TYPES OF RESEARCH

ACCORDING TO INQUIRY

 RATIONALISTIC – qualitative, proves a theory

 NATURALISTIC – observe only
o Ethnography (focus on tribe)
o Phenomenology (focus on events naturally occurring)
o Narratology (capture a story)
o Grounded Theory (to make a theory)
o Case Study

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

 BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL – improving scientific theories

 APPLIED – way of solutions (example is CRISPR)

ACCORDING TO METHODOLOGY

 QUALITATIVE
 QUANTITATIVE
 MIXED METHODS

ACCORDING TO DESIGN

 EXPERIMENTAL – have two parts

– Pure Experimental
– Quasi Experimental
 NON – EXPERIMENTAL – descriptive, historical, ex – post facto, evaluations,
correlational

PHENOMENON – any event or happening that is naturally observable using senses

SCIENTIFIC METHOD – procedure involves problem identification, data collection,
formulation, testing a hypothesis(theory)
BENEFITS – assists in decision making
– provide answer to questions
– improves man’s life
 CHARACTERISTICS

OBJECTIVE – setting aside biases/prejudices

– not influenced by personal feeling
PRECISE – warrant exact & accurate data
VERIFIABLE – doable and reproducible
PARSIMONIOUS – simple presentations & discussions
EMPIRICAL – observations and experience
PROBABILISTIC – validates a theory

RESEARCH PROCESS(SCIENTIFIC)

1. Research Problem
2. Research Plan(Methods)
3. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis
5. Findings Presentation
6. Dissemination

ETHICS OF RESEARCH

IDENTIFICATION
SCIENTIFIC INFORMED
EXPLOITATION BY SELF OR
SOUNDNESS VALIDATION
OTHERS

MISREPRESEN-
CONSENT CONFIDENTIALITY
TATION
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. NATURALISTIC INQUIRY – understand human behaviour

2. EMERGENT DESIGN FLEXIBILITY – allowing interaction between different strand,
pwede mag evolve/mausab ang design
3. PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING – participants nga naay knowledge sa imong study, have
pre – inclusion criteria
4. QUALITATIVE DATA – words, theory, non-numeric, in-depth interview transcripts
5. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE & ENGAGEMENT – makafeel ang other person ug
connection sa imo
6. DYNAMIC SYSTEMS – ma change ang data collection
7. UNIQUE CASE ORIENTATION – mag assume ang researchers na ang respondents kay
unique, dapat wala gi studyhan ang study nimo sa una, ma bridge ang research gap
8. INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS & CREATIVE SYNTHESIS – mag understand kag details tas mag
make kag patterns/themes
9. HOLLISTIC PERSPECTIVES – study sa mga complex systems
10. VOICE PERSPECTIVE & REFLEXIVITY – reflective about his/her own voice, ethical
consideration; e reflect kung tama ang process

INFORMANTS are not directly involve sa research

PPARTICIPANTS are allowed to describe their experience, main source of data
na e collect

PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Are set of principles that dives the researcher, kung unsa ang philosophy nila
behind the research

EPISTEMOLOGY
- Nature of knowledge
- In Ethnography; immerse yourself
- Immersion focused
- Gi experince nimo ang problem

ONTOLOGICAL
- Multiple perspectives
 - Isa ka topic but daghan ug perspectives
- Like case study

AXIOLOGICAL
- Burden of value
- How important you are sa research
- Researcher is the integral component
- Part ko sa mabutang sa research

METHODOLOGY
- Focus on procedures, rules, and format

INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORK
Set of assumptions, ideas and principles, define particular theoretically
informed perspectives & set of appropriate practices

POSTPOSITIVISM
- Pursues objective answers
- Empirical/logical
- Cause & Effect oriented
POSITIVISM is dili tanan cause naay effects
POSITIVISTS focuses on cause & effects

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
- Subjective meanings and reality
- Collaborative nature of learning

TRANSFORMATIVE FRAMEWORK
- Action oriented
 - Centers the experiences of marginalized communities
- Provide alternatives

POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVE
- Change people ways of thinking
- Change people’s perception of the reality
- Rejects that we can have objective
- Ma persuade ang readers sa imong side

PRAGMATISM
- What will work the best
- Focus on actual solutions
- Other ways para mahuman ang research basta goods ang results
- Not committed to anyone’s philosophy

FEMINIST
- Feminism and equality ang gina advance
- Woman’s presentation
- Focus on lived experiences and feelings

CRITICAL THEORY OR CRITICAL RACE THEORY

- Focus on social actions
- Empowering humans
- Academic concept that is more than 40 years old

QUEER THEORY
- Focus on gender identity
- Studied on films, theatres, and etc.
- To look at the world through new avenues

DISABILITY THEORY
- Addressing the meaning of inclusion
- Based on humanities and social sciences that views disability
- DISABILITY INTERPRETIVE LENS focuses on disability as area of difference
 APPROACHES TO INQUIRY/DESIGN

CASE STUDY – in-depth study of a case, example is reaction of a certain event

Types of Case Study

• INTRINSIC is you need to explore everything about the phenomenon

• INSTRUMENTAL is you only explore some aspect of it.

NARRATIVE RESEARCH
Dives into the stories/narratives that people share. Researchers aim to uncover
deeper insights.

LIFE COURSE STAGES

- Popular in social sciences
- Analyzes human lives and behaviours
STORIES
- How human construct our understandings of the world

CHRONOLOGY
- Examines events, experiences, or phenomena over time

TURNING POINTS
- Important moments or events that signals a shift in a story’s direction
Types

BIOGRAPHICAL
- Involves exploration & analysis of individual life story
- Focus on significant events, experiences & influences that shaped their
identity

AUTO – ETHNOGRAPHY
- Systematically analyze personal experience in order to understand cultural
experiences

LIFE HISTORY
- Uses methods like case studies, interviews, and documents to understand
people’s lives

ORAL HISTORY
- Interview people about their lived experiences

RE – STORYING
- Process of gathering stories, analyzing themes for key elements then
rewriting the stories to place them with chronological sequence.

PHENOMENOLOGY RESEARCH