tPymXn»mkv{Xw

tPymXnxIevt]m \ncp‡w N
in£m hymIcWw XYm
Otµm hnNnXntcXm\n
jUwKm\n hnZpx{iptXx
thZØns‚ Bdv AwKßfn¬ (Bdpw imkv{XßfmWv) sh®v {]Yaÿm\w tPymXnjØn\v Ds≠∂v
hy‡amIp∂p. a\pjyicocØn\v ]mZmZnIfmb AwK߃t]mse thZØn\pw AwK߃ D≠v. Ah Bdv
FÆßfps≠∂v \n›bn°s∏´ncn°p∂p.
Oµx]mZu i_vZimkv{Xnw N h{‡w
Iev]x ]mWo tPymXnjw N£pjo N
in£m{LmWw t{im{Xap‡w \ncp‡w
thZkymwKmt\yh amlq¿Ωp\o{µm
Kmb{XymZn Oµ pIfpsS e£WsØ D]tZinbv°p∂ imkv{Xw . Oµximkv{Xw. thZ]pcpjs‚
]mZßfmbpw thZØns‚ `mjbpsS kmwtKm]mwKe£WsØ D]tZinbv°p∂ imkv{Xw. i_vZimkv{Xw
apJambpw; sshZnII¿Ωm\pjv T m\ßsf D]tZin°p∂ imkv { Xw Iev ] imkv { Xw IøpIfmbpw
A·njvtSmamZnsshZnII¿ΩßfpsS ImesØ D]tZinbv°p∂ imkv{Xw tPymXnimkv{Xw N£p mbpw
thtZm®mcWe£WsØ D]tZinbv°p∂ imkv{Xw in£mimkv{Xw \mknIbmbpw thZm¿∞\ncq]WsØ
sNøp∂ imkv{Xw \ncp‡imkv{Xw t{im{Xßfmbpw ap\nIƒ \n›bn®ncn°p∂p.
thZky N£pxIne imkv{X taX¬
{][m\XmwtKjp XtXmfky bp‡m
AwssKcyptXmfss\yc]n ]q¿Æaq¿Øn˛
›£p¿hn\m Ix ]pcpjXztaXn.
apJa¿≤w icocky k¿∆w hm apJapNytX
X{Xm]n \mknImt{Kjp t{ijvtT X{Xm]n N£pjn
F∂o {]amW߃ sIm≠v k¿∆mwKßfnepw sh®v N£p n∂mWv (IÆv) {]m[m\ysa∂v kn≤nbv°p∂p.
k¿t∆{µnbmWmw \b\w {][m\w F∂pw {]amWap≠v. tPymXn»mkv{XØn\v thZmwKßfn¬
N£p ns‚ ÿm\w Iev]n°s∏´Xns‚ {][m\yw C\n ]dtb≠Øn√t√m.
thZmln bmYm¿∞a`n{]hrØmw
Imem\p]q¿hw hnlnXm›bw
XkvamZnZw Imehn[m\imkv{Xw
bZv tPymXnjw thZkthbm≥
thZhnlnXßfmb I¿Ω߃ A\pjvTnt°≠ ImesØ hnhcnbv°pIbpw P\\acW߃ hgn
]cnh¿Ø\w sNbv X psIm≠ncn°p∂ PohcminIfpsS AZrjv S ^esØ t_m[n∏nbv ° pIbpw
sNøp∂XpsIm≠mWv thZØns‚ t\{Xÿm\obamb tPymXnjØn\p CXcmwKßtf°mƒ IqSpX¬ alXzw
kn≤n®sX∂p hy‡w˛ tPymXnjw Imehn[m\imkv{Xw Xs∂bmIp∂p PohcminIfpsS AZrjvS^esa∂m¬
A\mZnaqeP∑w XpSßn khym]khy{]hr≤amb hr≤n£bßtfmSpw D®\oNmhÿItfmSpw IqSn
Bfl{]IrXnIsfbpw `qXßtfbpw B{ibn®p {]mWnIfpsS {]hrØnbv ° pw \nhrØnbv ° pw
D`bÿnXnbv ° pw kpJZpxJnIƒ°pw ImcWambn ImehyhtOZm\pkcWw Hmtcm P∑Ønepw
A\p`hIpeambn `hnbv°p∂Xpw tPymXn»mkv{Xw sIm≠√msX as‰m∂psIm≠pw ZpjvSa√mØXpamb
]pWy]m]amIp∂p. a\pjyPohnXØn¬ {]Xn\nanjw kw`hn°p∂ kpJZpxJ߃°pw ÿnXnt`Z߃°pw
ASnÿm\am°nbn´p≈Xv F¥mWv? Fs¥ms°bmWv? Ah a\ nem°m≥ a{¥ZrjvSm°fmb EjnIƒ
bXv\n®Xns‚ ]cnWX^eamWv tPymXnjw. kqcy≥ N{µ≥ sNm∆ _p[≥ hymgw ip{I≥ i\n F∂o
\maßfn¬ A¥co£Ønepw kq£vaÿqecq]Ønepw ÿnXnsNøp∂ {KlnIfpsS KXnhnKXnIfpw
_em_eßfpw ]cnh¿Ø\ßfpw a‰pwsIm≠pw a\pjyPohnXØns‚ ap≥]d™ Zzµz`mh߃
{Klnbv°m≥ km[nbv°p∂p.
