DEBREBERHANUNI

VERSI
TY
COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NG
DEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTI
ONTECHNOLOGYAND
MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUI
LDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSI
TESI
NDEBREBI
RHANCI
TY.

Pr
epar
edBy

Name… I
D

1.
Eyoat
amTef
eri 1319/
12
2.
El
iasKassahun 1865/
12
3.
AbynurAbr
aham 1859/
12
4.
Er
mi asShi
meli
s 3666/
12

Adv
isor:
Tesf
aFant
aw(
Ms)

Debr
eBi
rhan,
Ethi
opi
a.

December
2023
DECLARATI
ON

Iconf
ir
m t
hatr
esear
ch wor
kti
tl
ed “
AssessmentOf Heal
th And Saf
ety
ManagementPr
act
icesI
nBui
l
dingConst
ruct
ionSi
tesI
nDebr
eBi
rhanCi
ty.
’
”is
myownwor
k.Thewor
khasnotbeenpr
esent
edel
sewher
e.Wher
emat
eri
alhas
beenusedf
rom ot
hersour
cesi
thasbeenpr
oper
lyacknowl
edged.

Si
gnat
ureofSt
udent

NameofSt
udent

i
EXECUTI
VESUMMARY

Theconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
rymakessi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ionst
othesoci
o-economi
c
dev
elopmentpr
ocessofacount
ry.I
tsi
mpor
tanceemanat
esl
argel
yfr
om i
ts
di
rectand i
ndi
recti
mpacton al
leconomi
c act
ivi
ti
es.Today
,Et
hiopi
a al
so
exper
iences di
ff
erentconst
ruct
ion i
ndust
ri
es,l
i
ke t
he publ
i
c const
ruct
ion
i
ndust
ry.and pr
ivat
e-owned const
ruct
ion i
ndust
ry.Theconst
ruct
ion i
ndust
ry
empl
oysal
argeamountofunski
l
ledl
abor
.Thest
ateofbei
ngsaf
eandheal
thyi
s
v
eryi
mpor
tanti
nconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
sinor
dert
opr
omot
econst
ruct
ion.
and
i
ncr
ease t
he count
ry'
sincome.Debr
e Ber
han ci
tyf
aces heal
th and saf
ety
managementi
ssuesduet
oincr
easi
ngpopul
ati
onandhousi
ngdemand.I
nev
ery
const
ruct
ion pr
oject
,iti
simpor
tantt
o know saf
etyand heal
thr
ules.
and
r
egul
ati
ons,r
educi
ngt
her
iskt
hathappensdur
ingt
heconst
ruct
ionpr
ocess.
Becauseoft
hei
njur
yoft
hewor
kerorl
abor
,thecount
ryal
sol
osest
heeconomi
c
benef
itr
equi
red f
rom i
ndi
vi
dualwor
ker
s orl
abor
ers.The obj
ect
ive oft
his
r
esear
ch i
sto assessheal
th and saf
etymanagementpr
act
icesi
n bui
l
ding
const
ruct
ionsi
tesi
nDebr
eBi
rhanci
ty.

i
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Fi
rstofal
l
,gl
oryandpr
aisebet
oGodAl
might
ywhogav
emet
heoppor
tuni
tyt
o
st
udyt
heBSpr
ogr
am andst
udyski
l
ls.Wewoul
dli
ket
osayt
hanky
out
oour
f
ami
l
ieswhohav
esuppor
tedusf
inanci
all
yandencour
agedus.Al
so,
wewoul
d
l
i
ket
othankourAdv
isor
,Tesf
aFant
aw,f
orhi
shar
dwor
kandt
ir
elessgui
dance
i
nteachi
ngusunt
ilwef
ini
shedourwor
k.

i
i
i
TABLEOFCONTENTS

DECLARATI
ON I

EXECUTI
VESUMMARY I
I

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I
II

TABLEOFCONTENTS I
V

LI
STOFTABLES VI

ABBREVI
ATI
ONS VI
I

CHAPTER1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON 1

1.
1Backgr
ound 1
1.
2St
atementoft
hepr
obl
em 1
1.
3Obj
ect
ive 2
1.
4Resear
chQuest
ions 2
1.
5Si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy 2
1.
6Scope 3
CHAPTER2:
LITRATUREREVI
EW 4

2.
1DEFENI
TIONOFTERMS 4
2.
2Const
ruct
ion 4
2.
3Const
ruct
ionI
ndust
ryi
nEt
hiopi
a 5
2.
4Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyi
nEt
hiopi
a 5
2.
5Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyr
esponsi
bil
i
ties 6
2.
6Heal
thandsaf
etypr
obl
emsonconst
ruct
ionsi
tes. 8
2.
7Const
ruct
ionHeal
thandSaf
etyRul
esandRegul
ator 8
2.
8Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyr
ulesi
nEt
hiopi
a 9
CHAPTERTHREE:
METHODOLOGY 11

