EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE REVIEWER
- Is the water part of the earth that
LESSON 1: PLANET
PLANET
- A celestial body that (a) is in orbit
around the sun (b) has sufficient
mass on itself gravity to overcome
rigid body braces so that it assures a
hydrochloric equilibrium (nearly
round) shape and (c) has cleared
neighbourhood around its orbit.
THE EIGHT PLANETS IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
1. Mercury
2. Venus
3. Earth
4. Mars
5. Jupiter
6. Saturn
7. Uranus
8. Neptune
EARTH
- Is the only planet in the solar system
known to harbour life Our planet’s
has molten nickel-iron core which
gives rise to an extensive magnetic
field which along with the
atmosphere, shields us from harmful
radiation coming from the sun.
LESSON 1.2: THE SUBSYSTEM OF THE
EARTH
FOUR SUBSYTEM OF THE EARTH
1) ATMOSPHERE
- It is the gaseous layer above the
earth’s surface primarily composed
of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen. Other
gases like argon, carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, ozone and the
insert gases made the remaining
1%. The atmosphere supports life
because animals and plants need
both carbon dioxide and oxygen.
2) BIOSPHERE
- Is the zone of the earth where all
forms of life exist. This serves as the
ecosystem of all living and non –
living organisms
3) GEOSPHERE
- Is the solid part of the earth that
consists the entire planet from the
center of the core to the outer core.
It includes core, mantle, and crust of
the earth.
4) HYDROSPHERE
includes oceans and glaciers
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF
PLANET EARTH, MARS AND VENUS.
1) They all have terrestrial planets
made of solid rocks and silicates
2) They all have an atmosphere
3) They all almost have the same time
to rotate on their axis
4) Earth and Mars both have water
5) They all have carbon dioxide and
6) All have landforms
DIFFERENCES
1) Venus has no water
2) Venus and Mars don’t have oxygen
3) Earth has life forms
LESSON 1.3: MINERALS AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS/PROPERTIES
WHAT ARE MINERALS?
- Minerals are the building blocks of
rocks
- A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid
with an orderly internal arrangement
of atoms and a definite chemical
composition.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
1) NATURALLY OCCURING – a
product of Earth’s natural processes
2) INORGANIC – it must be a product
of Earth’s physical processes
3) HOMOGENOUS SOLID – minerals
should have definite volume and
rigid shape
4) DEFINITE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION – represented by a
chemical formula
5) ORDERLY CRYSTALINE
STRUCTURE – atoms of minerals
are arranged in an orderly and
repeating pattern
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1) COLOR – may change depending
on the surface
2) STREAK – color of mineral in
powdered form
3) HARDNESS – minerals resistance to
scratching
4) CLEAVAGE – mineral’s resistance
to being broken and fracture
5) CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OR
HABIT
6) PIAPHENEITY/AMOUNT OF
TRANSPARENCY – ability to allow
light to pass through it. This is
 affected by chemical make up to the CLASSIFICATIONS OF IGNEOUS
mineral sample ROCKS
7) LUSTER – how light is reflected off a
a. COMPOSITION/COLOR
surface
- FELSIC – Light in color, feldspar and
8) TENACITY – describes the minerals
silicates
reaction to stress
- MAFIC – dark in color, made up of
9) BRITTLENESS – a mineral turns
magnesium and iron
into powder
- INTERMEDIATE – between mafic
10) MALLEABILTY – a mineral can be
and felsic
flattered by pounding with a hammer
- ULTRAMAFIC – very dark color
11) DUCTILITY – a mineral can be
stretched into a wire
b. TEXTURE
12) FLEXIBLE BUT INELASTIC –
- APHANISTIC – fine grained
minerals are bent but they remain in
- PHONARETIC – coarse grained
the same position
- PORPHYRITIC – large crystals with
13) FLEXIBLE AND ELASTIC –
small crystals
minerals are bent and they bring
- GLOSSY – non – ordered solid from
back to their original position
rapid quenching
14) SECTILITY – ability of minerals to
- PYROCLASTIC – composite of
be sliced by a knife
ejected fragments

