Module 6 Bench Terrace

Version
January,
2024

Developed by Team Debo,

Qesbeqes,
 General information

Client

Name of training

Module title Bench Terrace

Learning objectives

1.[Introduction]
2.[Chapter 1]

Module structure / Table of 3.[Chapter 2]

content 4.[Chapter …]

5.[Quiz]
6.[Module Summary & Resources]

Learning duration

Completion criteria for Module

Subject Matter Expert Solomon Yilma / Tilahun Fatula

Scriptwriter Team Debo

Version/Date
 Legen
d

Markin Meaning in the

g storyboard

Yellow marking Input or check from SME(s) is needed

Didactical elements or a layer (a sublayer of a slide that

Green marking
opens like a popup window)

Alternative text for images (only readable for screen

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Grey marking
text that is displayed when hovering
 Glossary

Please explain the terms and abbreviations used in the

Ter Explanatio

Explanation of icons and symbols

Please describe the meaning of icons and symbols that are used as a didactical element
throughout the module.

Icon/Symbol Description
 Resources for

Name of Link to

Accessibility tips for storyboarding:

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hierarchy.
Add a glossary with the most relevant terms.
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 Start page

Title of Module:
Hillside Terrace
(shown in Adapt library)

Display Title:
(shown in the module header)Hillside Terrace

Information about the

Learning time: approx. 45 min
module:

e.g. Select the "Start module" button to begin.

Instruction:

Media elements:(incl.
alternative text) Cover picture |Logo etc.

Example:
 Section 1

e.g.: Introduction
Basic concept
of bench
terrace

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Define and recall Hillside terrace and Hillside terrace
components
Description: Recall the benefits of Hillside terrace
Recall where the Hillside terrace is applied
Describe when the technology implemented

Button text: Start module, Learn more etc

Tile picture

Media
elements:

(incl.
alternative
text)

Heading Media
|Topic elements(incl
Content Adapt plug in with
(h1)/Subheadi .
(Text, didactical elements) description
ng | Subtopic alternative
(h2) text)
 Multiplying Konso
Terrace

Click on the play button to start the

story

Narrator: 6N1
It was Sunday, Mr Alemu’s Son
wedding ceremony. In the evening
Mr Alemu sat alone and he
thought to himself. Mr Belachew
(Ato Alemu’s Relative comes from
another kebele approached Mr.
Alemu and asked him)

[Guta and His friends were playing on

the mountain with their cattle when
suddenly the soil where Guta was
standing slipped and fell from the
mountain.]

[While passing by the area, Leta, heard

the scream, ran towards the direction he
heard the scream, and when he reached
the place, he found a crying boy who had
fallen on the ground and while he was
trying to pick up the child from where he
had fallen, a shouting woman came
towards them]

[He turns to see who the woman is;

he sees that it is the girl]

LETA: are you DA expert Solomon's

sister?

CHALTU: [shocked] Yes, it is my son Media (Animated

video will play
when
who is injured the Explore button is
clicked.)

LETA: Calm Dawn, your child will

be fine
Video 1
production
by using
[and they take him to the hospital to get Vyond
medical attention. During their journey,
Chaltu makes a phone call to Solomon, Media (Animated
her little brother] video will play when
the Explore button is
clicked.)
CHALTU: Hello, Solomon Guta had
an accident and we are coming to your
city for treatment.

SOLOMON: [shocked] what,

what happened? OK, I came

Seen2

[Hewan and Yosef are in the car and

hewan makes a phone call]

HEWAN: Yosef, turn down the music

and I'm on the phone [Yosef turn
down the music]

Hello Solomon

SOLOMON: Hello hewan

HEWAN: We are coming to Addis

Ababa after finishing the work we had to
do in Dodota with Yosef. How are you?

Have you improved your health?

SOLOMON: I feel better. My niece had
an accident and I'm on my way to the
hospital

HEWAN: What happened? Is it a serious

injury?

SOLOMON: I haven't seen it yet; they

called and told that I am on my way there

HEWAN: Well, we are getting to

Debre zeyt, so we will come and see
him
[They greet Solomon]

HEWAN: how is he know

SOLOMON: he is fine the injury is on

his leg and he is in the medical room to
get medical help.

[Solomon turns to Leta]

SOLOMON: Hewan and Yosef are my

colleagues who are working on a
documentary film focused on physical
soil and water conservation.

[Leta Extending his hand for greeting]

FKC (add the GIF

LETA: I worked as a DA for a year in the animation on the as a
zekuala area and I was there when the background image at GIF
accident happened today. the block, the image Animation,
will be animated and Audio
the audio will be
[After greeting with Leta Hewan and played when the
Yosef sit on a chair ] Explore button is
clicked )
YOSEF: how the accident happened.

LETA: Guta and his friends were herding

cattle’s and playing on the mountain
suddenly the soil where Guta was
standing slipped and fall from the
mountain.