3.
1St
udyar
ea 11
3.
2St
udydesi
gn 11
3.
3Popul
ati
on 11
3.
4Sampl
esi
zeandsel
ect
ion 11
3.
5Dat
aCol
l
ect
ionpr
ocess 11
3.
6Et
hical
Consi
der
ati
ons 12

i
v
4.WORKPLAN 13

5.BUDGETBREAKDOWN 14

6.
REFERENCES 15

v
 LI
STOFTABLES

Tabl
e21:
Wor
kpl
an 13
Tabl
e31:
BudgetBr
eakdown 14

v
i
ABBREVI
ATI
ONS

I
SIC……………….
.I
nter
nat
ional
Standar
dsI
ndust
ri
alCl
assi
fi
cat
ion

GDP…………………Gr
ossDomest
icPr
oduce

GPS .
.Gl
obal
posi
ti
onsSy
stem

MOFED…………….
..Mi
nist
ryofFi
nanceandEconomi
cDev
elopment

PPA Publ
i
cPr
ocur
ementAgency

OSH…………………Occupat
ional
Saf
etyandHeal
th

OSHA……………….
Occupat
ional
saf
etyandheal
thadmi
nist
rat
ion

RFI
D Radi
oFr
equencyI
dent
if
icat
ion

SME…………………Smal
landmedi
um ent
erpr
ise

UK Uni
tedKi
ngdom

v
ii
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

CHAPTER1 I
NTRODUCTI
ON

1.
1Backgr
ound

Theconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
rypl
aysagr
eatr
oleont
henat
ionalscene.Notonl
ydoes
i
ttoucht
hel
i
vesofv
irt
ual
l
yev
ery
oneonadai
l
ybasi
s,buti
tal
sooccupi
esa
f
undament
alposi
ti
oni
nthenat
ionaleconomy
.Iti
soneoft
hesect
orst
hat
pr
ovi
descr
uci
ali
ngr
edi
ent
sfort
hedev
elopmentofaneconomy
.Onecannot
t
hinkofwi
de-
spr
eadi
nvest
menti
nmanuf
act
uri
ng,
agr
icul
tur
e,orser
vicesect
ors
unl
esst
heconst
ruct
ionr
esul
tsofi
nfr
ast
ruct
uref
aci
l
iti
esar
einpl
ace.Thus,
per
iods ofnat
ionalpr
osper
it
y ar
e usual
l
y associ
ated wi
th hi
gh l
evel
s of
const
ruct
ionact
ivi
ty.Onei
sthenat
uralr
esul
toft
heot
her[
CloughandG.
A.
Sear
s,1979]
.Accor
dingt
oSei
fedi
n(2014)
,thesaf
etyofaconst
ruct
ionpr
ojecti
s
oneoft
heessent
ialcomponent
sint
hepr
ocessofconst
ruct
ionwheni
tcanbe
pr
efer
redasami
ti
gat
ionmeasur
ementbef
oreani
nci
denceoccur
s.Howev
er,
all
ov
erEt
hiopi
a,mi
l
li
onsofdai
l
ylabor
erswor
konbi
gconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
sin
unsaf
ewor
kingenv
ironment
sandwi
thoutsuppor
ti
veandpr
otect
iveequi
pment
.
Att
hesamet
ime,
inadequat
esaf
etypr
otocol
satbui
l
dingsi
tesposeasi
gni
fi
cant
r
isk ofdeat
h orser
ious i
njur
yto wor
ker
sin Debr
e Bi
rhan.Usi
ng wooden
scaf
fol
dsandl
adder
sandwi
thoutsaf
etygear
,theyper
for
m const
ruct
ionwor
k
ont
allbui
l
dings.Roadway
sandst
ruct
uresar
ethef
ocusoft
heci
ty'
smaj
or
pr
oject
s.St
ates'andf
eder
algov
ernment
s'l
awshav
eli
mit
edappl
i
cabi
l
ity
.Thi
s
st
udy at
tempt
sto assess heal
th and saf
ety management pr
act
ices at
const
ruct
ionsi
tesi
nDebr
eBi
rhanCi
ty.

1.
2St
atementoft
hepr
obl
em

Ther
ear
emor
eandmor
ebui
l
dingsbei
ngconst
ruct
edi
nourcount
ryev
eryday
.
Peopl
eandmachi
nesper
for
mthemaj
ori
tyoft
asks.Pr
obl
emsar
eboundt
oar
ise
i
f bui
l
ding compani
es f
ailt
o pr
oper
ly manage t
he st
ruct
ure once i
tis
const
ruct
ed.Debr
eBer
hanCi
typr
oject
sar
eincr
easi
ngl
ybei
ngbui
l
t,andev
ent
s
ar
ehappeni
ngmor
efr
equent
ly.Const
ruct
ionsi
teheal
thandsaf
etyar
eseenas
cr
it
icali
ssues.Butconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
srai
seal
otofsaf
etyconcer
ns.put
ti
ng

BScThesi
sPage1
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

i
nexper
ienced and unqual
i
fied wor
ker
sin char
ge wi
thoutpr
oper t
rai
ning
.
Empl
oyeesar
enotusi
ngbel
ts.r
emov
ingt
hei
rsaf
etyshoes.
Don'
tweargl
oves,
hel
met
s,orr
efl
ect
ivecl
othes.const
ruct
ionsi
tesl
acki
ngpr
operheal
thandsaf
ety
equi
pment
.Lackofat
tent
iont
o saf
etyi
ssues(
negl
i
gence)
:Ifpr
opersaf
ety
measur
esar
enotf
oll
owed,mi
shaps,f
all
s,i
njur
ies,andev
enf
atal
i
tiescoul
d
happen.Wor
kerheal
thi
ssuescanbeat
tri
but
edt
othesef
act
ors.Thi
spaper
's
maj
orgoali
stoof
feranassessmentoft
heheal
thandsaf
etyi
ssuesatt
he
const
ruct
ionsi
tei
nDebr
eBi
rhan.

1.
3Obj
ect
ive

Gener
alobj
ect
ives

Thegener
alobj
ect
iveoft
hisst
udyi
stoassessheal
thandsaf
etymanagement
pr
act
icesatconst
ruct
ionsi
tesi
nDebr
eBer
hanci
ty.

Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives
 To i
dent
if
ythe pr
imar
y el
ement
s af
fect
ing t
he heal
th and saf
ety
management pr
act
ices i
n bui
l
ding const
ruct
ion pr
oject
s at t
he
const
ruct
ionsi
tei
nDebr
eBi
rhan.

