that these declines follow years of increase in prevalence of youth
cigarette use in the 1990s ( 8 ). Operationalizing a model to quantify implementation of a multi-
component intervention in a stepped-wedge trial. Figure 1 Flow diagram of ranodmization, and
participation in the Focus study Recruitment and randomization procedure Initially, the research
team contacted 62 VET schools following the propensity sampling method. Stratification factors are
school type (PBE, social and health education, commercial, and technical education) and
geographical location to reduce selection bias and achieve sample size balance across the arms.
However, one school offering PBE withdraw from participation after being allocated to the control
group due to the fact that the school already had decided to implement SFSH at the time of the
intervention’s start and thus, did not wish to be part of the control group. Declines were seen only
for a few measures within a few population subgroups. The social construction of reality: A treatise
in the sociology of knowledge. Furthermore, we will examine the association between
implementation degree and the effect of the intervention and investigate associations between
contextual factors and implementation degree. The chances of successful quitting are maximised if
the patient receives behavioural support combined with drug treatment, if nicotine-dependent. Thus,
youth smoking remains a major challenge for public health. A diary method was used to collect what
is believed to be the first publicly available detailed data on the tobacco purchase and consumption
behaviour of intending quitters. Furthermore, the Focus study will give insights to challenges of
working with young individuals with lower SEP in intervention research. This literature will be an
invaluable resource to health professionals, therapists, and others involved in the issue of health and
the hazards of continued smoking. Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences. The sample comprises all students allocated to participate in all of the Focus
intervention components; typically, all students enrolled in the first part of the basic program (first 6
months of school) and typically all students at PBE schools. The study will be introduced to the
students as a study about smoking, health behavior, and wellbeing. We combine the C-RCT with a
qualitative and quantitative process evaluation. Challoner, (review monitor) University of Florida and
Hugh Tilson. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it
easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. At baseline and second follow-up,
students are asked to provide their e-mail and cell phone number. There is no formal institution for
ethical assessment and approval of register- and questionnaire-based population studies in Denmark.
Missing data might be handled with multiple imputation. GARY GIOVINO, Ph.D., M.S., Senior
Research Scientist, Roswell Park.
To further decrease tobacco use and susceptibility to use among youths, restrictions on advertising,
promotion, and availability of tobacco products to youths should be combined with full
implementation of evidence-based, communitywide, comprehensive tobacco control policies ( 3--5 ).
Together, these studies highlight the complexity of nicotinic receptor gene regulation and its role in
mediating drug-related behaviors. Understanding the impact of school tobacco policies on adolescent
smoking behaviour: A realist review. Association and a Danish non-profit fund, the Health
Foundation. Funders. This paper concludes with suggestions for a graduated series of policies that
may allow exploration of the public health costs and benefits of encouraging smokers to switch to
snus. The questionnaires were kept as short as possible in order to increase the response rate. Users
are referred to the electronic PDF version ( ). As elaborated below, the student questionnaire items
are based on Danish population surveys and validated scales, when possible. The duration of the
baseline questionnaire is approximately 10 minutes whereas the second follow-up questionnaire is an
extended version of the baseline questionnaire with a duration of approximately 15 minutes. A few
of the schools also offer higher technical or commercial programs, which aim at higher education
comparable to the general high school. Smoking policies in schools have not been studied to the same
extent as smoking cessation interventions 17. Results from a pilot study Does exposure to habitual
smoking contexts before smoking cessation reduce relapse. Planning health promotion program: an
intervention mapping approach. The findings will lead to a better understanding of which policies,
environments, and cognitions contribute to preventing and reducing cigarette use among young
people in a diverse and high-risk school setting and illuminate which complementary factors that are
significant to achieve success when implementing SFSH. These interviews are useful to explore
school principals’ subjective experiences and perspectives on SFSH and the implementation process
41. Comparison of the 11 ethnic groups indicated that adolescents from different ethnic groups but
with similar cultural background had a similar risk level; such pattern existed after controlling for
acculturation, parents' monitoring, and school performance. The National Academy of Engineering
was established in 1964, under the charter. Stratified randomization was accomplished by computer-
based random number generation and the statistician was blinded in the randomization process.