temIØn¬ ÿnXnt`Zßfpw ImehyXymkßfpw a‰pw D≠mIp∂Xns‚ ImcWw kqcymZn{KlßfpsS
`qanbnep≈ kzm[o\amsW∂v ap\nIfm¬ bmsXmcp Afhp]IcWßfpan√msXØs∂ ka¿∞nbv°-

1
s∏´n´p≠v. AXpt]mse kq£vacq]Øn¬ a\pjyicocØn¬ kzm[o\nbv°p∂ Cu {KlßfpsS Ahÿm-
t`Z߃sIm≠t{X kpJZpxJm\p`h߃ kwPmXamIp∂Xv. ]q¿∆P∑m¿÷nXamb ]pWy]m]ßfpsS
A\p]mXa\pkcn®mbncn°pw AXns‚ G‰°pdhpIƒ F∂pam{Xw.
ImeN{IsØ B[mcam°nbmWv {Kl߃ ÿnXnsNøp∂Xpw Ah PohnIfn¬ kzm[o\߃
sNepØp∂Xpw. Hcp icocØn¬ inc v apJw IgpØv apXemb ÿncmhbhßfpw ckw c‡w amwkw
apXemb Nemhbhßfpw F∂ {]ImcØnemWv ImeicocØn¬ Aizn\ymZnIfmb ct≠ Im¬ \£{Xß-
tfmSpIqSnb taSw apXemb cminIfpw B cminIfn¬ k©cnbv°p∂ kqcymZn{Klßfpw k©cn°p∂Xv
AXpsIm≠mWv {Kl߃ sNbvXmepw Imew sNbvXp F∂p]dbp∂Xv. At∏mƒ {Kl߃°pw ImeØn\pw
XΩn¬ AwKmZn`mhw ˛ AYhm B[mcBtZb`mhw Ds≠∂v kn≤nbv°p∂p. [mXp, aqew, Poh≥, kv{Xo,
]pcpj≥, Ncw, ÿncw, DZbw A{Iqcw (kuayw), aqVw, sFizcyw, am\pjw, Bkpcw, cm£kw, ss]imNw,
kpJwk, ZpxJw, ]pWyw, ]m]w cmKtZzjmZnIƒ {]IrXnt`Z߃ irwKmcmZn ck߃ A\p`mh߃
XpSßnb ka{K{]]©Ønt‚bpw ImcWi‡nIƒ apgph\pw ImeN{IØnemWv ÿnXnsNøp∂Xv.
thZN£p mb (thZØns‚ ˛IÆv) tPymXn»mkv{XØn\v PmXIw, tKmfw, \nanØw, {]iv\w, aplq¿Øw,
KWnXw, F∂o Bdv AwK߃ D≠v. Chbn¬ PmXIhpw {]iv\hpamWv Hcp a\pjys‚ KpWtZmj^eßsf
Nn¥nbv°phm\p≈ am¿§ßƒ. PmXIw˛ Hcp hy‡n P\nbv°p∂ ÿew, kabw F∂nh IW°m°n e·hpw
{Klßtfbpw KWn®v acWw hsc A\p`hnbv°p∂ ^e߃ Adnbphm≥ PmXIw klmbn°p∂p.