 Toi
dent
if
ytheconst
ruct
ionphaset
hatneedsmor
eheal
thandsaf
ety
managementpr
act
icesatt
he const
ruct
ion si
tei
n Debr
e Bi
rhan Ci
ty,
Et
hiopi
a.

 To r
ecommend appr
opr
iat
e measur
es t
oimpr
ove saf
ety and heal
th
pr
act
icesamongconst
ruct
ionsi
tewor
ker
s.

1.
4Resear
chQuest
ions

 Whatar
ethemai
nfact
orsi
nfl
uenci
ngDebr
eBi
rhanCi
tyconst
ruct
ion
wor
ker
s'adher
ence t
o heal
th and saf
ety managementpr
act
ices i
n
bui
l
dingconst
ruct
ionpr
oject
s?

 Whi
chconst
ruct
ionphaseneedsmor
eheal
thandsaf
etymanagement
pr
act
icesamongconst
ruct
ionwor
ker
sinDebr
eBi
rhan?

BScThesi
sPage2
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

 Whi
chappl
i
cabl
etechni
quesar
eusedt
orai
seconst
ruct
ionsi
tewor
ker
s'
per
for
mancei
nter
msofsaf
etyandheal
th?

1.
5Si
gni
fi
canceoft
hest
udy

 The r
esear
ch ai
ms t
o enhance under
standi
ng ofheal
th and saf
ety
concer
nsi
nconst
ruct
ioncompani
esl
i
keDebr
eBi
rhanandcont
ri
but
eto
exi
sti
ngknowl
edge.

 I
tal
sohi
ghl
i
ght
sthepot
ent
ialbenef
it
sofaddr
essi
ngheal
thandsaf
ety
i
ssues,
suchascostsav
ingsandi
mpr
ovedpr
ojectl
i
fecy
cles.

 I
tal
soencour
ageswor
ker
stobeawar
eofpot
ent
ialhazar
dsandadher
e
t
osaf
etypr
otocol
s.

1.
6Scope

Thest
udywi
l
lfocusont
heassessmentofheal
thandsaf
etyatt
heconst
ruct
ion
si
tesofDebr
eBi
rhanCi
ty,
bot
hinpubl
i
candpr
ivat
ebui
l
dings.

BScThesi
sPage3
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

CHAPTER2:
LITRATUREREVI
EW

2.
1DEFENI
TIONOFTERMS

Heal
th

Healt
hi sthegeneralcondi
ti
onofaper soninmind,bodyandspi ri
t,usuall
y
meaningt obefreefrom i
ll
ness,inj
uryorpain.Accordi
ngt oMerriam- Webster
(ht
tps:
//www. merri
amwebst er.
com/ di
ctionar
y/heal
th2:32)dict
ionaryt he
condit
ionofbeingsoundi nbody, mi
nd, orspi
ri
toracondi t
ioninwhi chsomeone
orsomet hingi
sthriv
ingordoingwel l
.

Saf
ety

Saf
etyi
srel
atedt
oext
ernal
thr
eat
s,andt
heper
cept
ionofbei
ngshel
ter
edf
rom
t
hreat
s.Accor
dingt
othebusi
nessDi
cti
onar
ysaf
etyi
sdef
inedasar
elat
ive
f
reedom f
rom danger
,ri
sk,
ort
hreatofhar
m,i
njur
y,orl
ossofper
sonnel
and/
or
pr
oper
ty,
whet
hercauseddel
i
ber
atel
yorbyacci
dent
.

Wor
ker

Accor
ding t
o oxf
ord di
cti
onar
y
(
htt
ps:
//en.
oxf
orddi
cti
onar
ies.
com/
def
ini
ti
on/
wor
ker2:
23pm)wor
keri
saper
son
whodoesaspeci
fi
edt
ypeofwor
korwhowor
ksi
naspeci
fi
edway
.Int
hisst
udy
wor
keraper
sonwhoi
nvol
vedi
nawor
kpubl
i
cpr
ojectconst
ruct
ion.

2.
2Const
ruct
ion

Accor
dingt
oUN (
1996)I
nter
nat
ionalSt
andar
dsI
ndust
ri
alCl
assi
fi
cat
ion(
ISI
C),
Rev
.3,const
ruct
ioni
sdef
inedgener
all
yasaneconomi
cact
ivi
tydi
rect
edt
othe
cr
eat
ion,r
enov
ati
on,r
epai
rorext
ensi
onoff
ixedasset
sint
hef
orm ofbui
l
dings,
l
and i
mpr
ovement
s ofan engi
neer
ing nat
ure,and ot
hersuch engi
neer
ing
const
ruct
ionsasr
oads,br
idges,dams,et
c.Thei
ndust
ryconsi
stsofagr
oupof
est
abl
i
shment
s engaged i
n one ormor
e oft
he f
oll
owi
ng act
ivi
ti
es:Si
te
pr
epar
ati
on;
Bui
l
dingofcompl
eteconst
ruct
ionsorpar
tst
her
eof
,ci
vi
lengi
neer
ing;
Bui
l
ding i
nst
all
ati
on,Bui
l
ding compl
eti
on and Rent
ing of const
ruct
ion or