LESSON 2: TYPES OF ROCKS AND

2) METAMORPHIC
THEIR PROPERTIES
- Forms from pre-existing rocks: either
ROCK metamorphic, igneous or
sedimentary
- Is a naturally occurring solid
mass/substance that is normally METAMORPHISM
made of minerals
- a process that changes pre-existing
PETROLOGY rocks into new forms because of
increases in temperature, pressure,
- Is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks
and chemically active fluids.
are combined aggregation of
minerals. Petrologist classified rocks TWO TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
based on how they were formed. In
a. REGIONAL – due to changes in
general, rocks are classifies as
pressure and temperature over large
igneous, sedimentary and
region of the crust
metamorphic rocks.
b. CONTACT – mainly by heat due to
THREE TYPES OF ROCKS contact with magma
1) IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF
- Formed from hardening and METAMORPHIC ROCKS:
crystallization of magma or molten
a. TEXTURE – refers to the
material that originates deep within
arrangement and grains within the
the Earth.
rock
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS b. FOLIATION – any planar
arrangement of mineral grains or
a) EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC ROCK –
structural features within the rock
forms when magma makes its way
c. NON-FOLIATED – made up of only
to Earth’s surface as lava and then
few minerals
cools. The crystals are very small
(fine grained) since the cooling
process is fast. Examples include:
3) SEDIMENTARY
Diorite, Granite, pegmatite, gabbro
- Provide information about surface
conditions that existed in the Earth’s
b) INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC ROCK – it
past
cools slowly beneath the Earth’s
- Particles of sand, shells, pebbles,
surface and created a coarse grain.
and other fragments of materials
Examples include: Basalt, Andesite,
called sediments accumulate in
Scoria
layers and over long period of time
harden into rocks
COMPACTION
- Due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it binds together
to form the sedimentary rocks.
- Examples: chalk, limestone,
sandstone
THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
1) CLASTIC – formed from
accumulation of clasts, little pieces
of broken rocks and shells.
Examples: conglomerate, breccia
2) CHEMICAL – formed when
dissolved minerals precipitate from a
solution. Examples: Halite.
3) ORGANIC – rocks formed from the
accumulation of animal debris.
Example: Coal.
LESSON 3: HEAT ENERGY
- Heat energy plays a vital role in our
planet. It is one of the extreme
factors in what makes the world
liveable
SOURCES OF HEAT OF THE EARTH
1) PRIMORDIAL HEAT
- Is the internal heat energy
accumulated by dissipation in a
planet during its first few million
years of evolution.
- Accretional Energy
- Heat takes tens of thousand of years
to reach the surface
2) RADIOGENIC HEAT
- Is the thermal energy released as a
result of spontaneous nuclear
disintegration of natural radioactive
elements inside the planet, uranium,
thorium and potassium
HEAT TRANSFER PROCESSES
1) CONDUCTION – Governs the
thermal conditions in almost entire
solid portions of the Earth
2) CONVECTION – Dominates the
thermal conditions in the zones
where large quantities of fluid
(molten rocks) exist.
SUBDUCTION – Is the process by
which collision of the Earth’s crystal
plates result in one plate’s being
drawn down or overridden by
another
3) RADIATION – The process of heat
exchange between the Sun and the
Earth.
LESSON 4: MAGMATISM
MAGMATISM
- Is a process under the Earth’s crust
where formation and movement of
magma occur
- Magmatism happens in the lower
part of the Earth’s crust and in the
upper portion of the mantle known
as ASTHENOSPHERE
MAGMA
- Is composed of semi-liquid hot
molten rocks located beneath the
Earth, specifically in the melted
mantle rock and oceanic plate. This
molten rocks found on the surface of
the Earth.
THE PROCESS OF MAGMA FORMATION
Melting in the mantle requires one of the
three possible events to occur:
1) An Increase in Temperature
2) A Decrease of Pressure
3) Addition of Volatiles
LESSON 5: MOVEMENT OF PLATES AND
FORMATION OF FOLDS AND FAULTS
- Earth is divided into segments of
land masses called PLATES
- Earth surface is composed of
tectonic plates that are constantly
moving
- Resulting in the three different plate
boundaries being created
THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
1) CONVERGENT PLATE
BOUNDARIES
- Occurs when plates are moving
towards each other and crumples.
- Oceanic – Oceanic
- Oceanic – Continental
- Trenches and mountains are formed
2) DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
- Occurs when plates pull apart from
each other
- Two plates move away from each
other
- Underwater ridges are formed