SOLOMON: when I came to the area

last summer to visit my sister, I saw the
flood coming from the mountain eroded
the soil of the mountain and covered the
farm land under the mountain with silt,
causing damage to the crops planted.

Why don't you find a solution to this

problem until now?

LETA: By chance, when the accident

happened I was returning from talking to
the local farmers to find a solution to this
problem. If you are there, tomorrow we
have a meeting with the residents to
discuss this problem, so can you join us
and give professional help.

SOLOMON: As soon as Guta finishes

his treatment, I will bring him and my
sister to the area and attend the
meeting so we can find a solution to the
problem together.

HEWAN: I had the opportunity to

see the area three years ago when I
went to work. At that time, the
mountain in the area was surrounded
by forest and beautiful. How could
this happen?

LETA: the residents cut down the forest

on the mountain to make houses and
firewood because of this the mountain
turned into a barren.

HEWAN: It's unbelievable to me that the

area is changing so fast. If you're willing,
Yosef and I would like to go with you
to the area and see what's going on.
Media (Animated
video will play when Video 2
the Explore button is Animation
clicked.) with Vyond
SOLOMON: If you want to go to the
place, we can go together

[Solomon saw his sister Chaltu

supporting her injured son and walking
out of the medical room, he went to her,
supported Guta and put him into the
car
parked at the hospital gate, and returned
to Leta]

SOLOMON: I am very grateful for the

help you have given to my niece.

LETA: No problem, it's my duty

SOLOMON: I have to take my sister and

her son home

LETA: Don't forget our appointment

tomorrow

SOLOMON: OK, I will not forget. I will

come with Hewan and Yosef tomorrow
morning.

LETA; ok
 Seen 3

[The next day morning Solomon,hewan,

and Yosef meet with Leta in zekuala]

[Leta greeting with Solomon, hewan and

Yosef]

LETA: Well, if you're ready, let's go to

the place where we've been hired to meet
the farmers and start our meeting.

HEWAN: Before we go directly to the

farmers and start a discussion, it would
be better if we visit the area if we have
time.

LETA: Okay, since we have enough FKC (add the GIF

time, we can do a site visit animation on the as a GIF
background image at Animation,
[Solomon, Letha, Hewan, and Yosef go Audio
to visit the site]
the block, the image
will be animated and
the audio will be
played when the
[While making a site visit hewan Explore button
saw communally owned hillsides,
with degraded lands and on steeper
is clicked )
uncultivated lands.]

When is
bench terrace HEWAN: It's a very strange thing, I'm
constructed? seeing something completely different
from what I've seen before

SOLOMON: What are you doing until

this happened?

LETA: Even though me and the DA who

worked here before tried to stop
deforestation and tried to prevent it, the
residents were fooled by their temporary
interests and ignored our teachings and
prohibitions. They destroyed the forest
and turned it into a barren. Let's go
because people are waiting for us at the
meeting place

[Solomon, Letha, Hewan, and Yosef

finish the site visit and go to the
discussion area to talk with the farmers]

[They also meet the farmers who

were waiting for them at the meeting
place]

LETA: Hello, how are you?

My guest on my left is Ato Solomon, my

former boss and now he is serving as
DA Expert.

My guests on the right are Hewan and

Yosef, they are professionals who
make documentary films about
physical soil and water conservation.
 Ato Solomon also attends here to find
solutions to our problems with his long
experience in the work

SOLOMON: Hello, during our visit to

this village with Leta today, I noticed the
barren mountain with eroded agricultural
fields below to solve these problem I
suggests hillside terrace to address this
GIF and
problem Media
Audio

YOUNG FARMER: What is a

hillside terrace?

SOLOMON: hillside terraces are the

discontinuous type of narrow bench
terraces constructed along the contours
What is either level or inward looking for
a hillside additional moisture conservation. Apply
terrace? a slight inclination or slope in moist areas
to one side to safely drain excess runoff
and a proper waterway. Implemented on
degraded lands and steeper uncultivated
lands for tree planting
 ANOTHER FARMER: We have been
using this mountain many times as a
shelter for our cattle, your idea now can
bring this to our advantage, This is not
acceptable from our side, it is fruitless
work.

