Fiction - Imaginary
Non-fiction
facts and author’s opinions about a subject.
to inform and sometimes persuade.
Literary Techniques- Indirectly or implicitly, figurative
language
Themes- Central idea, topic of the message, main idea
Literary Element- specific patterns to unfold their
stories
Plot - Chain or sequence of events
Exposition – conflict is introduced
Rising Action – actions leading to climax
Pivotal – turning point
Denouement – falling action, slowing down
Resolution – resolved the conflict, ending
Character
Person in a work of fiction, can be major or
minor
Protagonist – main character
Tragic hero / Tragic Figure – bad end
Tragic Flaw – disorder that cause
downfall
Antagonist – oppose, counterpart of the main
character
Characterization - Details about the characters, feeling,
appearance
Setting - Place, time
Conflict - Complication or struggle of the story
- Man vs. Man (protagonist and antagonist)
- Man vs. Nature (natural forces)
- Man vs. Society (society itself)
- Man vs. Himself (self)
- Man vs. Fate (working against what has
been foretold)
Point of View
Angle from where the story is narrated, readers
view people events and details, narrative voice
First Person – I, me, mine, we, us, ours, we are
seeing events through the eyes
Second Person – main character of the story,
you
Third Person - Outside voice of the story, seen but as a
spectator
Limited - sees only what is front of him, unable
to read another mind
Omniscient – narrates everything, sees all, all
knowing
Limiter Omniscient – can only see into one
character mind
Tone - voice or inflections
influenced by various factors such as word
choice, grammatical structure, diction, or imagery.
Alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds within close
proximity
Assonance - Repetition of vowel sounds
Consonance
Repetitive sounds produced by consonance
within phrase often takes place in quick succession
Onomatopoeia- Actual sound of something
Rhyme - Repetition of similar sounding words
Rhythm - Pattern of stressed and Unstressed beats
Meter - Units of stressed and Unstressed syllables
Iamb - 1 unstressed, 1 stressed (1U, 1S)
Trochee - 1 stressed, 1 unstressed (1S, 1U)
Spondee – 2 subsequent stressed (2S)
Dactyl – 1 stressed, 2 unstressed (1S, 2U)
Anapest – 2 unstressed, 1 stressed (2U,1S)
Imagery - Physical senses
Visual (seeing)
Olfactory (smelling)
Gustatory (tasting)
Auditory (hearing)
Tactile (touching)
Symbolism - Represent something
Tone - Narrators attitude about subject
Metaphor - Common characteristic between two
unrelated things
Personification- Human characteristics
Simile - Uses the words like or as
Style- The way to tells story
Dialogue- Speak to one another
Inner – themselves
Outer – conversation between characters
Anaphora- Oldest literary device, repetition of the first
part
Anthropomorphism
Portrayed in a story as people, walking, talking,
arms, legs
Euphemism - More pleasant or polite way
Flashback
Transported to an event that happened in the past
Foreshadowing- Hint at what will happen next
Hyperbole- Extreme exaggeration
Mood - Emotional condition
Motif - Recurrent element, held develop the theme
Writing- symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas
1 st - Pre – Writing Stage is the preliminary or
preparatory phase in which the writer explores and
selects possible topics, through outlining, generating
ideas
2 nd - During the Writing Stage, setting out of an
elucidation of the details and ideas perceived to be
relevant to the topic, when the writer puts together
all the brainstormed ideas
3 rd - Post – Writing Stage is the phase wherein
checking and correcting inconsistencies in content and
mechanics
THESIS STATEMENT
Short statement usually one sentence that
summarizes the main point or claim
TOPIC SENTENCE
Sentence that introduces a paragraph by
presenting that one topic that will be the focus
Revision
is a process of going back through your whole
draft and there will be adding in, taking out, moving
around, and polishing certain parts of draft,
Editing (Proofreading)
is a meticulous process of clarifying meaning
by revising each word and line of your draft, grammar,
clarity, conciseness
“call-out- To challenge another dancer
Jam- social gathering where street dancers showcase
their skills?
Sinulog Festival- In honor of Santo Niño…dance ritual
to tell the story of the Filipino peoples’
pagan past- follower of an ancient religion that
worshiped several gods and their acceptance of
Christianity.