PmXIsagpXp∂Xn\p ÿmbnbmb Nne \nbaßfpw \n¿∫‘ßfpw {Iaßfpw D≠v. Hcp hy‡n°v A\p`h-
tbmKyamb KpWtZmj^eßfpw Pbm]Pbßfpw tZmj]cnlmcßfpw PmXIØn¬ FgptX≠XmWv.
{Ibm`mKhpw ^e`mKhpw Hcpt]mse ktΩfnt°≠Xmb Hcp krjvSnbmWv PmXIcN\. {Inb`mKw
IrXyambm¬ ^e`mKw icnbmhpsa∂mWv ]cs°bp≈ [mcW. PmXI I¿Ømhns‚ ssZh⁄Xzw CXn¬
{]_ehpw {]apJhpamb ]¶v hlnbv°p∂p≠v.
C∂sØ Iºyq´¿ bpKØn¬ PmXIsagpØv F∂Xv km¿∆{XnIambn Ign™p. 10 an\p´n\p≈n¬
Xømdm°n°n´p∂ PmXIØn¬ {Inbm`mKØnep≈ IrXyXsb∏‰n ]dbmsX hø. F∂m¬ ^e`mKØn¬
kq£vaXbns√∂v Gh¿°pw Adnhp≈XmWv.
tPymXn»mkv { XØns‚ F√m imJbnepw BNmcy\pw km£m¬ kqcytZhs‚ AhXmcambn
Bcm[nbv°s∏Sp∂ alm\pamb hcmlanlncmNmcys‚ _rlPmXIw F∂ tlmcm{KŸw; sshZy\mY-
hncNnX PmXI ]mcnPmXw; at{¥izc{]WoXamb ^eZo]nI, ]pXpa\t®mamXncnbpsS IrXnbmb PmXIm-
tZiw, taev]Øqcv \mcmbW`´XncnbpsS Na¬Imc Nn¥maWn XpSßnb {KŸßfmWv ASnÿm\s∏Sp-
ØnbmWv aebmfØnse tPymXninIƒ PmXIw cNnbv ° mdp≈Xv . {]iv \ w (cmin) {]iv \ amWv
tPymXn»mkv{XØns‚ ^emflIamb as‰mcp {][m\ AwKw. {]iv\w sNøp∂ ssZh⁄\v i‡amb
Bfl\njvT Bhiyw th≠XmWv. At\ItlmcmX{¥⁄\pw, ]©kn≤m¥ tImhnZ\pw,
Dulmt]ml]Sphpw a{¥kn≤nbp≈h\pw, KWnXhnZKv≤\pw, kZmNmcbp‡\pw, kXyhm°pIfp≈h\pw,
hn\bap≈h\pw, thZm≤ymbnbpw {Kl]qPm Xev ] c\pambncn°Ww ssZh⁄≥ F∂v imkv { Xw
A\pkcnbv°p∂p≠v. Cßs\ e£Wbp‡\mb ssZh⁄s‚ hm°v Hcnbv°epw anYybmIp∂X√ F∂v
imkv{Xw ]dbp∂p.
ssZh⁄ IrXyw \n¿t±inbv°p∂ {]miv\nI≥ BNcnbvt°≠Xmb \njvTsb∏‰nbpw ]dbp∂p≠v.
ssZh⁄≥ {_m“aplq¿ØØn¬ Fgpt∂‰v Xs‚ CjvStZhXsb `‡ntbmSpIqSn [ym\nbv°Ww. ]n∂oSv
icoctim[\ Ign®v BNa\mZn {InbItfmSpIqSn kv\m\w sNbvXv tZlip≤n hcpØWw. k‘ymhµ\w
apXemb \nXym\pjvTm\߃ sNbvXv a{¥P]mZnIfmb A\¥cI¿Ωßfpw Ign™v ]©mwKwKWn®v
bmsXmcp at\mhnImcßfpw C√msX \n›eNnØ\mbncnbv°Ww. Cßs\bp≈ ssZh⁄s\bmWv P\߃
Xm¶fpsS ss{XImeymJne KpWtZmj^e߃ Adnbphm\mbn kao]nt°≠XmWv . `mhn^e-
Pn⁄mkpIfmb Ch¿°v icnbmb ]cnlmcw Cu ssZh⁄\n¬ \n∂pw e`nbv°psa∂Xn\v bmsXmcp
kwibhpan√.
