Ch02: Motion in one dimension ( D)

Motion:
We always find moving objects all around us.
The study of motion called Kinematics.
Examples on motion:
Earth orbit around the sun
Car moving on a street
People walking in the market
Etc.
In this chapter we will study motion that takes place
in a straight line
Moving objects will be considered as aparticle that
represent all the object (all parts of rigid extended
objects moves in the same fashion)
Indeed, forces are responsible for object speeding up,
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slowing down, or remaining at the same rate
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2021 2021

Position, Displacement, Distance Position, Displacement, Distance

Position (x): Location with
respect to a reference point
(origin of coordinate system)
Displacement (Δx): The Change (Δ) in position from
initial position xi to final position xf in a time interval
(vector)
Dx = x f - xi SI unit is (m)
(right) Distance (d): Total length of a path followed in a time
interval (scalar – always positive).
(left)
* Example: a particle moves fromx = 5m to x2 = 2m, then
it returns back to x3 = 7m. Find a) the first displacement,
b) the second displacement, c) the total displacement,
and d) the total distance.
a) The first displacement Dx1 = x2 - x1 = 12 - 5 = 7m
b) The second displacement Dx2 = x3 - x2 = 7 - 12 = -5m
c) The total displacement Dx = x3 - x1 = 7 - 5 = 2m

Displacement is positive (+ve) if motion is in +ve d) The total distance d = Dx1 + Dx2 = 7 + 5 = 12m
direction (right) and negative (–ve) if motion
Iyad is in –ve
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direction (left) 2021 2021
 Position, Displacement, Distance Position, Displacement, Distance
We can describe the position with time is to draw the positionx as ■ The position of the car can be represented by position-time (x vs. t)
a function of time t; to draw the function x(t). graph as shown

Consider a car moves at from A to B to C to D to E and to F as

shown. The time between any two successive points is 0 seconds.

■ Ex:

■ Ex: From point to point

The displacement Dx = xF - x A = -53 - 30 = -83 m.
Iyad Saadeddin But the distance d = 22 + 105 = 127 m Iyad Saadeddin
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Average Velocity and Average Speed Average Velocity and Average Speed
Ex: From the figure below, find the displacement, average velocity
Average velocity: rate of
and average speed between the two positions A and E
change in position
Dx x f - xi Dx = x f - xi = xE - x A
vavg º =
Dt t f - t i
(m s ) Dx = -37 - 30 = -67m
vector quantity
Can be +ve, -ve or zero ∆x
Dx - 67
vavg = = = -1.68 m / s
Average velocity is the slope of Dt 40
the straight line between the two
positions x and x2 on the x-t total distance
savg =
graph
Average speed
∆t
total time
total distance 22 + 89 111
average speed = savg =
total time
(m s ) =
40
=
40
= 2.78 m / s

scalar quantity
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 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Average velocity is the slope of the straight line between two For an object moving in a constant velocity, the relation between
points on x – t graph of time interval differenceΔt. x and t will be linear as shown.
If the time interval Δt decease point B will move to left The slope of the line represent the velocity during all the time
approaching A, until they are the same point atΔt 0 (instant of period
time) The average velocity = instantaneous velocity
Velocity at a given instant is the slope of tangent line at that
instant of time (green line on the figure)
Dx dx
v º lim = (m s )
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
■ Vector quantity can be +ve, -ve, or zero

Speed at a given instant is the

magnitude of the instantaneous velocity.
speed = v
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Average and instantaneous

Motion diagram acceleration
■ Acceleration occurs when the velocity of an object Average acceleration
changes over time as shown in motion diagram below. Slope of the line between the two
selected points on velocity–time graph
(blue line) v -v
Dv
Constant v
0
a= aavg º =
f

Dt t f - ti
i
(m s 2 )
Instantaneous acceleration
V a = constant
Slope of of the tangent line at given
V and a same instant of time (green line) on velocity-
directions time graph or derivative of velocity
speeding up Dv to dv
with respect time
a º lim =
V a = constant Dt dt
Dt ®0

V and a different
directions a=
dv d æ dx ö d 2 x
= ç ÷= (m s )
2

slowing down dt dt è dt ø dt 2
(deceleration)
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 Average and instantaneous
Graphical Relationships and calculus: Ex. 2 acceleration
Ex3: Match velocity graphs with acceleration ■ Ex : A car shown in Figure accelerates from an initial
graphs velocity of vi = 0 m/s to a final velocity of vf = 20 m/s in
a time interval of 2 s. Find the average acceleration of the
car
parabol
a