Dinagyang Festival- Which celebrates the feast of the
Infant Jesus and the pact between datus and the locals.
Ati-atihan- To imitate the Ati -13th century, when
group of lighter skinned Malay immigrants from Borneo
chose to show their respect for Ati people by painting
their faces black and singing and dancing in thanks for
the lnd and food that was offered to them.
Longganisa- reason why it is celebrated-strengthen and
able to share its vibrant and continuous tradition and
culture
Kinabayo Festival-Saint James the Great –“The
Moor Slayer”-James kept Dapitan victorious not only
against Moro invaders but from the other evil deeds and
natural calamities such as typhoons, earthquakes and
epidemics.
Pintados de Passi- Is a cultural-religious celebration
which reflects the colourful
Passinhon personality, their passionate and fearless
drive for success and progress. Another is their heritage.
It retraces the legend and history of Passi.
Pintados was the term used by Spanish colonists to
described indigenous Visayan people.
Pattarradday Festival- Presentation of ethnic tribes
from the locality or neighboring towns showing diverse
themes tha celebrate life, love nature and other human
interests.
Sangyaw Festival- Sangyaw means-
herald(tagapagbalita)-To celebrate culture of eastern
Visayas and honor Santo Niño (Tribal procession)
Bambanti- Thanksgiving—ultimate symbol-diligence,
vigilance and resilience of the people of Isabela
Mamangui- an Ibanag word Mangui-or corn- to
honor the farmers who are real foundation of Ilagan’s
economy –thanksgiving of good harvest.
Mango Festival- Dinamulag festival also known as
Zambales Mango Festival
Ibon Ebon-Dedicated to the famous candaba swamp
that serves as home of almost 14000 kinds of nomadic
birds
Masskara- A testament to the determination to
overcome difficulties and adversities
T’nalak-a colorful abaca cloth created and woven by the
women of T’boli tribe of South Cotabato
Grand Ammungan festival- Distinct gathering in
thanksgiving of all indigenous and migrant groups in the
Street dance is an improvisational, social dance style
performed in various spaces, often in parks or school
yards, often encouraging interaction with spectators and
other dancers, and is considered the same dance practice.
Hip-hop, originating in the Bronx in the 1970s, is a
cultural movement influenced by African Americans and
Latin Americans, significantly impacting music.
Hip-hop culture comprises various elements like DJ-
ing, raping, break dancing, and graffiti art.
Hip-hop music features iconic elements like DJing,
rapping, beat boxing, sampling, and juggling beats on
turntables, alongside other techniques like beat boxing
and sampling.
B-boying, a street dance style, originated in New York
City during the early 1970s among Black and Puerto
Rican youths, and is known as break dancing.
Top rock-footwork-oriented steps performed while
standing up - Down rock-footwork performed with both
hands and feet on the floor Freezes stylish poses done on
your hands Power moves- comprise full- body spins and
rotations that give the illusion of defying gravity
Popping, popularized by Samuel Boogaloo Sam
Solomon and his crew, involves contracting and relaxing
muscles to cause a jerk in a dancer's body.
Locking, a style of funk and street dance, originated in
the late 1960s and was created by Don Campbell. It
involves freezing from a fast movement and holding a
position, often synchronized with music. The dance
relies on fast, distinct movements.
Krumping, a new form of urban black dance, originated
in South Central Los Angeles, California, promoting free
expression and energy, often featuring face painting.
TUTTING, a creative body art style, originated from
Ancient Egyptian positions and is practiced by young
funk dancers to create geometric shapes at right angles.
Shuffling, The Melbourne Shuffle, a late 1980s
underground rave and club dance, features fast heel-and-
toe movements suitable for various electronic music
styles.
Waacking, an African American street dance from the
1970s disco era, features stylized posing and fast arm
movements, now a popular element in hip-hop dance.
Community
A group of people who share something in common
Location –a specific geographical location
Social identification - common traits, goals, or
customs
Formal Group
specific goals
Informal Group
specific task that is mainly socially geared.