{]iv\hnjbØn¬ IrjvWobw XpSßn ]e D]cn{KŸßƒ Ds≠¶nepw sIm√h¿jw 825˛mwam≠n¬
tIcfØn¬ Pohn®ncp∂ Hcp alma\ojnbmbncp∂ CSt¶m´p\ºqXncn hncNn® {]iv\am¿§w F∂ {KŸw
Xs∂bmWv B[nImcnIambn kzoIcn®phcp∂Xv. tIcfØnt‚Xv F∂v am{Xw AhImis∏Smhp∂ Cu Hcp
{]iv\k{ºZmbw `qapJØv thsd FhntSbpw Ds≠∂v tXm∂n√.
{]iv\am¿§w k¿∆kºq¿ÆamWv. CXn\v ]q¿∆m¿≤w DØcm¿≤w F∂o c≠v `mK߃ D≠v. Hcp
a\pjys\ DØcm¿≤w F∂o c≠v `mKßfp≠v. Hcp a\pjys\ {]Xy£ambpw ]tcm£ambpw _m[nbv°p∂˛
A\p`hnbv°p∂ ssZhnIw, Bbp v, AcnjvSXIƒ, tcmKw XpSßn hnhmlw, I¿Ωw, acWw hscbp≈

2
ka{Kambn Nn¥nbv°phm≥ D≈ ]≤XnIƒ {]iv\am¿§Øn¬ D≠v. {]iv\am¿§Øn\v {KŸI¿Ømhmb
\ºqXncnbpsS Zp¿§am¿∞{]IminI F∂ BZysØ hymJym\Øn\p ]pdsa ]p∂t»cn \ºn
\oeIWvTi¿Ω, Ipdphm \oeIWvT\mNmcn IrjvWmebw Fw tKmhnµ≥ F∂nhcpSsS hymJym\ßfpw
{]kn≤ßfmWv. tPym’yw ]cºcmKXambn KpcpIpek{ºZmbØn¬ ]Tn°p∂ coXn C∂pw \nehnep≠v.
tPym’yw ]cºcmKXambn KpcpIpek{ºZmbØn¬ ]Tnbv°p∂ coXn C∂pw \nehnep≠v. ]Wnbv°cpw,
KWI\pw, Ipdp∏pw, hmcycpw, \ºqXncnbpw a‰pw Cu cwKØv hn´p]ncnbmØ t]cpIfmWv.
tIcfsØ kw_‘n®nStØmfw tPymXnjØns‚ Ncn{XØn\v hfsc ]g°hpw ]mcºcyhpap≠v.
sImSpß√q¿ sIm®pÆn Xºpcm≥, a®m´v \mcmbW≥ CfbXv, ANypX]njmcSn, Xe°pfØp `´Xncn, ]pXpa\
tNmamXncn, agawKeØp i¶c≥ \ºqXncn, F. B¿ cmP cmPh¿Ω, ImWn∏øq¿ i¶c≥ \ºqXncn∏mSv,
]penbq¿ ]pcptjmØa≥ \ºqXncn, s{]m^k¿, ]n. bp IrjvWhmcnb¿ XpSßnb KWnX⁄∑mcpw
tPymXnj{]h¿ØIcpw tIcf tPymXnj Ncn{XØn\v {]Npc{]Nmcw hcpØn.

tKmfhpw KWnXhpw
PmXIambm¬ P\\kabtØbv ° pw {]iv \ ambm¬ X¬kabtØbv ° pw {KlßfpsS
ÿnXnKXnIfpw _em_eßfpw KWnbv°p∂ _rlXv]≤XnbmWv tKmfhpw KWnXhpw {Kl\neI-
sfs°m≠v ^e`mKw ]dbphm\mbn {Kl\neIsf Adnbp∂ KWnX`mKw F∂ Cu ]≤Xnbn√msX
\nhrØnbn√. CXn\mbn ]s≠ms° \mf°w shbv°p∂ k{ºZmbw an° IpSpw_ßfnepw D≠mbncp∂p.