SOLOMON: When we make a hillside Put the

Why we terrace it will Break the longer slopes into image of
construct several shorter slopes, intercept runoff main
and control soil erosion it Make degraded media
hillside components
land rehabilitation and tree planting
terrace? of bench
operations possible and safe on slope
land and Intercept the excess runoff from terrace
upstream area; and draining the same to
a safe point. Its also Improve degraded
hillsides - mostly for area closure and
multi-purpose tree and fodder tree
plantations;

FARMER 3: This is not easy as you

say, the mountain has steeper slop and
it’s
difficult to work on it

SOLOMON: Hillside terraces are

particularly suited with slope < 50% and
well drained soils. It can be
implemented
mostly on communally owned hillsides,
and degraded lands and on steeper
uncultivated lands. Generally suitable for
steep slopes and shallow soils (although
common in other type of soils), Suitable
for tree planting and rather effective in
Where the controlling runoff and erosion. Hillside
hillside terraces are implemented in all agro- Video 3:
terrace climatic zone
Media Animation
constructed? with Vyond

It also Intercepts the excess runoff from

the upstream area and drains the same to
a safe point. Hillside terrace with inward
slope is implemented in dry zones
(moisture deficit area) of the world where
they are planted not only with trees but
 sometimes with perennial crops and
fodder species

Graphics and
Accordion
Soils should have a relatively
Types of good permeability so that runoff
hillside water can be absorbed quickly. (Graphics of types of
Terrace bench terrace on the
left side with Hot
graphics, the
explanation on the
right side with
accordion)

OLD MAN: Rather than we are bound

by laziness and old experience We
should work together to avoid the
problem of seeing the natural resources
of our area being destroyed by floods
Audio, Image
[The audience, who agreed with the old
of narrator
man's explanation and advice, applauded
their agreement.]

SOLOMON; if we are agree because of

the urgency of the issue we should
decide
 when is hillside terrace constructed
Video 6:
animation
with Vyond
LETA: We are very grateful to
Mr. Solomon for his explanation which can
and show the
professional help. Moment of
When the the people to
hillside Media
construct
terrace Bench
constructed? As Solomon says, the issue is urgent terraces to
We should carry out during the dry
season, When there is no/less labor make the
competition village like
for other seasonal activities. It has to be Konso and to
accomplished before the next rainy be registered
season. So we should start tomorrow
at UNESCO.
[The farmers show their approval
by clapping.]
 Section 2

Design of
e.g.: Introduction
Hillside terrace

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Measure and determine slope, vertical and horizontal

Description: distance

Recall design steps and technical standards for Hillside

terrace construction

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

Media
elements:
Tile picture
(incl.
alternative
text)

Adapt
Heading |Topic
plug in Media elements(incl.
(h1)/Subheadin Content
with alternative text)
g | Subtopic (Text, didactical elements)
descripti
(h2)
on

[After completion of the meeting Leta goes to

Solomon hewan and Yosef]

LETA: What do you think if we discuss about

the design of hillside terrace?

SOLOMON: Okay, we can start

Do you remember how we do the design of

 hillside terrace on previous project

LETA: Yes I remember

Slope

Slope of the land is essentially the gradient or

incline of the land. It is the rise or fall of the
land surface

A steep slope refers to a sharp incline; a

gentle slope refers to a slight incline. Media

Figure 2: Slope

It is important for the farmer to identify the

slopes on the land in order to decide the
spacing between conservation structures

Ways to measure slope

Figure 3: Tools for slope measurement Video 7: animation

with Vyond (use
Determine the land slope and Vertical Yosef, Hewan and
How to distance
Mr. Alemu instead
measure and How to measure slope with a line level of Person A, Person
determine, B, and Person C.)
slope, vertical Materials
and horizontal
distance? line level

tape measure

calculator (optional)

Three people are needed to mark contours

with a line-level: Person A, Person B, and
Person C.

Slope is calculated using the following

formula:

Slope (%) = (Vertical Interval/horizontal

Interval) x 100 medis
 Measuring slope

dia

Figure 4: Measuring slope

Person A must stand the upslope of person B

and adjust the string down the pole until the
line level attached between the poles gives a
level reading. Person C must read the line
level. A level reading on a line level

Figure 5: line level

1.

How to
measure and
determine
slope, vertical
and horizontal
distance?

1.LETA: Three people are needed to mark

contours with a line-level: Person A, Person
B, and Person C. Person A must stand the
upslope of person B and adjust the string
down the pole until the line level attached
between the poles gives a level reading. Person
C must read the line level. The percentage of
 the slope can then be calculated using the
formula:

Slope (%) = (Vertical Interval/horizontal

Interval) x 100

The horizontal distance (run) is the distance

between the two poles, which should be 10
000 mm (10 meters).

The Vertical interval (rise) is the difference in

height of the string, which is calculated by
subtracting the height of the string on pole A
(e.g., 450 mm) from the height of the string
on pole B (e.g., 1000 mm).

Slope (%) = ((1000 -450)/10000) x 100=5.5 %

SOLOMON:you are right leta It is also

important that both poles are held vertically
(straight up), and that neither pole is placed
in a hole or on top of a minor high spot like a
rock or clump of soil.

