TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Chapter 8
Degrees Radians sin θ cos θ tan θ cot θ sec θ csc θ
0° 0 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
30° π/6 1/2 3 /2 3 /3 3 2 3 /3 2
45° π/4 2 /2 2 /2 1 1 2 2
60° π/3 3 /2 1/2 3 3 /3 2 2 3 /3
90° π/2 1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined 1
120° 2π/3 3 /2 -1/2 - 3 - 3 /3 -2 2 3 /3
135° 3π/4 2 /2 - 2 /2 -1 -1 - 2 2
150° 5π/6 1/2 - 3 /2 - 3 /3 - 3 -2 3 /3 2
180° π 0 -1 0 Undefined -1 Undefined
210° 7π/6 -1/2 - 3 /2 3 /3 3 -2 3 /3 -2
225° 5π/4 - 2 /2 - 2 /2 1 1 - 2 - 2
240° 4π/3 - 3 /2 -1/2 3 3 /3 -2 -2 3 /3
270° 3π/2 -1 0 Undefined 0 Undefined -1
300° 5π/3 - 3 /2 1/2 - 3 - 3 /3 2 -2 3 /3
315° 7π/4 - 2 /2 2 /2 -1 -1 2 - 2
330° 11π/6 -1/2 3 /2 - 3 /3 - 3 2 3 /3 -2
360° 2π 0 1 0 Undefined 1 Undefined
Tom Penick
π Half angle formulas:
Radian measure: 8.1 p420 1° = radians 1 1
180 sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ ) cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
180° 2 2
1 radian = θ 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
π sin = ± cos = ±
2 2 2 2
Reduction formulas: θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ
sin( −θ ) = − sin θ cos( −θ ) = cos θ tan( −θ) = − tan θ tan =± = =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ sin θ
sin(θ ) = − sin(θ − π ) cos(θ ) = − cos(θ − π ) tan(θ ) = tan(θ − π )

The six trigonometric functions: Sum and product formulas:

opp y hyp r 1 sin a cos b = 12 [sin(a + b ) + sin(a − b )]
sin θ = = csc θ = = =
hyp r opp y sin θ cos a sin b = 12 [sin(a + b ) − sin(a − b )]
adj x hyp r 1 cos a cos b = 12 [cos(a + b ) + cos(a − b )]
cos θ = = sec θ = = =
hyp r adj x cos θ sin a sin b = 12 [cos(a − b ) − cos(a + b )]
opp y sin θ adj x 1
tan θ = = = cot θ = = = sin a + sin b = 2 sin( a +2 b ) cos( a −2 b )
adj x cos θ opp y tan θ
sin a − sin b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) sin( a −2 b )
cos a + cos b = 2 cos( a +2 b ) cos( a −2 b )
cos a − cos b = −2 sin( a +2 b ) sin ( a −2 b )
Sum or difference of two angles:
sin(a ± b ) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b
cos( a ± b) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b
tan a ± tan b
tan( a ± b) = Law of cosines: a = b +c
2 2 2
− 2bc cos A
1 m tan a tan b
2 tan θ
Double angle formulas: tan 2θ = where A is the angle of a scalene triangle opposite side
1 − tan 2 θ a.
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin 2 θ

Pythagorean Identities: sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

tan θ + 1 = sec θ
2 2
cot 2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ
Limits of trigonometric functions: 8.2 p434 Definition of inverse trigonometric functions:
sin x 1 − cos x
lim =1 lim =0 y = arcsin x , iff sin y = x y = arccosx, iff cos y = x
x →0 x x →0 x
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 π π −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y ≤π
− ≤y ≤
2 2
Integration Formulasp453,68,73 Differentiation Formulas p463,6

∫ sin u du = − cos u + C
d
(sin u ) = u ′ cosu
dx
d
∫ cos u du = sin u + C dx
(cosu ) = −u ′ sin u

∫ sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C

d
∫ sec u du = tan u + C (tan u ) = u ′ sec u
2 2

dx
d
∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C dx
(secu ) = u ′ secu tan u y = arctan x , iff tan y = x y = arccot x , iff cot y = x
π π
−∞< x <∞ −∞< x <∞
∫ csc u du = − ln csc u + cot u + C − < y<
2 2
0< y<π
d
∫ csc u du = − cot u + C (cot u ) = −u ′ csc u
2 2

dx

∫ csc u cot u du = − csc u + C

d
(csc u ) = −u ′ csc u cot u
dx
u′
∫ tan u du = − ln cos u + C
d
[arcsin u ] =
dx 1 −u
2

−u ′
∫ cot u du = ln sin u + C
d
[arccos u ] =
dx 1 −u
2

du u u′ y = arc sec x, iff sec y = x y = arc csc x , iff csc y = x

∫
d
= arcsin
+C [arctan u ] =
a −u
2 2 a dx 1 +u 2
π π π
x ≥1 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ x ≥1 − ≤ y≤ , y≠0
du 1 u d −u ′ 2 2 2
∫ a 2 + u2 = a arctan a + C dx
[arc cot u ] =
1+u 2
du 1 u d u′
∫ u u2 − a 2 = a arc sec a + C dx
[arc sec u ] =
u u2 −1

un +1 d −u ′
∫ unu′ = n +1
+ C, n ≠ −1
dx
[arc csc u ] =
u u 2 −1

The Power Rule with Trigonometric Functions:

d d Inverse Properties: 8.5 p461
(sin x ) = (sin x ) = 3(sin x ) cos x = 3 sin x cos x
3 3 2 2

dx dx If −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and − π / 2 ≤ y ≤ π / 2 , then
sin (arcsin x) = x and arcsin (siny) = y
If − π / 2 < y < π / 2 , then
tan (arctan x) = x and arctan (tan y) = y
If x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y < π / 2 or π / 2 < y ≤ π , then
sec (arcsec x) = x and arcsec (sec y) = y

Newton's Method is used to approximate the zeros of a

function. Set up a table as follows: 8.3 p444
f (x n ) f (x n )
n xn f (x n ) f ′( x n ) xn −
f ′( x n ) f ′( x n )

Tom Penick tomzap@eden.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 1/25/98