Cu efnXamb ]≤XnbneqsS \nXy]©mwKhpw {KlßfpsS ÿnXnKXnIfpw A∂∂v KWnbv°pIbmWv
]Xnhv. Imem¥cßsfs°m≠v {KlßfpsS KXn hnKXnIƒ°v am‰w kw`hnbv°psa∂pw AXmXp Imeßfn¬
th≠Xmb kq£vaKWnX]≤XnIƒ kzoIcn®v th≠Xmb am‰w hcpØWsa∂pw Bcy`S≥, `mkvIc≥,
XpSßnb BNmcy∑m¿ \n¿t±inbv°p∂pap≠v. iIh¿jw 422˛mw am≠n¬ Bcy`S≥ Bcy`Sobhpw, 427¬
hcmlanlnc≥ ]©kn≤m¥nIbpw, 520¬ {_“Kp]vX≥ {_“kn≤m¥nIbpw 875¬ ZznXobmcykn≤m¥hpw,
1072¬ `mkv I cmNmcy¿kn≤m¥intcmaWnbpw 1525¬ ap\oizc≥ kn≤m¥k¿∆`uahpw cNn®v
AXmXpImeßfn¬ KWnX]≤XnIƒ kq£vaoIcn®Xmbn ImWmw.
ta¬∏d™ tKmfKWnXßsfs°m≠v {KlßfpsS ÿnXnKXnIƒ kq£vaambn a\ nem°nbmse
^e`mKØnepw kq£vaXbpw IrXyXbpw D≠mhpIbp≈q. aebmfØn¬ hmIy]©mwKhpw; ]clnXsa∂pw
ZrIvkn≤sa∂pw c≠phn[Ønep≈ KWnX]≤XnIfpw h∂p. ]clnX KWnXØn¬ henb A¥cw
h∂Xn\m¬ kp{]kn≤\mb Hcp ]ctaizc≥ \ºqXncn iXm_vZw 1353¬ Zr§WnX]≤Xn cNn®p. Cu
Zr§WnX]≤Xn a‰p KWnX]≤XnItf°mƒ ]cnip≤nbnep≈Xn\m¬ G‰hpw t{ijvThpw k¿∆Pt\m-
ZcWobhpambn Xo¿∂p. ]n≥ImeØv sh¶tSicmaIrjvWhncNnXamb tPymXn¿KWnXw \qX\hpw
kq£vahpw G‰hpw ]cym]vXhpambnXo¿∂p.
Cu {]mNo\ KWnXk{ºZmbØn¬ hfsc ssiYneyw D≠v F∂p≈ A`n{]mbw ]cs° kΩXn®p XpSßn-
btXmsS \qX\KWnX]≤XnIƒ ]eXpw h∂p XpSßn. tPymXnj]finX\pw \nch[n tPymXnj{KŸßfpsS
hymJymXmhpamb ]penbqcv ]pcptjmØa≥ \ºqXncnbpsS KWnX\n¿Æbw F∂ {KŸamWv
KWnX]≤Xnbv°v ]cnjvImchpw kq£vaXbpw B[nImcnIXbpw D≠m°nØ∂n´p≈Xv. C∂pw Gsd°psd
Cu ]≤Xn{]ImcamWv tIcfØnse ]©mwK߃ KWn®phcp∂Xv. tPymXnj]finX\mb s{]m^k¿. ]n.
bp IrjvWhmcycpsS klmbtØmsSbmWv ]penbqcv ]pcptjmØa≥ \ºqXncn ]q¿ØoIcn®Xv F∂v
]dbptºmƒ At±lsØ°qSn kvacn°msX hø. KWnXhnjbØn¬ {io ]n. sI tImcp, Fw. F F¬. Sn
Ah¿IIƒ efnXamb `mjbn¬ [mcmfw {KŸßƒ cNn®n´p≠v.
sImSpß√q¿ sIm®pÆnXºpcm≥, a®m´v \mcmbW≥ CfbXv, i¶c\mcmbW≥, ANypX]njmcSn,
Xe°pfØp `´Xncn, ]pXpa\tNmamXncn, agawKeØp i¶c≥ \ºqXncn F. B¿ cmPcmPh¿Ω, ImWn∏øq¿
i¶c≥ \ºqXncn∏mSv XpSßnb KWnX⁄∑m¿ tIcftPymXnj Ncn{XØn\v {]Npc{]Nmcw hcpØnbhcmWv.