LETA: Im also remember the design steps we

do on that time first we do surveying and
layout afrte we complete surveying and layout
we collect stone and start digging for the ditch
after that we do construction of cutting and
leveling

Measuring
slope

Chat and
Graphics

Chat
 Design steps

i.

i. Spacing: the spacing between hillside

terrace is determined by the following
formula
What design
steps should be
followed during
the Accordio
construction of n
bench terrace?
VI- vertical interval between ditches (m)

S- Slope %

HI- horizontal interval between ditches (m)

The spacing can be adjusted within a range of

+/-25% depending on permeability of the soil
and the degree of soil erosion, the type of
crops being grown and the types

of farming practices being employed.

i. Width: Its width varies up to 2 m; or 1.5

m plus cut and filled parts (riser).
The broad type (2 meters at the bottom)
is used for gentile slopes
The narrow type (1.5 meters at the
bottom) is suitable for steeper slopes.
 Video 8: Whiteboard
Media Animation with
Vyond

i. Gradient: the gradient of the ditch

should be 1-1.5% in principle, when
necessary it may be extended to
5%.

Table 8: Slope gradient of hillside ditches for

different climatic regions

i. Length: Its length is generally kept

equal to the length of bench terraces,
which is 100 m for humid regions and
200 to 300 m for arid regions.
ii. Drainage: normally water in the hillside
ditches drained by waterways built along
the slopes where the waterway and the
hillside ditches meet, the bottom of the
waterway should be built into a shallow
curve and paved with bricks or stones or
planted with grasses to facilitate passing
of farm machinery on wheels. A small
culvert may be installed instead when
necessary.
Outlet: At the outlet, the width & the
gradient of the ditch should be
increased. The junction between the
hillside and the waterway should be
even and smooth
iii. Grass planting: grasses should be
planted on the bottom and side slopes
of the ditches
HEWAN; What are the technical standards
for construction of hillside terrace?

SOLOMON;Hillside terraces are either level

or inward looking for additional moisture
conservation; Slope ranges: vary from 20 -
50% although possible to observe on higher
slopes, Vertical interval varies: from 2 - 3
meters, Height or stone riser can vary
minimum: 0.5 m - 0.75 m,Width of the terrace:
can vary 1.5 m – 2 m, Foundation: 0.3m depth
and 0.3 m width, Plantation pit: 40 cm x 40
cm x 40 cm,Grade of stone riser: well-placed
stone wall (grade 1 horizontal to 3 vertical)
Lip at the top of stone riser: with 10 cm
height, Leaving tie ridge with 15-20cm width
dimension as required placed every 10 m
interval along channel Essential to build,
shape and compact the embankment at every
15cm height,

Media
Technical standards and
accordio
Hillside terraces are either level or n
inward looking for additional moisture
conservation; (media
Slope ranges: vary from 20 - 50%
although possible to observe on higher on the
slopes, left side
Vertical interval varies: from 2 - 3 to add
meters,
Height or stone riser can vary the video Video 9:
minimum: 0.5 m - 0.75 m, and Animation with
Width of the terrace: can vary 1.5 m – 2 Vyond
m, accordio
Foundation: 0.3m depth and 0.3 m
width,
n on the
Plantation pit: 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 right side
cm, Grade of stone riser: well-placed to add
stone wall (grade 1 horizontal to 3
vertical)
the
Lip at the top of stone riser: with 10 cm explanati
height, on of
Leaving tie ridge with 15-20cm width stakehol
dimension as required placed every 10
m interval along channel ders)
Essential to build, shape and compact
the embankment at every 15cm height,

Back-slope: 5 – 10 % gradient in moisture

deficit areas to contribute for effective
moisture conservation.
LETA; if we finished our work today, it’s
getting late so I should go home. Good night

SOLOMON: Good night Leta, don't forget to

bring line level, tape measure and calculator
tools for slope measurement when you come
tomorrow morning.

LETA ; ok I will not forget

.
How to measure and determine slope,
vertical and horizontal distance?

Slope

Slope of the land is essentially the gradient or

incline of the land. It is the rise or fall of the
land surface

A steep slope refers to a sharp incline; a

gentle slope refers to a slight incline.

Figure 2: Slope

It is important for the farmer to identify the

slopes on the land in order to decide the
spacing between conservation structures

Ways to measure slope

Vertical intervals: follow a flexible and
quality-oriented approach:

Slope ranges 3-8% will expect to have vertical

intervals = 1-1.5 m

For example, if the specific area where you

stand has a vertical interval of 1m and slope
percent of 8%, then what will be the
horizontal distance of the soil bund?

Horizontal distance = vi/slope %= 1m/0.08=

12.5m,

Slope ranges 8-15% will expect to have

vertical intervals = 1-2 m

Slope ranges 15-20% will expect to have

vertical intervals = 1.5-2.5 m (only exceptional
cases - reinforced).

If the slope % is greater than 15%, then

collect necessary data on soil depth by
having sample excavation,

observing soil profile in gully areas, and

Accordio
requesting information from local people, n
Having adequate

information on soil depth, identify your 2nd

vertical interval by using VI = 2.5* the soil
depth,
 Accordio
n

What are the design steps and technical

standard?

