cÖ_g Aa¨vq ivnvZ m¨vi

Lecturer (DMRC)
‡Kvl I Gi MVb
(Cell & ITS Structure)
RxeweÁv‡bi †K›`ªxq cÖZ¨q ev †m›Uªvj WMgv (Central Dogma of Biology) ev †K›`ªxq gZev`
‡iwcø‡Kkb, UªvÝwµckb Ges Uªv݇jkb-G wZbwU av‡ci gva¨‡g †R‡bwUK Z_¨cÖev‡ni NUbv‡K RxeweÁv‡bi †K›`ªxq
cÖZ¨q (central dogma of biology) ev †m›Uªvj WMgv e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e, DNA-‡Z mwÂZ †R‡bwUK Z_¨
†iwcø‡Kkb, UªvÝwµckb Ges Uªv݇jkb G wZbwU cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †cÖvwU‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, G‡K e‡j RxeweÁv‡bi
†K›`ªxq cÖZ¨q ev ‡m›Uªvj WMgv|

Aa©iÿYkxj cÖwµqvq DNA Abywjcb ev †iwcø‡Kkb:

‡h Abywjcb cÖwµqvq m„ó DNA AYyi AcZ¨ Wvej †nwj‡·i GKwU gvZ…m~Î I Ab¨wU bem„ó DNA m~‡Î MwVZ nq,
Zv‡K Aa©iÿYkxj Abywjcb (Semi-conservative replication) e‡j|

DNA Abywjc‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY (Ingredients for replication): QuvP (Template), ‡iwcøRg ev †iwcø‡Kkb
Kg‡cø·, wWAw·ivB‡evwbDwK¬IUvBW (Pvi ai‡bi- dATP, dGTP, dCTP I dTTP) Ges kw³ (UªvBdm‡dU †_‡K
Av‡m)|

DNA Abywjc‡bi avcmg~n (Steps of DNA replication)

K) cÖviw¤¢K `kv (Initiation phase)

1| DNA Gi †h wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K Abywjcb ïiæ nq, †mB ¯’vb‡K †iwcø‡Kk‡bi Drm ev †iwcøKb ev m~Pbv we›`y ev Iwi
(Origin, ms‡ÿ‡c- Ori) e‡j|

2| Iwi Ask †_‡K DNA ‡nwj·i m~Î `ywU Lyj‡Z ïiæ K‡i Ges †nwj‡·i cu¨vP Db¥y³ (unwinding of the
strands) n‡Z _v‡K| G mgq DNA-helicase ATP ‡_‡K kw³ wb‡q DNA m~Î `ywUi †em¸‡jvi g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
eÛ †f‡O †`q d‡j m~Î `ywU ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K n‡q hvq|

MvB‡iR GbRvBg m¤§y‡Li DNA m~·Ki cu¨vP‡K (twist) GKÎ n‡Z †`q bv, eis AwZgvÎvq †cuPv‡bv Ask Ly‡j †`q|
Z‡e AbywjcbK…Z †cQ‡bi As‡ki cu¨vP ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| cÖK…Z †Kv‡l G KvRwU K‡i U‡cvAvB‡mvgv‡iR|

3| c„_K nIqv m~Î `ywU‡Z DNA AvbDBwÛs †cÖvwUb ev SSBP (Single Strand Binding Proteins) hy³ nq †hb
Giv cybivq GKwÎZ n‡Z bv cv‡i|

4| cÖwZwU m~‡Îi †h ¯’v‡b SSBP hy³ nq m~Î `ywU †mB ¯’v‡b Db¥y³ nq Ges Y-AvK…wZi †iwcø‡Kkb dK©
(replication fork) m„wó K‡i| cÖwZwU Iwi we›`y‡Z `ywU K‡i †iwcø‡Kkb Kg‡cø· _v‡K, G‡`i GKwU †iwcø‡Kkb d‡K©i
w`‡K Ges Ab¨wU wecixZ w`‡K Pj‡Z _v‡K| SSBP hZB mshy³ n‡Z _v‡K DNA Wvej †nwj· ZZB Db¥y³ n‡Z
_v‡K| Abywjcb GK cÖv‡šÍ ïiæ n‡j dK© GKgyLx Avi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b ïiæ n‡j dK© wØgyLx nq| wØgyLx dK©h³
y ¯’vb‡K
Abywjcb †PvL ev †iwcø‡Kkb evej (replication eye or replication bybbles) e‡j; mvaviYZ
U‡cvAvB‡mvgv‡iR Gi cÖfv‡eB Abywjcb †Pv‡Li m„wó nq|