{KlÿnXnIfpw KXnhnKXnIfpw a‰pw IW°m°phm\mbn \qX\KWnX]≤XnIƒ h∂Xns‚ shfn®-
Øn¬ ˛ KWnbv°phm≥ hfsc _p≤nap´p≈XpsIm≠pw Cu cwKtØbv°v {]thinbv°phm≥ hfsc
t¢inbvt°≠Xmbn hcp∂XpsIm≠pw ]©mwK߃ {]kn≤oIrXßfmbn. sIm√h¿jw 1020˛mwam≠v
Imeßfn¬ {]kn≤oIcn®ncp∂ ]©mwKØn¬ A∂sØ cmP`cWI¿Øm°fptSbpw DtZymK-
ÿ∑mcptSbpw F√m hnhcßfpw tN¿Øncp∂p. s]mXpP\߃°v Bhiyamb ]nd∂mƒ {im≤w XpSßnb
BNmcßfpw, jjvTn GImZin XpSßnb {hXßfpw, t£{Xßfnse D’hmZn hntijßfpw hnhmlmZn
tjmUi{InbIƒ°p≈ aplq¿Øßfpw ]©mwKßfn¬ \n∂pw Ffp∏Øn¬ a\ nem°m≥
Ign™pXpSßn. XncphnXmwIqdn¬ ]penbq¿ ]pcptjmØa≥ \ºqXncnbpw, ae_mdn¬ ]p∂t»cn \ºn

3
\oeIWvT≥ i¿Ωbpw, ImWn∏øq¿ i¶c≥ \ºqXncn∏mSpw, hSt° ae_mdn¬ ]ø∂qcnse hn. ]n. sI
s]mXphmfpw ]©mwKcN\bn¬ {]kn≤nt\Sn.
tIcfØn¬ h¿jwtXmdpw {]kn≤oIcnbv°p∂ ]©mwKßfpsS t]cp hnhc߃ Xmsg FgpXp∂p.
XncphnXmwIqdv tZhkzw t_m¿Uv, tPymXnj`qjWw ]©mwKw, tPymXnj]cnjØv ]©mwKw Kpcphmbqcv
tZhkzw ]©mwK߃ KWnbv°p∂Xv KWnXtPymXnj]finX\mbncp∂ Fw. hn Dgp{XhmcnbcpsS injy≥
KWnXhnimcZv sNØ√qcv IrjvW≥Ip´n Kp]vX\pw hnZymcw`w ]©mwKw KWnbv°p∂Xv Im\{]w \mcmbW≥
\ºqXncnbpw Fkv. ‰n sdUym¿ ]©mwKw KWnbv°p∂Xv am∂m¿ cmLh°pdp∏w, DØcae_m¿, amXr`qan
]©mwK߃ KWnbv°p∂Xv ]ø∂q¿ hn. ]n. sI s]mXphmfpw tbmKt£a]©mwKw KWn®phcp∂Xv
ImWn∏øq¿ \mcmbW≥ \ºqXncn∏mSpamWv . ]©mwKØns‚ ]q¿Æcq]ans√¶nepw P\߃°v
\ntXym]tbmKØn\v th≠Xmb Gsd°psd hnhcßfpw tN¿Øv Ffp∏Øn¬ a\ nem°phm\mbn Npa¿
Ie≠dpIƒ h∂pXpSßn. amXr`qan at\mca XpSßnb ]{X{]km[I ÿm]\ßfmWv Ie≠dpIƒ A®Sn®p
{]kn≤oIcnbv°p∂Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶phlnbv°p∂Xv.