BScThesi
sPage4
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

Demol
i
tion equi
pmentwi
th oper
ator
s.Thei
ndust
ryi
ncl
udesal
lact
ivi
ti
esof
const
ruct
ioni
rr
espect
iveofwhet
hert
heyar
ecar
ri
edoutbypr
ivat
eorpubl
i
c
const
ruct
ionf
ir
ms,whet
herdoneonacont
ract
ualbasi
sorofownaccountt
he
caseof Et
hiopi
a,al
thought
hedef
ini
ti
onadopt
edbyt
heNat
ionalAccount
s
depar
tmentofMOFEDi
sthesameast
hatofI
SIC,
theact
ivi
ti
esact
ual
l
ycov
ered
undert
hei
ndust
ryar
etheconst
ruct
ion and mai
ntenanceact
ivi
ti
esof
:(1)
Resi
dent
ialbui
l
dingsi
nur
banandr
uralar
eas,(
2)Nonr
esi
dent
ialbui
l
dings,i
.e.
f
act
ory bui
l
dings,war
e houses,of
fi
ce bui
l
dings,gar
ages,hot
els,school
s,
hospi
tal
s,cl
i
nics,et
c.,(
3)Ot
herconst
ruct
ionwor
ks,l
i
ker
oads,dams,di
kes,
at
hlet
icf
iel
ds,el
ect
ri
ci
tyt
ransmi
ssi
onl
i
nes,t
elephone& t
elegr
aphl
i
nes,et
c.
(
MOFED,
2005)
.

2.
3Const
ruct
ionI
ndust
ryi
nEt
hiopi
a

Theconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
ryi
nEt
hiopi
ahasbeendev
elopi
ngt
remendousl
ysi
nce
2001.Recentst
udi
esbyZewduandAr
egaw (
2015)
,asci
tedi
ntheJour
nalof
Ar
chi
tect
ureandCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ingVol
ume2,
indi
cat
edt
hatt
heGDPcont
ri
but
ion
oft
hei
ndust
ryhasbeenr
aisedt
o5.
6%andappr
oachest
hesub-
Sahar
anav
erage
(
6%)
.Meanwhi
l
e,t
heGr
ossDomest
icCapi
talFor
mat
ion(
GDCF)
,whi
chwas
about60per
centi
n1996/
97,hasr
eachednear
ly75%i
n2002/
03.Accor
dingt
o
Ay
alewetal
.(2016)
,si
ncet
hen,
thecount
ryhasbeeni
mpl
ement
ingasi
gni
fi
cant
numberofpr
ogr
amsandpr
oject
s,whi
chi
ncl
udet
heUni
ver
sit
yCapaci
tyBui
l
ding
Pr
ogr
am (
UCBP)
,the housi
ng dev
elopmentpr
ogr
am,and t
he r
oad sect
or
pr
ogr
ams,
amongot
her
s.

2.
4Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyi
nEt
hiopi
a

Theconst
ruct
ionsect
ori
samaj
orcont
ri
but
ort
otheEt
hiopi
aneconomy
,andi
t'
s
oneoft
hef
ast
est
-gr
owi
ngsect
ors.AdaneMm,Gel
ayeKa,Bey
eraGk,Shar
maHr
,
andYal
ewWw (
2013)sai
dthatdev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esl
i
keEt
hiopi
aar
est
ri
vi
ng
har
dtoi
mpr
ovet
hei
rbasi
cser
vicesbybui
l
dingschool
s,hospi
tal
s,housi
ng
compl
exes,
shops,
off
ices,
highway
s,powerpl
ant
s,i
ndust
ri
es,
bri
dges,
andot
her
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.I
nanycase,al
ltheseconst
ruct
ionact
ivi
ti
esar
ecar
ri
edoutby
i
ncompet
entl
aborst
rengt
hs.Wor
d-r
elat
edwoundsanddeat
hsamongt
hese

BScThesi
sPage5
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

l
abor
ersar
eal
lduet
oabsenceofeducat
ion,dest
it
uti
on,t
heneedf
orwel
l
bei
ng
andsecur
it
y,pr
epar
ati
on,anddat
aonwel
l
-bei
ngr
isksanddanger
satt
hewor
k
puti
n.Suchwor
ker
sar
eknownt
ofacer
api
dlychangi
ngwor
kpl
aces,ahi
gh
degr
eeofcompet
it
ion,
andat
tacksonunempl
oyment
.Ast
heemer
gingsect
orof
t
heEt
hiopi
aneconomy
,thest
atusoft
heconst
ruct
ionwor
ker
s,par
ti
cul
arl
ythei
r
saf
etycondi
ti
ons,oughtt
o begi
ven consi
der
ati
on,and t
hesecur
it
yoft
he
wor
kingenv
ironmentoughtt
obekeptup.I
nspi
teoft
henot
abl
erat
eofi
ncr
ease
wi
thi
nthei
ndust
ryov
ert
hepastdecades,
afewst
udi
eshav
ebeenconduct
edt
o
i
nvest
igat
etheoccupat
ionalsaf
etyandheal
thst
atusofwor
ker
swor
kingi
nthe
const
ruct
ion i
ndust
ry.(
Hanna Mer
sha,Sei
dTi
kuMer
eta,and Lamessa Dube,
2016)
.Ther
efor
e,i
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es,t
heoccupat
ionalheal
thandsaf
ety
hazar
dsf
aced byconst
ruct
ion wor
ker
sar
egr
eat
ert
han t
hosei
nindust
ri
al
count
ri
es.Thei
mpacti
sal
so10t
o20t
imeshi
gheri
nthesecount
ies,wher
ethe
gr
eat
estconcent
rat
ionoft
hewor
ld'
swor
kfor
cei
slocat
ed.(
Dong,2005)
.Unsaf
e
wor
kingenv
ironment
sar
ethemaj
orcauseofmostwor
kpl
acei
njur
ies.I
ndi
vi
dual
-
rel
atedf
act
orssuchasy
oungage,
lackoff
ormaleducat
ion,
lackofexper
ience,
j
obdi
ssat
isf
act
ion,
lackofphy
sical
exer
cise,
ext
endedwor
kinghour
s,ni
ghtwor
k,
andnon-
useofper
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pmentar
eimpor
tantf
act
ors(
Wong,
1994;
HuangandChen,
2002;
Chauetal
.,
2004;
Bresci
anietal
.
,2012;
Dongetal
.
,
2015)
.Aboutt
hree-
fi
ft
hsofbui
l
dingper
sonnelar
enotposi
ti
vewhet
hert
hey
hav
etoputonpr
otect
ivet
ool
sont
hebui
l
dingsi
te.Theyf
eltt
hati
twasnot
conv
eni
entandt
ightwhenwear
ingdef
ensi
vet
ool
satwor
k(Gr
if
fi
nandNeal
,
2000)
.