Design steps

i.

i. Spacing: the spacing between hillside

terrace is determined by the following
formula

VI- vertical interval between ditches (m)

S- Slope %

HI- horizontal interval between ditches (m)

The spacing can be adjusted within a

range of +/-25% depending on
permeability of the soil and the degree
of soil erosion, the type of crops being
grown and the types of farming practices
being employed.

i. Width: Its width varies up to 2 m; or 1.5

m plus cut and filled parts (riser).
The broad type (2 meters at the bottom)
is used for gentile slopes
The narrow type (1.5 meters at the
bottom) is suitable for steeper slopes.
 Accordio
n

i. Gradient: the gradient of the ditch

should be 1-1.5% in principle, when
necessary it may be extended to
5%.

Table 8: Slope gradient of hillside ditches for

different climatic regions

i. Length: Its length is generally kept Video 10:

equal to the length of bench terraces, animation with
which is 100 m for humid regions and Vyond
200 to 300 m for arid regions.
ii. Drainage: normally water in the hillside
ditches drained by waterways built along
the slopes where the waterway and the
hillside ditches meet, the bottom of the
waterway should be built into a shallow
curve and paved with bricks or stones or
planted with grasses to facilitate passing
of farm machinery on wheels. A small
culvert may be installed instead when
necessary.
Outlet: At the outlet, the width & the
gradient of the ditch should be
increased. The junction between the
hillside and the waterway should be
even and smooth
iii. Grass planting: grasses should be
planted on the bottom and side slopes
 of the ditches

Technical standards

Hillside terraces are either level or

inward looking for additional moisture
conservation;
Slope ranges: vary from 20 - 50%
although possible to observe on higher
slopes,
Vertical interval varies: from 2 - 3
meters,
Height or stone riser can vary
minimum: 0.5 m - 0.75 m,
Width of the terrace: can vary 1.5 m – 2
m,
Foundation: 0.3m depth and 0.3 m
width,
Plantation pit: 40 cm x 40 cm x 40
cm, Grade of stone riser: well-placed
stone wall (grade 1 horizontal to 3
vertical)
Lip at the top of stone riser: with 10 cm
height,
Leaving tie ridge with 15-20cm width
dimension as required placed every 10
m interval along channel
Essential to build, shape and compact Accordio
the embankment at every 15cm height,
n
Back-slope: 5 – 10 % gradient in moisture
deficit areas to contribute for effective
moisture conservation.

HEWAN: I am very happy to see that the

residents are motivated to develop the
mountain. We are also ready to join the
campaign to develop the mountain and
contribute our ability [Yosef expresses
his readiness by shaking his head]

SOLOMON: If you are interested to joining

the development campaign, we can stay at
my sister's house today and wake up
tomorrow morning to join the development
campaign.

[While going to Solomon's sister's house,

hewan and Yosef saw a dog barking at them
and panicked and ran to escape from the dog.
Solomon, who was left behind, picked up a
piece of wood that fell on their way and
chased the dog away. By laughing at what
happened to them They arrive at Solomon's
sister's house, and Solomon starts knocking
on the door.]

CHALTU: [leaving the house] Who is this

SOLOMON: [standing outside)]it's me

CHALTU: [When she opens the door, she

looks at Solomon and two other people]

SOLOMON: Today I came with gusts

Accordio
n
Hewan and Yosef are my colleagues

CHALTU: [stretching out her hand for

greeting] l saw them in the hospital
yesterday.

[Entering the house after the handshake with

Hewan and Yosef]
YOSEF: How is your son?

CHALTU: thanks to the God, he is

getting better
 Section 3

Layout and
marking e.g.: Introduction
procedures

Section Objectives

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Description:
Layout and mark out on the ground to construct hillside
terrace

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

Media
elements:

(incl. Tile picture

alternative
text)

Heading
|Topic Adapt plug in
Content
(h1)/Subheadi and
(Text, didactical elements)
ng | Subtopic explanation
(h2)
Seen 4

Next day morning

[Solomon goes to where hewan and Yosef

are sleeping and wakes them up from their
sleep]

SOLOMON: Get up, get up, we have to

reach the place before it's too late

[hewan and Yosef get up from their

sleep and go to them while they are
washing their faces]

CHALTU: Breakfast is ready

media
[Hewan, Yosef and Solomon enter the
house and start eating the prepared
breakfast, and Chaltu comes to them
again]

CHALTU: Shall I make coffee?

SOLOMON: We should arrive early

before it's too late. When we finish the
work, we will come back and have a
drink

CHALTU: If you say, ok

[After Hewan, Solomon, and Yosef have

finished breakfast, they start to go to
the place where the campaign to
cultivate the mountain will take place.]
 [When they reach the place, they
meet with Leta and exchange
greetings]

SOLOMON: Good morning Leta

LETA: Good morning, Solomon.