Hence, ethnographic fieldwork provides entry to the field, experiences of everyday life in alternative
high school settings, and the possibility of experiencing how SFSH are implemented and visible in
everyday social processes at school. The schools were randomized into intervention or control
groups by a statistician not part of the research team. Another objective is to inform students that
their individual risk of illness is personally relevant and correct the current misperception among
young individuals that they are capable of quitting smoking at any time. National Research Council
and Institute of Medicine, they were respon-. See Full PDF Download PDF About Press Blog
People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. In addition, the studies available are concentrated to a
large extent on the primary or lower secondary school level. The upper secondary education is
divided into general high school, technical and commercial high school, and vocational education
and training (VET) (e.g. health care, business service, agriculture, construction, and transportation).
Process evaluation: understanding how and why interventions work. At baseline and second follow-
up, the students answer the questionnaire during school time. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods
Sourcebook. Sage; 2014. NEAL BENOWITZ, M.D., Professor and Chief of the Division of. If
effective, Focus is expected to have a sustainable impact on the reduction of youth smoking.
You can download the paper by clicking the button above. There was no difference between case and
control groups in terms of ages at initiation of smoking, ages at initiation of regular smoking, number
of cigarettes per-day, total package-year and nicotine dependence score. 218 patients were found to
have ETS exposure before starting to smo. The aim of the course is to train school staff to counsel
students on how to manage SFSH. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study with an RCT design that
investigates the effect of SFSH in AHSs in Denmark. Comprehensive tobacco control programs
should be fully funded and implemented, as recommended by CDC ( 3, 4 ). In large Polish urban
agglomerations, the exposure to particulate matter containing hydrocarbons on its surface, to free
hydrocarbons, nitrogen and sulphur oxides is constantly increasing. Kenneth I. Shine is president of
the Institute of Medicine. Although NYTS was not administered before 2000, YRBS results indicate
that the rate of decline in youth smoking was slower during 2003--2009 than during 1997--2003,
and that these declines follow years of increase in prevalence of youth cigarette use in the 1990s ( 8
). Subsequently, another school offering PBE was invited to be included in the control group without
randomization and this school accepted the invitation. A large number of smoking interventions are
represented as well as the characteristics of smokers and the outcome of the respective interventions.
In addition, it has been associated with alcohol dependence, level of response to alcohol, and cocaine
dependence. Sociodemographic differential effectiveness of the interventions will be examined by
subgroup analysis defined by sex, age, and SEP (in students). The themes of the teaching material
aim to: correct adolescents’ misperceptions, i.e. overestimation of smoking prevalence; increasing
students’ awareness of peer and family influences and high-risk situations; challenge students’
beliefs about the social and psychological benefits of smoking; provide opportunities for students to
discuss how to build positive peer relations; and implement social activities during breaks to offer
social alternatives to smoking. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special
member only perks. The quadratic analyses did not show changes in the rates of decline during the
study period. First, because NYTS began in 2000, trend analyses cannot capture the increases in
youth cigarette use that occurred in the early 1990s nor the faster rate of decline that was observed
by YRBS for the late 1990s compared with more recent years. The duration of PBE is up to two
years and is offered to individuals below 25 years who need professional or personal upgrading to
complete their youth education (i.e. high school) or vocational qualifications to get into the labor
market 25. Second, the data were collected from youths who attended middle or high schools and
might not be representative of all youths in the United States; youths who have dropped out of
school are more likely to smoke than are youths who are in school ( 10 ). Table 1 presents an
overview of the collected student data. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and
more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The social construction of reality:
A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Kathleen Stratton, Padma Shetty, Robert Wallace, and.