5| gvZ… DNA-i Db¥y³m~Î `ywU (c„_K nIqv cÖwZwU m~Î) QuvP ev †Ug‡cø‡Ui (template)-Gi KvR K‡i| hvi Dci
cwic~iK ev m¤ú~iK DNA m~Î ˆZwi nq|

(L) e„w× `k ev k„•Lj `xN©KiY `kv (Chain elongation phase)

1| Quv‡Pi wfwˇZ cÖvB‡gR GbRvB‡gi mnZvq RNA cÖvBgvi (RNA primer) m„wó nq Ges Db¥y³ ¯’v‡b hy³ nq|
[RNA cwjgv‡iR ivB‡evwbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jv‡K (2-100wU) mshy³ K‡i †QvU RNA LÐK A_©vr RNA cÖvBgvi m„wó
K‡i|]
DNA cwjgv‡iR-III cÖvBgv‡ii 3 -© OH cÖv‡šÍ wbw`©ó wbDwK¬ImvBW UªvBdm‡dU hy³ K‡i bZzb m~Î m„wói m~Pbv K‡i|
G mgq UªvBdm‡d‡Ui `ywU dm‡dU cvB‡ivdm‡dU wn‡m‡e gy³ nq (kw³I wbM©Z nq), Ab¨ dm‡dUwU wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi
Ask wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq|

2| DNA cwjgv‡iR-III ïay 3 ©-OH cÖv‡šÍ wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ K‡i, GR‡b¨ bZzb m~Î memgqB 5 →© 3 © gyLx n‡q e„w×
cvq| †Kvb wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi ci †Kvb wbDwK¬IUvBW hy³ n‡e Zv Quv‡Pi Dci wbf©i K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Quv‡Pi †e‡mi
Abyµg ACGT n‡j bZzb m~‡Îi µg TGCA n‡e|

3| GKwU QuvP m~‡Îi m¤ú~iK bZzb m~Î weiwZnxb ev wbiew”Qbœfv‡e d‡K©i w`‡K e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K, G m~·K AMÖMvgx m~Î
ev wjwWs m~Î (leading strand) e‡j| Aci bZzb m~·K axiMvgx m~Î ev j¨vwMs m~Î (lagging strand) e‡j; GwU
wew”Qbœfv‡e ev LÐ LÐ fv‡e e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Lи‡jv‡K ÔIKvRvwK LÐÕ e‡j| cÖwZwU L‡Ði Rb¨ GKwU cÖvBgvi e¨eüZ
nq| c‡i DNA cwjgv‡iR-I cÖvBgvi‡K DNA w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i †`q|
(M) mgvßKiY ev Aw¯Íg `kv (Termination phase)
1| †kl ch©v‡q jvB‡MR GbRvBg IKvRvwK Lи‡jv‡K hy³ K‡i †`q| †iwcø‡Kkb mgvß n‡j †iwcø‡Rvg wew”Qbœ n‡q
m‡i hvq| cÖK…Z‡Kvlx‡`i DNA ‡Z GKvwaK Iwi _vKvq GKB mg‡q GKvwaK ¯’v‡b Abywjcb Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e
GKwU cyivZb DNA AYy †_‡K GKwU bZzb I GKwU cyivZb m~Î m„wó nq| G Kvi‡Y G‡K Aa©iÿYkxj Abywjcb cÖwµqv
ejv nq|

2| Abywjwc MVb cÖwµqv ÔIwiÕ ¯’vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i PµvKv‡i DNA-i ÔIwiÕ ¯’v‡bi G‡Kev‡i wecixZ cÖvšÍ G‡m
†cŠuQv‡j Abywjwc MV‡bi mgvwß N‡U| A_©vr GbRvBgmn dK© DNA Wvej †nwj‡·i Uviwg‡bkb ¯’v‡b †cuŠQv‡j,
Abywjwc MVb mgvß nq|
‡cÖvwUb ms‡køl-UªvÝwµckb I Uªv݇jkb(Protein Synthesis-Transcription and Translation)