3) TRANSFORM FAULT
BOUNDARIES
- Occurs when two plates move or
slide in opposite direction
- Also called as “slide slip fault
boundary”
- Fault are formed
FOLD
- Defined as a bend in rock due to
compressional forces
- Most visible in rocks that contain
layering
- Occurs when the Earth’s crust bend
away from a flat surface
- Folding is a type of Earth movement
resulting from the horizontal
compression of rock layers by
internal forces of the Earth.
TYPES OF FOLD
1) MONOCLINE
- A simple bend in the rock layers so
that they are no longer horizontal
- The older rocks are found at the
bottom of the monocline and the
newer ones are on the top
2) ANTICLINE
- A fold that arches upward. The rocks
dip away from the center of the fold
The oldest rocks are on the center of
the anticline while the newest one
draped over them.
3) SYNCLINE
- A fold that bends downward
- Unlike monocline and anticline, new
rocks are at the center and older
rocks are outside.
WHAT IS FAULT?
- A fracture or zone of fractures
between two blocks of rocks
- Faulting happens when Earth’s crust
completely breaks and slides past
each other
- Causes earthquakes to occur
THREE TYPES OF FAULT
1) NORMAL FAULT – Occurs when
the crust is being pulled apart in
which the overlying hanging wall
block moves down with respect to
the lower (foot wall) block
2) REVERSE FAULT – Occurs when
the crust is being compressed in
which the hanging-wall block moves
up over the footwall block
3) STRIKE-SLIP FAULT – A dip-slip
fault in which the dip of the fault
place is vertical. Strike-slip faults
result from shear stresses
LESSON 6: FORMATION OF ROCK
LAYERS
ROCK LAYERS
- Rocks form layers due to sediments
deposited on rocks or some forces
that act on it which causes its
deformation
WEATHERING
- Is the process where rocks are
disintegrated due to agents of
weathering such as water, air and
ice
EROSION
- Is when sediments are carried or
transported or deposited to a
particular location
PRINCIPLE OF UNIFORMITARTIANISM
- “The current geologic processes,
such as volcanism, erosion, and
weathering are the same processes
that were at work in the past” –
James Hutton
HOW ARE ROCK LAYERS FORMED
STRATIGRAPHY
- Branch of geology
- Deals with the description,
correlation, and interpretation of
stratified rocks on and within the
Earth
- Study of rock layers (strata)
STRATIFIED ROCKS
- Known as derivatives rocks
(fragmented or crystalline)
- Products of sedimentary process
that formed layers
STRATIFICATION OR BEDDING
- Is the layering that happens in
sedimentary and igneous rocks
formed at the surface of the Earth
that comes from lava flows or other
volcanic activity
STRATIGRAPHIC LAWS (Nicholas Steno,
1669)
1) Law of Original Horizontality -
Sediments are deposited in flat
layers
2) Law of Superposition – Heaviest =
Deepest = Oldest // Lightest =
Highest = Youngest
3) Law of Lateral Continuity – All rock
layers are laterally continuous and
may be broken up or displaced by
later events. Rocks that are similar,
but now separated by a valley or
 other erosional feature, can be
assumed to be originally continuous
4) Law of Cross-Cutting
Relationship – A fault or dike – a
slab cut through another rock.
Magma intrudes into a rock; fault is
younger than the rock
5) Law of Inclusions – rock mass that
contains pieces of rocks called
inclusion are younger than the other
rock masses. Rock fragments in
another rock/layers must be existing
before being part of the rock
6) Law of Faunal Succession –
Fauna represents “animal life”; Flora
represents “Plant Life. First
recognized by William Smith.
7) Law of Unconformities – Rock
layers that have been deformed or
eroded before another layer is
deposited, resulting in rock
mismatching. It has three types:
a. Disconformity – originates from
horizontal sedimentary rock
layers that is lifted and the top
layers are eroded
b. Angular Unconformity –
originates from horizontally
parallel strata of sedimentary
rock that are deposited on tilted
and eroded layers
c. Non – Conformity – originates
between sedimentary rocks,
metamorphic or igneous rock
when sedimentary rock lies
above and has deposited on the
pre-existing and eroded
metamorphic or igneous rock.
CORRELATION OF ROCK LAYERS
CORRELATION
- Is the process of showing that rocks
or geologic events occurring at
different locations are the same age
METHODS IN CORRELATING ROCK
LAYERS
a) Rock types and its characteristics
b) Index fossils
c) Bed Rock
STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMN
- A representation used in geology
and its subfield of stratigraphy to
describe the vertical location of rock
units in a particular area.
TYPES OF CORRELATION
a. PHYICAL CORRELATION – makes
use of characteristics such as color
texture, and types of minerals
contained within a stratum