As you see, the residents have finished

preparing to start the work and
waiting for you

SOLOMON: You prepared the materials I

told you to prepare yesterday

LETA; Yes, I prepared it

SOLOMON: So we can start now

NARRATOR; Leta with the help of

Solomon starts showing how is
hillside
terrace layout and construction

First they Identify the slope range in

accordance with the technical
recommendation then they check
accuracy of the layout along the contour
How the layout and Decide the vertical interval based on
and marking of slope range, The vertical interval varies
hillside terrace from 2 to 5 meters. They Start the layout
done?
from the upper catchment of the area
with the horizontal/contour line; and they
put Layout peg the strip where the hillside
platform is going to be created; The lay
out for plot of hillside should be Narratio
Video 11:
completed before construction. The n and
Animation with
terrace is provided with ties to avoid Media
eventual lateral movements of water that Vyond
may occur due to slight design errors
during layout. Trees should be planted in
large pits (at least 30x30x30 cm) Setting
the base-line of the terrace they also Set
 and fix the centre-line at the site along a
representative slope. Measure or
survey graded terrace or levelling
according to the type of terrace to be
built. After staking out all the contours
or graded contours, add one line above
and the second line below the centre of
the line.

line serves as the bottom line of the upper

terrace and the top line of the

Section 4

Construction/
implementation
e.g.: Introduction

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Description:
Illustrate and apply construction procedures of hillside
terrace

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elements:

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(h2)
 During the construction steps

Use the line level or an A-frame

for layout.

During layout peg the strip where the

hillside platform is going to be created

Step 1: Remove the first 10 cm of

topsoil and keep it for future use,

Step 2: Dig a 30 x 30 cm (depth and

width) foundation at the lower part of
the strip,

Step 3: Start construction of the stone

wall with a height of 50-75cm and fill
the space with the soil excavated from
the ditch,

Step 4: Raise the wall and continue

cutting the slope until you form a small
terrace.

Step 5: The stone wall should be

inclined towards the slope,

Step 6: Place small ties at regular

intervals with small spillway,

Step 7: In lower rainfall areas hillside

How is terrace have 5-10% gradient back Narratio
hillside slope n and
terrace Media
constructed? Step 8: Dig the plantation pit (40x40x40
cm) at the desired interval.
Step 9: Return the first soil kept aside to
the top of the terrace and around the
pit.

Hewan and Yosef document the

transformative journey, capturing the
essence of overcoming challenges
and fostering community resilience.

The documentary becomes a testament to

the power of understanding,
collaboration, and shared vision for a
more sustainable and harmonious future
in the mountainous region.

, "Harmony in the Hills" not only

portrays the agricultural practices but
weaves a narrative of resilience,
cooperation, and the triumph of a
collective vision in zekuala

Seen 5

After 5 years

[Solomon is seen in the car making

a phone call]

SOLOMON hello

[The residents are seen gathering to do the

hillside terrace renovation work on the
mountain]

[The phone rings]

 Video 12:
Medial
animation with
(Chaltu turns away from the people who Vyond
were with her and picks up her phone)

CHALTU Hello Hello Hello………..

[Chaltu turns back to the meeting]

Leta: Hello, how are you? As you know,

we met today to do maintenance work on
the hillside terrace like what we did
before
 Section 5

Maintenanc
e and
managemen
t e.g.: Introduction
requirement
s of bench
terrace

By the end of this section, learner will be able

Description: to:
Recall and apply management and maintenance
requirements

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elements:

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ng | Subtopic explanation
(h2)
 Parameters to be determined in the
bench terrace designing

Maintenance of hillside terrace

In dry areas and shallow soils

combine with a series of trenches
(2- 3 lines) and eyebrow basins,
micro- trench in between HTs
Hillside terraces are constructed in
combination with water harvesting
structures for tree planting in
moisture deficit areas
Apply soil and tree management
practices.
Control grazing and area closure.
Fodder, legume and cash crops can
be planted at the top of the stone
riser or at its toe:
Using grasses (indigenous such as
“sembelete”, “dasho”, others, etc.) +
Legume shrubs (pigeon peas,
sebania, acacia saligna, tree lucerne
etc.)
Can be stabilized also by drought
resistant plants such as Sisal, Aloes
and Euphorbia placed on the lower
side of the stone wall.
A 40x40 cm plantation pit is placed
and tree planted on terrace;
Direct sowing in rows (15-30 cm).
Integration with strong check dams
along depression points and small
gullies.