UªvÝwµckb (Transcription)
‡h cÖwµqvq RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvB‡gi gva¨‡g DNA AYyi GKwU cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW m~·K QuvP (template)
wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i RNA Drcbœ nq, Zv‡K UªvÝwµckb ev cÖwZwjLb e‡j|
`ywU DNA m~‡Îi GKwU m~Î †_‡K (3 ©→5 © m~Î) mPivPi mRNA Drcbœ nq| A_©vr DNA AYyi 3 ©→5 ©gyLx m~·K
†Ug‡cøU ev A¨vw›U‡mÝ ev A¨vw›U‡KvwWs m~Î (template or antisense or anticoding strand) e‡j| mRNA-Gi
†emµg †Ug‡cøU m~·Ki gZB ïay T Gi ¯’‡j U _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, †h DNA m~Î (5 ©→3 © m~Î) mRNA ms‡køl‡Y
AskMÖnY K‡i bv, Zv‡K bb-‡Ug‡cøU ev †mÝ ev †KvwWs m~Î (non-template or sense or coding strand) e‡j|
DNA AYyi hZUzKz Ask AweiZfv‡e GKwU RNA AYyi m„wó K‡i Zv‡K UªvÝwµckb GKK ejv nq| GKwU
Uª‡Ýwµckb GK‡K wZbwU Ask _v‡K, h_v-‡cÖv‡gvUvi ¯’vb (we‡kl †em wm‡Kv‡qÝ), UªvÝwµckb ÷vU© mvBU (ïiæi we›`y)
Ges mgvwß ¯’Ab (‡kl we›`y) ev mgvcb ¯’vb|

msNUb ¯’vb: BDK¨vwiIwUK †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡m Ges †cÖvK¨vwiIwUK †Kv‡li mvB‡UvcøvR‡g UªvÝwµckb N‡U|

UªvÝwµck‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY (Ingredients for Transcription):

(1) DNA QuvP (DNA Template); (2) RNA cwjgv‡iR; (3) gy³ ivB‡evwbDwK¬IUvBW UªvBdm‡dU (ATP,
GTP, UTP Ges CTP); (4) ivmvqwbK kw³ (UªvBdm‡d‡Ui fv½‡b cvIqv hvq); (5) mn‡hvMx †cÖvwUb (UªvÝwµckb
d¨v±i) Ges (6) wKQz avZe Avqb (‡hgb- Mg+2 I Mn+2)|

1| cÖviw¤¢K avc (Initiation phase): G av‡ci ïiæ‡Z RNA cwjgv‡iR DNA AYyi †cÖv‡gvUvi (promoter)
bvgK ¯’v‡b hy³ nq| DNA AYy‡Z cÖvq 100wU †cÖv‡gvUvi ¯’vb Av‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z UªvÝwµckb d¨v±i (transcription
factor) bvgK wKQz †cÖvwUb, †cÖv‡gvUvi ¯’v‡b RNA cwjgv‡i‡Ri m‡½ hy³ n‡q UªvÝwµckb Kg‡cø· MVb K‡i|
†cÖv‡gvUviB RNA cwjgv‡iR‡K wb‡`©k †`q DNA AYyi †Kvb m~‡Îi †Kv_v †_‡K UªvÝwµckb ïiæ n‡e Ges †kl
n‡e| DNA AYyi †h wbw`©ó wbDwK¬IUvBW †_‡K mRNA ms‡kølY ïiæ nq Zv‡K UªvÝwµckb ÷vU© mvBU
(transcription start site) ev m~Pbv ¯’vb Ges †hLv‡b †kl nq Zv‡K GÛ c‡q›U (end point) ev mgvwß ¯’vb e‡j|
RNA cwjgv‡iR †cÖv‡gvUv‡iR †cÖv‡gvUv‡i mshy³ nq cÖ_‡g DNA AYyi Ask we‡k‡li cvK Ly‡j †`q (Kgc‡ÿ 20wU
†em †cqv‡ii cvK Ly‡j) Ges DNA m~Î `ywUi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †e‡mi ga¨Kvi `ye©j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÛ †f‡O m~ÎK `ywU‡K
Avjv`v n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
2| `xN©KiY avc (Elongation phase): DNA AYyi m~Î `ywU Avjv`v nIqvi d‡j UªvÝwµckb ey`ey`
(transcription bubble) bvgK jy‡ci m„wó nq| RNA cwjgv‡iR (RNA cwjgv‡iR-II) Ges Mg+2 I Mn+2
Gi mnvqZvq DNA-Gi †Ug‡cøU m~Î (3 → © 5 © m~Î) eivei (ATP, GTP, UTP Ges CTP ‡_‡K) mRNA AYyi
wbDwK¬IUvBW¸‡jvi ms‡kølY N‡U| †Ug‡cøU m~·Z †h †em¸‡jv Av‡Q Zvi cwic~iK †em¸‡jv hy³ n‡q mRNA AYyi
m~‡Îi `xN©KiY Pj‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ †Ug‡cøU m~·K †em A _vK‡j Zvi cwic~iK †em wn‡m‡e U hy³ nq| mRNA
m~ÎwU 5 ©→3 © Awfgy‡L e„w× cvq|