b. FOSSIL CORRELATION – It uses
fossil with unique characteristics ,
such as lifespan and features
LESSON 7: RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE
DATING GEOLOGIC TIMELINE
RELATIVE DATING
- A method of determining the age of
rocks in each layer by identifying the
relative order of previous events
- Comparing, qualitative (older than,
younger than)
ABSOLUTE DATING
- A method of determining the
numerical age of rocks using
radioactive decay
- Specific year (100 MYA, 4 BYA)
WHAT IS THE GEOLOGIC TIMELINE?
- The geologic timeline, or geological
time scale, is a representation of
time based on the rock record of
Earth.
- This is a system that chronologically
relates geological strata
(stratigraphy) to time.
- A timeline that illustrates Earth’s
history based on geologic events
and life forms.
- Is the “calendar” for events in Earth
history
4 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF THE GEOLOGIC
TIME SCALE
1. EON
2. ERA
3. PERIOD
4. EPOCH
EON
- The largest time span of the
geologic time scale
- Geologic time is divided into two
eons, Precambrian and
Phanerozoic;
a. Precambrian Eon – refers to the
earliest part of the earth’s history.
Divided into three eons;
1. Hadean eon – occurred 4.6
billion to 4 billion years ago.
During this time, the solar
system was forming within a
cloud of dust and gas known as
the solar nebula, which
eventually spawned planets and
 etc. The earth started cooling
and the outer edge of the planet
solidified from molten lava to a
solid crust
2. Archeon eon - Between 4 billion
to 2.5 billion years ago, the first
form of life on our planet was
created in the oceans.
Microfossils of this time indicate
that life began in the oceans
about 3.5 billion to 2.8 billion
years ago
3. Proterozoic eon – Also called
the “age of hidden life,” started
2.5 billion years ago. In this time,
enough shield rock had formed
to start recognizable geologic
processes such as plate
tectonics. Contain many definite
traces of primitive life forms the
fossil remains of bacteria and
blue-green algae as well as the
first oxygen-dependent animals.
b. Phanerozoic Eon – the current
geologic eon in the geologic time
scale. The time in which abundant
animal and plant life has existed. It
covers 541 million years ago to the
present. The Phanerozoic era is
divided into three eras, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, Cenozoic;
1. PALEOZOIC ERA – The era ran
from about 542 million years ago
to 251 million years ago. The era
began with the breakup of one
supercontinent and the formation
of another. Plants became
widespread. Divided into the
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian,
Devorian, Carboniferous,
Permian.
2. MESOZOIC ERA – Spans from
about 252 million years ago to
about 66 million years ago, was
also known as the age of reptiles
or the age of Dinosaurs because
of its famous inhabitants. The
“Middle Life” era, life diversified
rapidly and giant reptiles,
dinosaurs and other monstrous
beasts roamed the earth.
Contain the Triassic, Jurassic
and Cretaceous periods.
3. CENOZOIC ERA – Began about
65 million years ago and
continues to the present, is the
third documented era in the
history of Earth. The current
locations of the continents and
their modern-day inhabitants,
including humans, can be traced
to this period. Also known as the
Age of mammals. Divided into
Paleogene, Neogene and
Quarternary Periods.
LESSON 8: GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND
HAZARDS
HOW DO GEOLOGIC PROCCESS
OCCUR?
- Geological processes are naturally
occurring events that directly or
indirectly impact the geology of the
Earth.
- Examples of geological processes
include events such as plate
tectonics, weathering, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, mountain
formation, deposition, erosion,
droughts, flooding, and landslides.
HOW ABOUT GEOLOGIC HAZARDS?
- A geologic hazard is an extreme
natural event in the crust of the earth
that poses a threat to life and
property, for example, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal
waves) and landslides.
- It is a large-scale, complex natural
events that happen on land. These
hazards can cause immense
damage, loss of property, and
sometimes life.
GEOLOGIC EVENT
EARTHQUAKE
- One of the most violent natural
phenomena. According to the
number of victims and destructive
force, it exceeds all other natural
disasters. Earthquakes also happen
under the ocean and can cause
tsunamis.
THE HAZARDS CAUSED BY AN
EARTHQUAKE:
a. GROUND SHAKING is one of the
hazards resulting from earthquake,
volcanic eruption, and landslides.
Ground shaking is both a hazard
created by earthquakes and the
trigger for other hazards such as
liquefaction and landslides. Ground
shaking describes the vibration of
the ground during an earthquake.