Dv v f - vi 20 - 10
aavg º = = = 5 m / s2
Dt t f - t i 2

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Average and instantaneous

acceleration Graphical Relationships and calculus: Ex. 3
Ex2: The position of a particle with time is given by: Ex : velocity of a particle with time is given by:
2
x = -4t + 2t Find the displacement of the particle
Find the displacement of the from during first seconds.
particle during first 3 seconds. Calculate the average velocity in this
Calculate the average velocity in time interval.
this time interval. Find the instantaneous velocity at
Find the instantaneous velocity t=2.5 s
at t=2.5 s Find the average speed during first 3
Average acceleration during first seconds
3 seconds Average acceleration during first 3
seconds
Instantaneous acceleration at t =
2s Instantaneous acceleration at t = 2s
The time at which the object change
The time at which the object direction
change direction
Draw the acceleration graph
Find the average speed
Iyad during
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first 3 seconds 2021 2021
 Constant acceleration(a=constant): A special
case Constant acceleration: Ex.
A jet plane lands with a speed of105 m/s and
Assuming at time t=0 we can accelerate at a maximum rate of-5.00
have x = xi and vx = vxi m/s2 as it comes
v1= to rest. m/s, a =-5m/s², v2=
v0=105
a) From the instant the plane touches the runway,
v =0
v xf = v xi + a x t Velocity as function of what is the minimum time interval needed
time before it can come to rest?
x f = xi + 12 (v xi + v xf )t
v f - vi 0 - 105
Dx = 12 (v xi + v xf )t Position as function of time and v f = vi + at Þ t = = = 21s
velocity a -5
1 b) Can this plane land on a small island airport
x f = x i + v xi t + a xt 2
2 where the runway is 0.800 km long?
Position as function of time
D x = v xi t +
1
a xt 2
1 1
Δx = vi t + at 2 = 105( 21 ) + ( - 5 )( 21 )2 = 1102.5m
2 2 2
2 2
v xf = v xi + 2a x Dx Velocity as function of Δx is the distance to stop it cannot land on the island
positionIyad Saadeddin airport
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Free fall acceleration (Freely Falling Free fall acceleration (Freely Falling
Objects) Objects)
For the equations of motion in y-direction
+y
Free falling is an example of for free falling objects, we replacea by
motion in constant –g and x by y Equations of motion
acceleration becomes
v yf = v yi - gt
Only the influence of gravity
is assumed y f = yi + 12 (v yi + v yf )t
Downward acceleration (-ve)
Δy = 12 (v yi + v yf )t
regardless of initial velocity
Free fall acceleration : y = y i + v yi t -
1
gt 2

a= - g = - 9.8 m/s2
f
2
1 2
Δy = v yi t - gt
2
2
v yf2 = v yi - 2 gDy
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 Free fall acceleration : Ex. Free fall acceleration : Ex. 2
In the figure shown, a pitcher tosses a baseball Initial velocity = 20 m/s (point A)
up along a y axis, with an initial speed of 2
(a) m/s.
How long does the ball take to reach its maximum Building height = 50 m
height?
vi = 2 m/s and at maximum hightvf - Time to reach maximum height
=0
v f - vi 0 - 12 (point B)
v f = vi - gt Þ t = t= = 1.2s
-g - 9.8
(b) What is the ball’s maximum height above its 2- The maximum height
release point?
1 1
Dy = vi t - gt 2 = (12)(1.2) - (9.8)(1.2) 2 = 7.3m 3- Time to return to the height it was
2 2
(c) How long does the ball take to reach a point 5.0 m thrown at (point C)
above its release point? Position
1 reference - Velocity at this time
Δy = vi t - gt 2 Þ 0.5 = 12t - 4.9t 2 Þ 4.9t 2 - 12t + 0.5 = 0 point
2
Solve for t t = 0.53 s and t = .9 Iyad Saadeddin 5- Velocity and position at t = 5 s. (D)
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Summary, Review for Ch02

Average and instantaneous (displacement, velocity,
and acceleration)
v is derivative (slope) of x, a is derivative of v and
second derivative of x.
For constant acceleration,
1
v f = vi + at Dx = vi t + at 2
2
2
Dx = 12 (vi + v f )t v 2f = vi + 2aDx

Free falling acceleration is –g where g 9.8 m/s²

For free falling equations, replacex by y, and replace a by -g

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