3| mgvwß avc ev Aw¯Íg avc (Termination phase): mRNA m~Î ms‡køwlZ I `xN©vwqZ n‡q DNA AYyi
P’ovšÍKiY ¯’v‡b ev mgvwß ¯’v‡b (we‡kl †em Abyµ‡g MwVZ) †cuŠQv‡j RNA cwjgv‡iR (RNA cwjgv‡iR-II)
GbRvBgwU gy³ n‡q hvq Ges mRNA AYyi ms‡kølY †kl nq A_©vr UªvÝwµck‡bi mgvwß N‡U| UªvÝwµck‡bi ci
wbDwK¬qvi iÜ« c‡_ mRNA mvB‡UvcøvR‡g P‡j Av‡m, Ab¨w`‡K DNA m~Î `ywU Avevi c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i hvq|

mRNA চূ ড়া করণ

া ি পশেন য mRNA তির হয় তােক ি কাসর mRNA বেল।েয অংেশ া েলশন হয় না তােক ,েসই অংশ ক
introns বেল এবং য অংেশ া েলশন ঘেট exons তােক বেল। য ি য়ার mRNA থেক introns বাদ িদেয় চু রা
mRNA তির হয় তােক াইিসং বেল। এর জন াইিসেয়াজম লােগ, যা া ন এবং snRNA(small nuclear RNA)
িনেয় গ ত হয়। mRNA Elongation এর সময় 5© াে য়ািনন িনউি উটাইড যু ক াপ সৃি হয়,এেক ক ািপং বেল
এবং চূ ড়া করেণর সময় mRNA এর 3© াে পিল-A (50-200 অ ািডিনন) যু হয় এেক 3© টইল বেল ।
Uªv݇jkb (Translation):

‡h cÖwµqvq mRNA AYyi †KvWb Abymv‡i AmsL¨ A¨vwg‡bv GwmW ci¯úi hy³ n‡q GKwU cwj‡ccUvBW k„•Lj ev
†cÖvwUb k„•Lj MwVZ nq Zv‡K Uªv݇jkb ev Abyev`KiY ev A_©KiY e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, mRNA AYy †_‡K
cwj‡ccUvBW k„•Lj (‡cÖvwUb) ˆZwi nIqvi cÖwµqvB n‡jv Uªv݇jkb| †cÖvK¨vwiIwUK †Kvl I BDK¨vwiIwUK †Kv‡li
mvB‡UvcøvRg Z_v ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g GB cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ nq|

Uªv݇jk‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb

(i) mRNA, (ii) A¨vwg‡bv GwmW (20 cÖKvi ev wKQz †ewk), (ii) ivB‡ev‡Rvg, (iv) GbRvBg-cÖavbZ A¨vwg‡bv
A¨vmvBj tRNA wm‡š’‡UR I Ab¨vb¨ GbRvBg (‡hgb- †ccwUWvBj UªvÝdv‡iR, UªvÝdigvB‡jR BZ¨vw`), (v) Ab¨vb¨
†Kv-GbRvBg (‡hgb- ATP I GTP), Avqb (‡hgb- Mg2+), Bjs‡Mkb d¨v±i (elongation factor) I wiwjwRs
d¨v±i (releasing factor) BZ¨vw`|

Uªv݇jkb cÖwµqv:

1| cÖviw¤¢K avc (Initiation phase): UªvÝwµckb cÖwµqvq m„ó mRNA Gi 5 © cÖv‡šÍi GKwU wbw`©ó As‡k cÖ_‡g
ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi ÿz`ª Dc-GKK Ges c‡i ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi eo Dc-GKK mshy³ nq| G mgqB †QvU Dc-GKK I eo Dc-
GKK hy³ n‡q c~Yv© ½ ivB‡ev‡Rvg MwVZ nq| ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi Dc-GKK `ywUi gv‡S wZbwU mvBU ev AÂj _v‡K, †hgb-
(i) A¨vwg‡bv A¨vmvBj mvBU (aminoacyl site) ev A¨vK‡mÞi mvBU (acceptor site) ev A-mvBU, (ii) ‡ccUvBW
mvBU (peptide site) ev P-mvBU Ges (iii) Gw·U mvBU (exit site) ev E-mvBU|
‡cÖvwUb ms‡kølYKv‡j A-mvB‡U bZzb A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Av‡m, P-mvB‡U cwj‡ccUvBW k„•Lj e„w×cÖvß nq Ges E-mvB‡Ui
gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cwj‡ccUvBW I A¨vwg‡bv GwmW enbKvix tRNA KvR †k‡l ivB‡ev‡Rvg †_‡K gy³ n‡q
mvB‡UvcøvR‡g wd‡i hvq| A-mvBU I P-mvBU `ywU‡K ivB‡ev‡Rvg evBwÛs mvBUI (ribosome bingding site) ejv
nq| ivB‡ev‡Rvg tRNA emvi gÂ|

ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi P-mvB‡U tRNA mvB‡UvcøvRg †_‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó mwµq A¨vwg‡bv GwmW (A¨vwg‡bv A¨vmvBj tRNA
wm‡š’‡UR Øviv mwµq nIqvi ci) wb‡q mRNA AYyi wbKU Av‡m Ges tRNA-Gi A¨vw›U‡KvWb (anticodon)
mRNA-Gi mywbw`©ó I cwic~iK †KvW‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †cÖvwUb k„•Lj Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i| Avw`‡Kv‡l mvaviYZ wbw`©ó
cÖ_g A¨vwg‡bv GwmWwU nq digvBj wgw_Iwbb (formyl methionine, ms‡ÿ‡c f-met) I cÖKZ … †Kv‡l nq
wgw_Iwbb Ges cÖviw¤¢K tRNA-Gi A¨vw›U‡KvWb nq UAC, hv mRNA-Gi m~Pbv †KvWb AUG Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq|

2| `xN©KiY avc (Elongation phase): mvB‡UcøvRg †_‡K cÖ_g A¨vwg‡bv GwmW mwµq tRNA-Gi mvnv‡h¨
ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi P-mvB‡U hy³ n‡j cv‡ki A-mvB‡Ui mRNA-Gi Db¥y³ †KvWb wØZxq A¨vwg‡bv GwmWevnx tRNA-Gi
m‡½ hy³ nq| AZtci P-mvB‡Ui cÖ_g A¨vwg‡bv GwmW AšÍt¯’ ivB‡ev‡Rvg GbRvBg (‡ccwUWvBj UªvÝdv‡iR)-Gi
mvnv‡h¨ A-mvB‡Ui wØZxq A¨vwg‡bv Gwm‡Wi m‡½ †ccUvBW eÜbx Øviv hy³ nIqvi ci P-mvB‡Ui tRNA ivB‡ev‡Rvg
†_‡K mvB‡UvcøvR‡g P‡j Av‡m (E-mvBU w`‡q)| G mgq A-mvB‡Ui cÖ_g I wØZxq A¨vwg‡bv GwmWevnx tRNA P-
mvB‡U P‡j Av‡m Ges Db¥y³ A-mvB‡U cybivq bZzb (ev Z…Zxq) A¨vwg‡bv GwmWevnx tRNA Øviv mRNA-Gi †KvWb
Abyhvqx av‡c av‡c A¨vwg‡bv GwmW ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges ch©vqµwgKfv‡e hy³ n‡q cwj‡ccUvBW ev †cÖvwUb
k„•Lj av‡c av‡c `xN©vwqZ K‡i|
3| mgvwßKiY avc (Termination phase): ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi A-mvBU mRNA-Gi mgvwß †KvWb (stop codon)
UAA, UAG I UGA-Gi †Kv‡bv GKwU A-mvB‡U Avmv gvÎ wiwjwRs d¨v±‡ii (A¨vwg‡bv GwmWwenxb we‡kl
tRNA) mnvqZvq †cÖvwUb k„•Lj ms‡køl‡Yi mgvwß N‡U| AZtci P-mvB‡Ui tRNA A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Z¨vM K‡i
ivB‡ev‡Rvg †_‡K gy³ n‡q hvq (E-mvBU w`‡q) Ges cici A-mvB‡U Ae¯’vbKvix wiwjwRs d¨v±iI gy³ nq|