Urban Area – high density, city
Rural Area – low density, province
Global Community – national
Sectoral Community – economic sectors
social space - physical or virtual space
Aggrupation – regardless group size
Locality – community live
Sentiment – shared feelings
Naturality – naturally
Permanence – permanent existence
Similarity – commons
Organized social Life – all aspects of the social life
Wider ends – not focused in just one end
Self help – personal and self development
Community ownership – commitment and
accountability
Community Participation – contributions
Inclusion – equal access
Access and Equity – resources and allocations
Community Action – activity the understanding
Community Dynamics – process of change
Dynamics – development
Community Immersion – appreciate a community
Sociological Construct – interactions and expectations
Power in A community – influence the decision making
Connections – linkages
Power in Number – support
Rewards – awards
Personal Traits – respect and loyalty
Legitimate Power – leadership title
Information – share information
Coercion – manipulation
Dimensions of a community – present all communities
Technological Dimension – tools, skills
Economic Dimension – production
Political Dimension – influence, power
Institutional Power – act, react, interact
Aesthetic- Values Dimension – ideologies
Beliefs Conceptual Dimension – religion
First Group (sociologist and Geographers) – spatial
formation
Second Group ( Cultural and Anthropology) –
belonging
Third Group ( social Movement) – mobilization
Fourth Group (Globalization) – development of a
community
Social Science Perspective – people unified
Socialization – behavior patterns
Ferdinand Tonnies – types of Human associations
Gemeinschaft (community) – bound together
Wesenwille (natural will) – expression of
sentiment
- Morals
Gesellschaft (society) – impersonal ties
Kurwille (rational will) – conscious choice
- Laws
Community based Perspective- assessing community
structures
Ecological Perspective – time and space
Social Ecology – behavior of individuals
Behavior – product of knowledge
Sectoral Perspective – sectors
Sectors – distinct roles
Civil Society Perspective – wide array of
nongovernmental
Grassroots – ordinary people, main body of
organizations
Global Communities – different countries
Local Communities – within a country
Geographic community – physical boundaries
Community of identity – common identifiable
Community of interest – social movements, interest
Intentional Community – voluntarily
Community engagement – Collaboration
Citizenship – duty of allegiance
Citizen – full civil and political rights
Citizenry – collective body of people
Rulers – accountable to their citizens
Solidarity – social nature and the affirmation
Community activist – social change
Apathetic Inactive – no participatory
Passive supporters – who vote regularly
Protesters – unjust laws
Communicators – keep everyone inform
Traditional Structure of patronage – power is
concentrated at the top
Class conflict model – higher- and lower-class
relationship
Interest group model – organizations coming from the
lower strata
Social Development – Penullar – life affirming social
change
Life affirming – avoid violent modes
Liberation – Exclusion of structures
Fullness of life – well being in the social
Community Development – take collective action
Collective action – combined voices and determination
Informal Education – direct involvement in community Self – identity of person
activities Ideal Self - aspire to be
Organization Development – achieve their goals Actual Self – actually see
Youth – peak of mature Self concept – your awareness of yourself
Youth in Nation Building Act of 1995 (RA 8044) Self knowledge – provide insight
National Comprehensive Youth Development Efficient – doing the right things right
Adolescence stage – integrated image Effective – Getting the right things done
Early Adulthood Stage – close relationships Personal Effectiveness – making use of all the personal
Philippine Constitution, Article II Section 13 resources
Protect their physical, moral Experience – cognitive and practical activities
Knowledge – risk assessment
Skills – real Actions
Determination – focus only on achieving a specific goal
Self Confidence – personal development
Persistence – keep moving forward
Managing Stress – help combat stress
Problem solving skills – help cope with the problems
Creativity – extraordinary ways
Generating Ideas – unconventional ideas
Idea – mental image
Holistic Development – self actualization and learning
Physiological Development – Physically
Cognitive Development – thinking, intellectual
Psychological Development – emotions
Social Development – rely more on your friends
Spiritual Development – Existence, religion
Thoughts – producing thoughts
Feelings – Consciousness
Behavior – mannerism
Human Development – human growth and changes
Human being – condition imparts change
Pre Natal (Conception to birth) – sex are fixed
Infancy (birth to 2 years) – ontogenetic