Management and Implementation

Arrangements

Agreements on implementation,
management and for use rights of treated
areas with shared amongst individuals,
What are the groups or community.
maintenance
and
management
Land use certificates over closures. media
Arrange working groups for regular
requirements of
hillside terrace? maintenance.
Controlled grazing is a precondition
for hillside terraces.
 Multi-purpose forage trees growing
on terraces should not be
uprooted but cut and carried.
Stabilizing by putting additional
stones, planting multipurpose trees,
and replanting
Particularly risers need to be built/
repaired where it is necessary
New terraces should be protected at
their risers and outlets during the
first two years.
The riser should be planted with
grass as soon as possible, sod-
forming or rhizome type grasses
; Terraces also may need leveling
Tall grasses and forage require
frequent cutting and attention.
Cattle should not be allowed to
trample on the risers or eat the grass.
Run-off should not be allowed to
flow over the risers on reverse-
sloped terraces..

Major issues not to be forgotten

Community mobilization, group

formation and by-law development
and its effective implementation,
Creating strong linkage and to
support the physical structures with
biological measures,

[Solomon reaches in zekuala and gets out

of the car]

[He sees various fruits being sold in

the area]

[A little far from where Solomon is

standing, local youths seen loading
various fruits onto a truck]

[Solomon starts to go to his sister's house]

[When Solomon reaches home, he
found Guta leaving the house]

SOLOMON: Hello Guta

GUTA: Hello uncle [accepting

Solomon's bag]

SOLOMON: When I was coming, I was

calling Chaltu

but the network was in trouble

GUTA: The hillside terrace built on the

mountain needed maintenance, so they
went to the mountain with the residents
to do it, and I’m also met you when I was
going there.

SOLOMON: ok put the bag in the house

and let's go there

(Guta puts the bag he received from

Solomon into the house and they
start walking up the mountain)

(On arrival at the site, they saw

residents completed the maintenance )

SOLOMON: Hello, how are you?

(Residents together) Hello, Solomon

(Leta talking with residents, When he Video 13: white board

saw Solomon he walked up to him.) animation with Vyond
use
texts(Understanding
LETA: How are you, Solomon, Media parameters to be
determined in the
bench terrace design
and taking treatment,
SOLOMON: hello Leta Historical Terrace that
When I went to my sister's house, I heard will be registered at
that they had come here to renovate the UNESCO)
hillside terrace. Guta and I came here.

LETA: Yes, every *********** time we

come together with the residents and do
renovations

[In the middle of their talk, three residents

brought various fruits and honey with
plastic bag]

[One of the residents extended his hand in

greeting]

RESIDENT: Welcome Solomon

SOLOMON: [Shaking the man's hand]

well stay

THE MAN: Thanks to you and your

friends, the residents and I got rid of our
experience and laziness and cultivated the
mountain which was a threat to our area
during the rainy season. To thank you for
your favor, we have brought you and your
friends who came with you to taste the
fruits and honey that we have produced
on the hillside terrace.

[The people who were with them gave

Solomon the fruits and honey they had in
the plastic bag.]
SOLOMON; thanks on the behalf of my
friends

THE MAN; no problem, this is the result

of your work

[after Solomon tanks the residents, he

gives Guta what he had at the plastic bag
and goes to Chaltu’s house with Guta ,
Chaltu and Solomon]

. What are the lists of activities, time of

implementation and required resources
(input, labor, material) for hillside terrace
construction?

List of activity for hillside construction

Pre-implementation activities

Conduct discussion with KWMSC,

KL & CMs
Community mobilization and
organization
Site selection and
survey: Determine slope
Find out the depth of soil
Find out the proposed crops to
be grown accordio
Rainfall amount n
Taking slope sample against
technical standards
Providing tools/equipment
Completing the designing and
Layout processes

Construction activities

Foundation excavation
Stone collection
Construction and placing of stones
Cutting filling and land leveling
Maintenance activities for structural
measures
Repair breached parts of a bund
 Section 3

Layout and
marking e.g.: Introduction
procedures

By the end of this section, learner will be able

to:
Description:
Illustrate and apply layout procedures and mark
bench terrace

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

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elements:

(incl. Tile picture

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(h2)

Hewan: 6H9
What is it?

Yosef: 6Y22
Let us ask for hill land from the
kebele administrator and construct
the historical bench terrace by Chat
ourselves.
Hewan:6H10

No, we can't construct it.

Yosef: 6Y23
How are the We must try.
layout and
marking of
bench terrace
made?
Narrator: 6N20

Yosef convinced Hewan, and they

went to Kebele administrator and
requested the Hill land to construct Video14:
Bench terrace. Media animation with
Vyond
Kebele Administrator:
welcome Yosef and Hewan, For what
purpose do you need constructing
bench terrace?

Yosef:6Y24

We want to show the farmers how to

construct bench terraces to use for
ploughing purposes to satisfy food
security. And finally we want to
register the Bench Terrace at
UNESCO to be known world wide.

Kebele Administrator:
It is a great thought! But, instead of
using other hill land that are not
owned by farmers, it is better using
the hill part of the ploughing land
owned by them. So, it is better to
find volunteer farmers to work
together.
Chat
Yosef: 6Y25

Thank you very much. Let’s discuss

with Solomon to find volunteer
farmers.
Hewan: 6H21

Solomon would you find volunteer

farmers to build bench terrace
together with us on his hill part of
land.