UªvÝwµckb I Uªv݇jk‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

UªvÝwµckb
1| DNA ‡Ug‡cøU‡K AbymiY K‡i RNA ms‡køl
cÖwµqv|
2| G‡ÿ‡Î ATP, GTP, CTP, I UTP DcKiY¸‡jv
e¨eüZ nq|
3| †cÖvK¨vwiI‡Ui mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Ges BDK¨vwiI‡Ui
wbDwK¬qv‡m GB cÖwµqv N‡U|
4| RNA cwjgv‡iR GbRvBg cÖ‡qvRb nq, wKš‘ cÖviw¤¢K
avc, `xN©KiY ac I mgvwßKiY av‡ci Rb¨ †Kv‡bv d¨v±i
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
5| UªvÝwµck‡b ivB‡ev‡Rvg cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
6| bb-‡Ug‡cøU DNA-i †cÖv‡gvUvi mvB‡U RNA
cwjgv‡iR hy³ nq|
Uªv݇jkb
1| mRNA-Gi †KvWb AbymiY K‡i cwj‡ccUvBW
k„•Lj ms‡køl cÖwµqv|
2| G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ 20wU A¨vwg‡bv GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
3| me©‡ÿ‡Î mvB‡UvcøvR‡g N‡U|
4| GB cÖwµqvi cÖviw¤¢K avc, `xN©KiY avc I mgvwßKiY
av‡ci Rb¨ wewfbœ GbRvBg cÖ‡qvRb nq|
5| ivB‡ev‡Rv‡gi Dc‡i Uªv݇jkb cÖwµqvwU P‡j|
6| cÖ‡gvUvi jv‡M bv, cÖavb GbRvBg¸‡jv n‡jv
†ccwUwWj UªvÝdv‡iR, Uªv݇jv‡KR BZ¨vw`|
‡iwcø‡Kkb I UªvÝwµck‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

cv_©‡K¨i welq ‡iwcø‡Kkb UªvÝwµckb

1| ms‡køl cÖKvi DNA ‡_‡K DNA ms‡køl N‡U| DNA ‡_‡K RNA ms‡køl N‡U|
2| †Ug‡cøUZš¿x gvZ… DNA-i `ywU Zš¿xB †Ug‡cøU (QuvP) iƒ‡c gvZ… DNA-i GKwU Zš¿x †Ug‡cøU iƒ‡c KvR
KvR K‡i| K‡i|
3| cÖKv‡i‡f` mvaviYZ 3 cÖKvi, h_v- iÿYkxj, Aa©iÿYkxj ‡Kv‡bv cÖKvi‡f` †bB|
I we”Qzikxj Abywjcb|
4| KuvPvgvj KuvPvgvj (raw material) wn‡m‡e dATP, KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e ATP, GTP, CTP I
dTTP, dCTP, dGTP cÖ‡qvRb nq| UTP cÖ‡qvRb|
5| cÖavb GbRvBg DNA cwjgv‡iR| RNA cwjgv‡iR|
6| cÖvBgvi MVb DNA ms‡kø‡li c~‡e© RNA cÖvBgvi MwVZ nq| RNA ms‡kø‡li c~‡e© Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvBgvi AYy
MwVZ nq bv|
7| cwjgv‡iR DNA cwjgv‡iR GKwU †iwcøK‡bi cÖviw¤¢K RNA cwjgv‡iR DNA-i †cÖv‡gvUvi A‡j
mshyw³ we›`y‡Z hy³ nq| Ave× nq|
8| ms‡kø‡li DNA ms‡køl g~jZ wØgyLx ev evBWvB‡iKkbvj RNA ms‡køl GKgyLx (unidirectionl)
AwfgyL (bidirectional) c×wZ AbymiY K‡i N‡U| c×wZ AbymiY K‡i N‡U|
9| aŸsm nIqv †iwcø‡Kk‡bi c‡i DNA aŸsm nq bv| UªvÝwµck‡bi c‡i RNA Zvi wbw`©ó KvR
K‡i aŸsm nq|
10| ¯úøvBwms DNA-i ¯úøvBwms nq bv| BDK¨vwiIwUK RNA-i ¯úøvBwms nq|