2.
5Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyshoul
dbeofpr
imar
yconcer
ntoempl
oyer
s,
empl
oyees,gov
ernment
s,andpr
ojectpar
ti
cipant
s(Kheni
,2008)
.Thus,t
hemai
n
par
ti
esr
esponsi
blef
orconst
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyar
ethecl
i
ent
,themai
n
cont
ract
or,r
egul
ator
yagenci
es,andempl
oyees.Heal
thandsaf
etydut
iesof
st
ateand r
egul
ator
yagenci
es:Gov
ernmentr
egul
ator
yagenci
esof
ten enact
r
egul
ati
onst
ohel
pensur
ethataconst
ruct
ionpr
ojecti
ssaf
etobui
l
d,saf
etouse,
andsaf
etomai
ntai
nanddel
i
vergoodv
alue.Goodheal
thandsaf
etypl
anni
ng
al
sohel
pst
oensur
ethi
s.t
hatapr
ojecti
swel
lmanagedandt
hatunexpect
ed
BScThesi
sPage6
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

cost
sandpr
obl
emsar
emi
nimi
zed.Heal
thandsaf
etydut
iesoft
heempl
oyer
:
Cl
i
ent
shav
eabi
ginf
luenceov
erhow wor
kisdone;wher
epot
ent
ialheal
thand
saf
etyr
isksar
elow,
cli
ent
sar
erequi
redt
odol
i
ttl
e.Wher
etheyar
ehi
gher
,cl
i
ent
s
needt
odomor
e.Empl
oyer
smustassesst
hewor
kbei
ngunder
takenandt
he
env
ironmentt
hei
rempl
oyeeswi
l
loper
atei
nwhendet
ermi
ningt
heappr
opr
iat
e
PPEt
owear
.Heal
thandsaf
etydut
iesoft
hemai
ncont
ract
or:Mai
ncont
ract
ors
mustcheckt
hatal
lsubcont
ract
orsar
ecompl
yi
ngbypr
ovi
dingPPEf
oral
lthei
r
empl
oyees(
thosewhoar
esel
f-
empl
oyedf
ort
axr
easonsbutwhoot
her
wise
wor
kinanempl
oyee-
empl
oyerr
elat
ionshi
par
eal
soent
it
ledt
orecei
vePPE)f
ree
ofchar
ge.Heal
thandsaf
etydut
iesofempl
oyees:Empl
oyeesshoul
dbemade
awar
eoft
hei
rresponsi
bil
i
tyt
owearPPEappr
opr
iat
ely
,takecar
eofequi
pment
,
andr
epor
tanydef
ect
s.Theyshoul
dal
sobei
nfor
medt
hati
ftheydonotwearor
mi
suse any PPE t
hathas been appr
opr
iat
elyi
ssued,t
his coul
dlead t
o
di
sci
pli
nar
yact
ion.Thi
sequi
pmenti
spr
ovi
dedf
ort
hei
rpr
otect
ion.Causesof
acci
dent
sinconst
ruct
ion.Theunder
lyi
ngcausesofconst
ruct
ionacci
dent
scan
becat
egor
ized undersoci
etaland i
ndust
ry-
widei
nfl
uences(
macr
o),pr
oject
pr
ocessf
act
ors(
mezzo)
,andwor
ker
/super
visor
/wor
kpl
acecauses(
micr
o).The
causesofconst
ruct
ionacci
dent
satt
hemacr
olev
elwer
eident
if
iedt
oincl
ude
i
mmat
ure cor
por
ate sy
stems,i
nappr
opr
iat
e enf
orcement
,a l
ack ofpr
oper
acci
dentdat
a,al
ackofl
eader
shi
pfr
om '
Gov
ernment
'asakeycl
i
ent
,andal
ack
ofi
nfl
uenceoft
radeuni
onsi
npr
act
iceonmostsi
tes,especi
all
yforsmal
l
er
pr
oject
s.i
mmat
urepr
ojectsy
stemsandpr
ocesses,i
nappr
opr
iat
epr
ocur
ement
andsuppl
ychai
nar
rangement
s,al
ackofunder
standi
ngandengagementby
someoft
hedesi
gncommuni
ty,al
ackofpr
operacci
denti
nvest
igat
ionordat
a,
andconsequent
ly,anabsenceofor
gani
zat
ionall
ear
ning.Mi
crof
act
orsi
ncl
uded
a shor
tageofcompet
entsuper
visor
s;a l
ackofi
ndi
vi
dualcompet
encyand
under
standi
ngofwor
ker
sandsuper
visor
s;t
hei
nef
fect
ivenessorl
ackoft
rai
ning
andcer
ti
fi
cat
ionofcompet
ence;andal
ackofowner
shi
p,engagement
,and
empower
mentofcommuni
cat
ion wi
th and r
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
orwor
ker
s and
super
visor
s.These f
act
ors wer
e al
so exacer
bat
ed by poorbehav
ior
,cost
pr
essur
es,poor equi
pment or mi
suse of equi
pment
,incl
udi
ng per
sonal
pr
otect
iveequi
pment
,ani
ti
ner
antwor
kfor
ce,andi
nadequat
emanagementof
andpr
ovi
sionf
orv
ulner
abl
ewor
ker
ssuchasy
ounger
,ol
der
,ormi
grantwor
ker
s.