b. SURFACE FAULTING is
displacement that reaches the
earth's surface during slip along a
fault. It commonly occurs with
shallow earthquakes; those with an
epicenter less than 20 km. Surface
faulting also may accompany
aseismic creep or natural or man-
induced subsidence.
c. A LANDSLIDE is defined as the
movement of a mass of rock, debris,
or earth down a slope. Landslides
are a type of "mass wasting," which
denotes any down-slope movement
of soil and rock under the direct
influence of gravity. The term
"landslide" encompasses five modes
of slope movement: falls, topples,
slides, spreads, and flows.
d. LIQUEFACTION describes the way
in which soil liquefies during ground
shaking. Liquefaction can undermine
the foundations and supports of
buildings, bridges, pipelines, and
roads, causing them to sink into the
ground, collapse, or dissolve.
e. TSUNAMIS are giant waves caused
by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
under the sea. It can injure or kill
many people and cause significant
damage to buildings and other
structures. The speed of tsunami
waves depends on ocean depth
rather than the distance from the
source of the wave. Tsunami waves
may travel as fast as jet planes over
deep waters, only slowing down
when reaching shallow waters.
LESSON 9: HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA AND HAZARDS
The Philippines has a tropical and maritime
climate. Annually, the country is visited by
an average of 20 typhoons, five to nine of
which are highly destructive. The
Philippines is situated in the Pacific typhoon
belt thus, the country is highly prone to
hydrometeorological hazards. Oftentimes,
multiple hazards occur simultaneously.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
- They are brought by extreme
meteorological and climate
phenomena that includes tropical
cyclones, thunderstorms, tornado
(ipo-ipo) drought, and floods.
- Tropical cyclones are known in
various names depending on the
country where you live. In the
Western North Pacific around the
Philippines, Japan, and China the
storms are known as typhoons,
while in the North Atlantic Ocean
and the Eastern North Pacific they
are referred to as hurricane
MONSOONS
- A monsoon is a seasonal wind and
rains pattern, and the word
“monsoon” believed to be originated
from the Arabic word mawsim
(season), via Portuguese and the
Dutch monsun.
1. AMIHAN: brings cloudless skies and
nippy mornings during the dry
season (October to late March)
2. HABAGAT: brings heavy rains and
some deadly typhoons (June to
September)
FLOODS
- Flood is as an abnormal progressive
rise in the water level of a stream
that may result in the over flowing by
the water of the normal confines of
the stream. A flood can vary in size,
speed of water, and duration.
DID YOU KNOW?
- Typhoon Haiphong in 1881, ranks as
number one deadliest typhoon that
crossed the Philippines.
- Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and
Bulacan provinces make Region III
as the most exposed region in the
country to tropical cyclones
EFFECTS OF MARINE AND COASTAL
PROCESSES
COASTAL PROCESSES
- Include waves, tides, sea level
change, crustal movement and
storm surge.
WAVES
- Are caused by the movement of the
air masses in the coastal
environment.
TIDES
- Refer to the gravitational pull
between the Earth and the moon.
SEA LEVEL CHANGE
- Is a result of the rise of ocean water
which can be attributed to the
 melting of glaciers or iceberg in the
polar regions

STORM SURGE
- Refers to the rising of seawater due
to changes in pressure and wind
associated with a storm.

CRUSTAL MOVEMENT
- Is caused by the motion of the
oceanic and continental crust of the
Earth.

COASTAL HAZARDS
- Are physical phenomena that
expose the marine environment to
risk of property damage, loss of life
and ecological degradation

COASTAL EROSION
- It is the loss or displacement of land
along the coastline due to the action
of waves, currents, tides, wind-
driven water or other impacts of
storms. Coastal erosion is a type of
coastal hazard which is brought
about by the different coastal
processes.

SALTWATER INTRUSION
- It is a major concern commonly
found in coastal aquifers around the
world. An aquifer is an underground
layer of permeable rock, gravel,
sand or silt.
SUBMERSION
- It refers to the movement of coastal
sediments from the visible portion of
a beach to the submerged near
shore region of the coast.

- TAPOS NA SIYA, GOODLUCK SAYO MWA MWA -