ASpØ Imew hsc `mcXobcpsS At\Iw A‘hnizmkßfnsem∂mbn´p am{Xta ]m›mXytemIw
tPymXn»mkv{XsØ I≠ncp∂p≈q. C∂m\nebmsI amdn°gn™p. Ing°pw, ]Sn™mdpw sX°pw hS°pw
Fs∂m∂pw t`Zan√msX temIw apgph≥ tPymXn»mkv{XsØ AwKoIcnbv°p∂p F∂XmWv kXyw.
hmc^e{]hN\ßfn√mØ AXn¿hcºpIfpw tPymXn»mkv{XsØ \nb{¥nbv°p∂n√

\nanØw
tPymXnjØn¬ tlmcmkv I ‘Ønepw kwlnXmkv I ‘Ønepambn \nanØimkv { Xw apgph\pw
hnhcnbv°p∂p≠v. {]iv\am¿§Øn¬ iIp\w, ZqXs‚ tNjvSIƒ apXemb \nanØhnjb߃ Aev]w
NneXpam{Xta ]dbp∂p≈q. hmkvXhØn¬ \nanØimkv{XØn\v PmXImZnItf°mƒ {]m[m\yhpw
^e{]m]vXnbpw IqSpsa∂mWv BNmcy∑m¿ ]dbp∂Xv. {KlßfpsSbpw cminIfptSbpw _em_e߃
Adn™p^ew ]dbphm≥ hfsc Nn¥\ob hnjbamIbmepw hnjaap≈Xn\mepw Cu hI hnjaL´Øn¬
\nanØimkv{Xw ^ehØmIp∂p. cmin{KlWw k¿∆{X Zp¿hnt⁄bw _em_ew iIpt\ PmX kwhmZw
cmin{Kl^ew kv^pSw \nanØimkv{Xw sIm≠v ]dbp∂ ^ew Hcp hn[Ønepw sX‰nt∏mIpIbns√∂p
A\p`hwsIm≠p Xs∂ tPymXn»mkv{X⁄∑m¿°p t_m≤yw h∂n´p≈XpamWv.
aplq¿Øw
tPymXnjØns‚ BdwKßfn¬ sh®v aplq¿Øw F∂ `mKw {]m[m\yap≈XmIp∂p. Hmtcm
I¿Ωßfpw sNøphm\p≈ KpWtZmjNn¥\bmWv CXns‚ {]Xn]mZyhnjbw. {iuXI¿Ωmhns\,
hnLv\ßfp≠mbm¬ Ahbn¬ \n∂v XcWw sNbvXv ]q¿Æ^e{]m]vXn D≠m°ns°mSp°p∂Xn∂p
ka¿∞amb ImehntijsØ aplq¿Øsa∂v ]dbp∂p.
aplp¿ΩpkvXmcbtX
I¿Ømcw {iuXI¿ΩWmw
Xkvam≥aplq¿tØ CXymlq¿
Ωp\bkvXXzZ¿in\x (i¶cKrlykq{X`mjyw)
hnlnXImeØn¬ sNøp∂ I¿Ω߃°v ^ekn≤nbp≈Xmbpw AhnlnXImeØp sNøp∂Xn\p
\njv^eambpw \mw km[mcW I≠phcp∂p≠t√m. Hmtcm {iuXI¿Ωhpw bYmhn[n hnLv\w IqSmsX
sNøp∂Xn∂pw AXns‚ ]q¿Æamb ^ew bYmImew kn≤nbv°p∂Xn\pw AXns‚ ]q¿Æamb^ew
bYmImew kn≤nbv°p∂Xn\pw k¿∆{]ImtcWbpw aplq¿Øw klmbn°p∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv lnµp°ƒ
C∂pw k¿∆I¿Ωßfpw aplq¿Øw t\m°n sNøp∂Xv. Cu hnjbØnep≈ am[hobw, aplq¿ØcXv\w
apXemb {]mNo\ {KŸßƒ AXnhn]pehpw AXnhnkvXrXßfpamWv. tZmjclnXamb aplq¿Øw
In´phm\p≈ sshjayw sIm≠pw Ffp∏Øn¬ {Klnbv ° m\mbn Cu hnjbßsf kw{Kln®pw,
tIcfmNmcysØ ASnÿm\am°nbpw hnhmlmZntjmUi{InbIƒ°pw, Huj[tkh, Irjymcw`w bm{X
XpSßnb ip`I¿Ω߃°pw ip`kabßfdnbm\p≈ Hcp ]≤XnbmWv ]m™mfn\SpØp≈ amØqcv
\ºqXncn∏mSv cNn® aplq¿Ø]Zhn. C∂p≈ an° ]©mwKßfnepw ip`I¿Ω߃°p≈ aplq¿Øßfpw
\√ Znhkßfpw tN¿Øp ImW∂p.
ip`akvXp.