Reflexive methodology: new vistas for qualitative research. 3rd ed. Sage; 2018. The students who
provide their cell phone number in the baseline questionnaire will receive a short follow-up
questionnaire via text message, midway in the intervention period (duration: approximately 3
minutes). DAVID J. RILEY, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary. The reason for
this phenomenon is the increasing pollution of the natural environment and, above all, the difficulties
in eliminating the addiction to smoking. Planning health promotion program: an intervention
mapping approach. KENNETH E. WARNER, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Health. The control
schools are informed about the data collection by e-mail.
For each substance, current use was defined as use on at least 1 of the past 30 days. Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in. PETER SHIELDS, M.D.,
Professor and Chief, Cancer Genetics and. The challenges are to: 1) stop students to find alternative
place to smoke; 2) avert students from developing counterproductive views about the purpose (e.g.
rules exist only to protect the reputational standing of the school) and legitimacy (e.g. school violates
their right to smoke); 3) prevent smoking outside the school premises, as it is more visible and the
temptation greater; and 4) prevent inconsistent enforcement by staff who undermine adequate
implementation 17, 46. The authors analyzed questionnaire data from large, nationally representative
samples of U.S. high school seniors to examine differences in drug use prevalence and trends among
racial and ethnic groups between 1976 and 2000. Academy of Sciences and the National Academy
of Engineering in providing. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new
publications in your areas of interest when they're released. The National Committee on Health
Research Ethics concluded that formal ethics approval was not required because no human biological
material was sampled (Ref: 20182000-83). We will use ethnographic fieldwork within school hours
and breaks, semi-structured focus-groups with students and teachers, and individual semi-structured
interviews with school principals for method triangulation. Cigarette smoking experimentation and
current cigarette use are not mutually exclusive. These interviews are useful to explore school
principals’ subjective experiences and perspectives on SFSH and the implementation process 41.
Inspirations from social interactionism 43 and social constructionism 44 will form the analytical
framework allowing us to identify the social processes and interpersonal dynamics that constitute
institutional life and room for action in schools and thus, the conditions for implementing the Focus
intervention. Finally, we will investigate the contextual influences on the implementation process and
the association between implementation and effect. Kathleen Stratton, Padma Shetty, Robert
Wallace, and. There was no difference between case and control groups in terms of ages at initiation
of smoking, ages at initiation of regular smoking, number of cigarettes per-day, total package-year
and nicotine dependence score. 218 patients were found to have ETS exposure before starting to
smo. Aims This article presents the protocol for a stratified cluster randomized controlled trial Focus
implemented in diverse Danish AHSs. The analytical approach for the qualitative study is based on
abduction 42. J. RICHARD CROUT, M.D., President, Crout Consulting. The quadratic analyses did
not show changes in the rates of decline within the study period ( Figure 2 ). RICHARD J.
BONNIE, L.L.B., John S. Battle Professor of Law, Director. Each intervention school is visited by
the research team to discuss the implementation process and informed about data collection. A diary
method was used to collect what is believed to be the first publicly available detailed data on the
tobacco purchase and consumption behaviour of intending quitters. Moreover, focus groups are used
as a methodological tool to gain a deeper understanding of the field work findings and inquire about
the possible hypothesis arising from these. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC
20402-9371. Longitudinal Study Age Factors Body Height Cross Sectional Studies See Full PDF
Download PDF About Press Blog People Papers Topics Job Board We're Hiring. If outcome
evaluation is done in isolation, it may leave essential questions unanswered such as what can be
improved if the intervention is proved ineffective or has different effects in different contexts. The
social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. The importance of continued
research on controlled or reduced smoking as opposed to that of smoking cessation is outlined and
methodological flaws are offered to alert future researchers. The analyses will be adjusted for
baseline smoking status and sociodemographic factors such as sex, age, SEP, smoking in the social
network, and the balancing factor (school type) used for the stratified randomization. All MMWR
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