BScThesi
sPage7
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

The st
udy was based on an i
nter
nat
ionalconsul
tat
ion wi
th 15 ov
erseas
const
ruct
ioni
ndust
ryex
per
tst
akehol
der
s:phone/
emai
lint
erv
iews/
consul
tat
ion
wi
th27UKseni
orconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
ryexper
tst
akehol
der
s;i
n-dept
hface-
to-
f
acei
nter
viewswi
th15pr
act
it
ioner
sfr
om t
heUK const
ruct
ioni
ndust
ry;and
phonei
nter
viewswi
th15wor
ker
srepr
esent
ingt
heUK'
ssmal
l
eror
gani
zat
ions
andsol
etr
ader
s(Br
aceetal
.,
2009)
.

2.
6Heal
thandsaf
etypr
obl
emsonconst
ruct
ionsi
tes.

Ther
ear
eheal
thandsaf
etypr
obl
emsonal
mostal
lconst
ruct
ionsi
test
hatr
elat
e
t
orepor
ti
ngacci
dent
s,empl
oyi
ng,andsubcont
ract
ing.Empl
oyi
ng:al
lper
sonnel
who ar
eempl
oyed t
o car
ryoutconst
ruct
ionwor
konsi
temustbet
rai
ned,
compet
ent
,andf
itt
odot
hej
obsaf
elyandwi
thoutput
ti
ngt
hei
rownorot
her
s’
heal
thandsaf
etyatr
isk;pr
oper
lysuper
visedandgi
vencl
eari
nst
ruct
ions;hav
e
accesst
owashi
ngandt
oil
etf
aci
l
iti
es;hav
ether
ightt
ool
s,equi
pment
,pl
ant
s,
andpr
otect
ivecl
othi
ng;beeducat
edaboutheal
thandsaf
etyi
ssueswi
tht
hem
(
or t
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves)
;and hav
e ar
rangement
sfor empl
oyees’heal
th
sur
vei
l
lancewher
erequi
red.Acci
dent
s:al
lacci
dent
sorwor
k-r
elat
edi
l
lnesses
shoul
d be r
epor
ted t
othe appr
opr
iat
e aut
hor
it
ies wi
thi
nar
easonabl
e or
st
ipul
atedt
imef
rame.Subcont
ract
ing:mai
ncont
ract
orsshoul
densur
ethatt
hey
checkt
heheal
thandsaf
etyper
for
manceoft
hesubcont
ract
orst
heypl
ant
ouse;
gi
vesubcont
ract
orst
heheal
thandsaf
etyi
nfor
mat
iont
heyneedf
ort
hewor
k;
t
alkaboutt
hewor
kwi
tht
hem bef
oret
heyst
art
;makesur
ethaty
ouhav
e
pr
ovi
dedev
ery
thi
ngagr
eedupon(
e.g.
,saf
escaf
fol
ds,t
her
ightpl
ant
,accesst
o
wel
far
e,et
c.)
;andcheckt
hei
rper
for
manceandr
emedyshor
tcomi
ngs.The
st
udybyKheni(
2008)onheal
thandsaf
etypr
act
icesamongconst
ruct
ionSMEs
i
nGhanar
eveal
edser
iouspr
obl
ems.Themai
npr
obl
emsi
dent
if
iedbyKheni
i
ncl
udedal
ackofski
l
ledhumanr
esour
ces,i
nadequat
egov
ernmentsuppor
tfor
r
egul
ator
yinst
it
uti
ons,andi
nef
fi
ciencyi
ninst
it
uti
onalf
ramewor
ksr
esponsi
ble
f
or heal
th and saf
ety st
andar
ds.Anot
her pr
obl
em hi
ghl
i
ght
ed was t
he
si
gni
fi
cance oft
he Ghanai
an soci
o-cul
tur
alv
alue sy
stems,par
ti
cul
arl
ythe
ext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
stem andt
radi
ti
onalr
eli
giousv
aluesy
stems,i
nheal
thand
saf
etymanagementwi
thi
n Ghanai
an const
ruct
ion SMEs.Ther
esear
ch al
so
pr
ovi
dedi
nsi
ght
sint
othedi
ff
icul
ti
esposedbyt
hei
nter
nalenv
ironmentofSMEs
BScThesi
sPage8
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

t
o t
he ef
fect
ive management of heal
th and saf
ety
.
ht
tps:
//www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
289074881

2.
7Const
ruct
ionHeal
thandSaf
etyRul
esandRegul
ator

Saf
eandheal
thywor
kingcondi
ti
onsdonothappenbychance.Empl
oyer
sneed
t
ohav
eawr
it
tensaf
etypol
i
cyf
ort
hei
rent
erpr
ise,set
ti
ngoutt
hesaf
etyand
heal
thst
andar
dst
hatt
hei
robj
ect
ivei
stoachi
eve.Thepol
i
cyshoul
dnamet
he
seni
orexecut
ivewhoi
sresponsi
blef
orseei
ngt
hatt
hest
andar
dsar
eachi
eved
and who has aut
hor
it
yto al
l
ocat
eresponsi
bil
i
ties t
o management and
super
visor
satal
llev
elsandt
oseet
hatt
heyar
ecar
ri
edout[
6].
Near
ly6.
5mi
l
li
on
peopl
ewor
katappr
oxi
mat
ely252,
000const
ruct
ionsi
tesacr
osst
henat
ionon
anygi
venday
.Thef
atal
inj
uryr
atef
ort
heconst
ruct
ioni
ndust
ryi
shi
ghert
hant
he
nat
ionalav
eragei
nthi
scat
egor
yforal
lindust
ri
es.Pot
ent
ialhazar
dsf
orwor
ker
s
i
nconst
ruct
ioni
ncl
ude:

•Scaf
fol
dcol
l
apse

•Fal
l
s(f
rom hei
ght
s)

•Tr
enchcol
l
apse

•El
ect
ri
cshockandar
cfl
ash/
arcbl
ast

•Fai
l
uret
ousepr
operper
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pmentandr
epet
it
ivemot
ion
i
njur
ies [
5]. ht
tps:
//www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
317644501 (
IJSER ©
2016)

ht
tp:
//www.
ij
ser
.or
g

2.
8Const
ruct
ionheal
thandsaf
etyr
ulesi
nEt
hiopi
a

Thef
undament
all
aw oft
hest
ate,whi
chi
stheConst
it
uti
onoft
heFeder
al
Democr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
a,t
heCi
vi
lCode(
Procl
amat
ion# 165/
1960)
,
t
oget
herwi
tht
heLaborCode(
Procl
amat
ionNo.377/
20003)
,ar
ethegener
al
l
egalbasi
sforheal
thandsaf
etyr
ulesi
nEt
hiopi
a.Numer
ousar
ti
cles/
prov
isi
on
sar
epr
ovi
dedundert
hesegener
all
awsr
egar
dingheal
thandsaf
etyofpeopl
e.

BScThesi
sPage9
ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

LaborCode ensur
es wor
ker
-empl
oyerr
elat
ions and enabl
es r
elat
ions and
enabl
eswor
ker
sandempl
oyer
stomai
ntai
nindust
ri
alpeace.I
tst
rengt
hensand
def
inest
hepower
sanddut
iesoft
heor
ganchar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyof
i
nspect
ingl
aboradmi
nist
rat
ion,
par
ti
cul
arl
ylaborcondi
ti
ons.occupat
ional
saf
ety
,
heal
th,andenv
ironment
.Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sionsar
eset
:Ar
ti
cle92cl
ear
ly
spel
l
soutt
hef
undament
alobl
i
gat
ionsofanempl
oyerwi
thr
egar
dtoput
ti
ngi
n
pl
aceal
lthenecessar
ymeasur
esi
nor
dert
oensur
ewor
kpl
acesar
esaf
e,heal
thy
,
andf
reeofanydangert
othewel
l
-bei
ngofwor
ker
s.I
nthesamear
ti
cle,t
he
empl
oyeri
sobl
i
gedt
otake,i
npar
ti
cul
ar,t
hef
oll
owi
ngmeasur
est
osaf
eguar
d
t
heheal
thandsaf
etyoft
hewor
ker
s:Tocompl
ywi
tht
heoccupat
ional
saf
etyand
heal
thr
equi
rement
spr
ovi
dedf
ori
nthepr
ocl
amat
ion,t
akeappr
opr
iat
est
epst
o
ensur
ethatwor
ker
sar
epr
oper
lyi
nst
ruct
edandnot
if
iedaboutt
hehazar
dsof
t
hei
rrespect
iveoccupat
ionsandt
hepr
ecaut
ionsnecessar
ytoav
oidacci
dent
s
andi
njur
ytoheal
th.Ensur
ethatdi
rect
ivei
sgi
venandal
soassi
gnasaf
etyof
fi
cer
.
est
abl
i
shesanoccupat
ional
,saf
ety
,andheal
thcommi
tt
ee,pr
ovi
deswor
ker
s
wi
thpr
otect
iveequi
pment
,cl
othi
ng,andot
hermat
eri
als,i
nst
ruct
sthem ont
hei
r
use,i
s obl
i
ged t
oregi
sterand not
if
ythe near
estl
abori
nspect
ion ser
vice
(
occupat
ionalacci
dent
sanddi
seases)
,ar
rangesaccor
dingt
othenat
ureoft
he
wor
kathi
sorherownexpense,f
ort
hemedi
calexami
nat
ionofnewl
yempl
oyed
wor
ker
s,andf
ort
hosewor
ker
sengagedi
nhazar
douswor
kasmaybe,t
akes
appr
opr
iat
epr
e-execut
ionst
oensur
ethatal
lpr
ocessesofwor
kshal
lnotbea
sour
ceorcauseofphy
sical
,chemi
cal
,bi
ologi
cal
,agr
onomi
cal
,andpsy
chol
ogi
cal
hazar
ds t
othe heal
th and saf
etyoft
he wor
ker
s.Ar
ti
cle 93 pr
ovi
des t
he
obl
i
gat
ionsofwor
ker
sper
tai
ningt
othei
rrequi
redcooper
ati
onandput
sint
o
pr
act
icet
her
egul
ati
onsand i
nst
ruct
ionsgi
venbyt
heempl
oyeri
nor
dert
o
ensur
esaf
ety
,heal
th,and wor
king condi
ti
onsatwor
k.Thel
aw hascl
ear
ly
st
ipul
ated about occupat
ionali
njur
ies wi
th al
lot
her r
elat
ed pr
ovi
sions.
Const
ruct
ionor
gani
zat
ionsshoul
dtr
ainand educat
eal
lwor
ker
stobeawar
eof
pot
ent
ial
haz
ardsandgui
det
hem onhowt
oav
oidt
hem.

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ONSITESI
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CHAPTERTHREE:
METHODOLOGY

3.
1St
udyar
ea

Thel
ocat
ionoft
hisst
udywi
l
lbet
heci
tyofDebr
eBi
rhan,wher
econst
ruct
ion
bui
l
dingsar
elocat
ed.

3.
2St
udydesi
gn

Ast
ruct
uredi
ndi
vi
duali
nter
view andacl
osed-
endedquest
ionnai
rear
eusedi
n
t
his st
udy
. Thi
s quest
ionnai
re was f
ormul
ated t
hrough a r
evi
ew and
under
standi
ng of r
elev
ant l
i
ter
atur
e on heal
th and saf
ety pr
act
ices i
n
const
ruct
ion.

3.
3Popul
ati
on

Thepopul
ati
onoft
hisst
udywi
l
lincl
udeact
iveconst
ruct
ioncompanywho
engagedi
nconst
ruct
ionf
ir
m,bui
l
dingconst
ruct
ion,
andDebr
eBi
rhan.

3.
4Sampl
esi
zeandsel
ect
ion

Thosepar
ti
cipat
ingi
nthei
nter
viewi
ncl
udeengi
neer
s,cont
ract
ors,andl
abor
ers
f
rom di
ff
erentconst
ruct
ion compani
es i
n Debr
e Bi
rhan.The cr
it
eri
ato be
sel
ect
edwi
l
lbet
hel
eveloft
hecompanyi
nthel
i
stofconst
ruct
ioncompani
esi
n
Debr
eBi
rhan.

3.
5Dat
aCol
l
ect
ionpr
ocess

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofdat
ausedi
nthi
sresear
ch:pr
imar
yandsecondar
ydat
a.
Themai
ndat
acol
l
ect
ionmet
hodf
ort
hisr
esear
chwi
l
lbet
hequest
ionnai
re
met
hod.Thesecondar
ydat
aiscol
l
ect
edf
rom engi
neer
ingj
our
nalpubl
i
cat
ions,
websi
tes,
andheal
thandsaf
etyi
nconst
ruct
ionsi
tebooks.

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ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

3.
6Et
hical
Consi
der
ati
ons

Thescopeoft
hisst
udyi
ncl
udesconst
ruct
ionsi
tewor
ker
ssuchasconst
ruct
ion
manager
s,of
fi
ceengi
neer
s,andski
l
ledandunski
l
ledwor
ker
s.Af
terper
missi
on
i
sobt
ainedf
rom t
heuni
ver
sit
y'
sDepar
tmentofConst
ruct
ionandTechnol
ogy
Management
,mostconst
ruct
ioncompani
esacceptv
isi
tsandheal
thandsaf
ety
assessment
sofwhati
sbei
ngdoneont
hei
rsi
tedur
ingt
hewor
k.

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ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

4.WORKPLAN

Tabl
e2:
Wor
kpl
an

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ASSESSMENTOFHEALTHANDSAFETYMANAGEMENTPRACTI
CES
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NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

5.BUDGETBREAKDOWN

No NoI
tem descr
ipt
ion Pr
ice(
Br)

1 St
ati
onar
y 1800

2 Tr
anspor
tcost 2000

3 Pr
int
,copy,
bind,
etc. 1500

5300

Tabl
e3:
BudgetBr
eakdown

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I
NBUILDI
NGCONSTRUCTI
ONSITESI
NDEBREBIRHANCI
TY.

6.
REFERENCES

ht
tps:
//www.
mer
ri
amwebst
er.
com/
dict
ionar
y/heal
t 32)
h2:

(
htt
ps:
//en.
oxf
orddi
cti
onar
ies.
com/
def
ini
ti
on/
wor
ker2:
23pm

HSE(
2009)
;Li
ngar
dandRowl
i
nson(
2005)
.Aut
horbySamuelLar
yeaHeal
thand
Saf
etyExecut
ive(
HSE)(
2009)
.Kheni
,N.
A.(
2008)I
mpactofHeal
thandSaf
ety
Management

Et
hiopi
a-Ci
vi
lCodePr
ocl
amat
ionNo.165/
1960.

ht
tps:
//www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
289074881ht
tp:
//www.
ij
ser
.or
g

ht
tps:
//www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
317644501(
IJSER©2016)

Heal
thandSaf
etyExecut
ive(
HSE)(
2009)
Const
ruct
ionDi
vi
sion,
The
Const
ruct
ionI
ntel
l
igenceRepor
t,Av
ail
abl
etodownl
oad
f
rom:
htt
p:/
/www.
hse.
gov
.uk/
const
ruct
ion/
pdf
/coni
ntr
ep0405.
pd

Zay
nabAhmedBel
el&Hi
j
abMahmud,
”Saf
etycul
tur
eofNi
ger
ianconst
ruct
ion
wor
ker
s-Acasest
udyofYol
a.“I
nter
nat
ional
jour
nal
ofsci
ent
if
icandengi
neer
ing
r
esear
ch,
2012,
.
pp-
62

Tekel
eHagosandMahel
etShewangzaw(
LL.
B)”Const
ruct
ionLawTeachi
ng
Mat
eri
al”Addi
sAbaba2009unpubl
i
shpp3-
4

Ey
iah,A.
K.,Kheni
,
N.A.andQuar
tey
,P.
D.(
2019)AnAssessmentofOccupat
ional
Heal
thand Saf
etyRegul
ati
onsi
nGhana:ASt
udyoft
heConst
ruct
ionI
ndust
ry
.
Jour
nal of Bui
l
ding Const
ruct
ion and Pl
anni
ng Resear
ch, 7, 11-
31.
htt
ps:
//doi
.or
g/10.
4236/
jbcpr
.2019.
72002

AssessmentOfSaf
etyAndHeal
thPer
for
manceAmong
Const
ruct
ionSi
teWor
ker
sInAddi
sAbabaConst
ruct
ion
Pr
oject
s,TheCaseOfKoy
eFet
cheCondomi
nium Pr
oject
sPr
epar
edby
Tsegay
eDi
ri
ba

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