DA Solomon:6S14
Good, we can ask Mr. Alemu.

Hewan: 6H11
Yes! We forgot Mr. Alemu! I hope he
will be happy to build with us.
Narrator:6N22
Yosef, Hewan and Solomon went to
Mr. Alemu and share their ideas.
And Mr. Alemu was very happy to Audio and image
FKC
build Bench terrace with them and of narrator
they started to layout and mark
steps.

Layout and marking steps

Layout or align the bench terraces
from the top of the slope to the
bottom. This ensures that the
terraces follow the natural contour
of the land and minimize soil
erosion.
Measure the average land slope of
the area that will be terraced. This
helps to determine the appropriate
width and height of the terraces, as
well as the spacing between them.

Mark the contour lines on the

ground using simple survey tools,
such as a water level or an A-frame.
The contour lines indicate the
horizontal lines along which the Step Graphics
terraces will be constructed.
Mark the terrace width on both sides
of the contour line, using a
measuring tape or a rope. The
terrace width should be proportional
to the land slope, with narrower
terraces for steeper slopes and wider
terraces for gentler slopes.

Examine and adjust the alignment of

the terraces, taking into account the
local conditions that may affect the
layout. For example, depressions,
sharp turns, field boundaries, and
other features may require some
modifications to the terrace design.

DA Solomon: 6S15
(Title) We must take into
account several factors, both
physical and human, before
implementation.
1. The physical factors that affect the
layout of bench terraces are the slope
of the land, the depth and texture of
the soil, the degree of erosion, the
presence of rocks or other obstacles,
the wetness or drainage of the site,
the vegetation cover and the current Narrative
land use. These factors determine the
suitability, feasibility and
effectiveness of bench terracing for a Use the image Image of DA
given site. of DA Solomon
Solomon and
2. The layout and design of bench add the
terraces also include specifications explanation in
of the dimensions, locations and two parts
types of terraces and slopes. The
width, height and length of the
terraces depend on the slope
gradient, soil depth and erosion
potential. The location and
orientation of the terraces depend on
the contour lines, water sources and
access roads. The type of terrace can
be either level or sloping, depending
on the rainfall, runoff and drainage
conditions.

Narrator: 6N23
Solomon told them the human
factors also plays a role in the layout
of bench terraces. These include the
farmer's plans and resources, such as
the crops to be grown, the inputs to
be used and the expected benefits
from terracing. The labour
conditions, such as the availability,
cost and skill of workers, also affect FKC Image of narrator
the layout and construction of bench and audio
terraces. Moreover, the tools and
equipment to be used, such as
surveying instruments, digging tools
and levelling devices, must be
considered in the layout and design
of bench terraces. Then, Solomon
showed them the procedures of
Setting the base-line of the terrace.

Setting the base-line of the terrace

Establish and mark the centre-line of

the terrace along a representative
slope. This line will be the reference
for the rest of the terraces

Measure or survey graded level or

graded according to the type of
terrace to be built. For example, level
terraces are suitable for irrigated
crops, while graded terraces are used
for rain-fed crops or drainage
purposes.

After staking out all the contour

lines or graded lines along the Accordion and
centre- line, add two more lines on Graphics
either
side of the centre-line. These lines
should be spaced according to the
desired width of the terrace.
These lines serve as the bottom line
of the upper terrace and the top
line of the lower terrace. They
indicate where to cut and fill soil to
create the platforms and
embankments.

Repeat this process until the whole

area is covered with stakes and
lines. This method is recommended
for hand-made terraces where the
centre-line should be preserved as a
non-cut and non-fill line.

Label each contour line of stakes

with a different colour ribbon or
paint to avoid confusion during
construction. For example, use red
for centre-lines, yellow for side lines,
green for drainage lines, etc.

Narrator: 6N24
Video 15:
After clearly understanding, they animation of
setted the baseline of the terrace on Media setting baseline
Mr. Alemu’s hill part of land, and of terrace with
they are ready to construct bench Vyond
terrace.
 Section 4

Constructio
n
procedures e.g.: Introduction
of bench
terrace

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Description:
Illustrate and apply construction procedures of bench
terrace

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

Media
elements:

(incl. Tile picture

alternative
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Narrator: 6N25
Mr. Alemu, His Son, Yosef and
Hewan started constructing the
Bench terrace with the guidance of
Solomon.
DA Solomon: 6S16

The cut and fill of the terraces

should be done gradually at an equal
pace, and the terrace must be built
when the soil have nearly a moist.
 Narrator: 6N26
Mr Alemu and His Son began
construction with the upper most Video 16:
terraces and with the 2 meter Animation of
segment nearest the drainage side Constructing
and the topsoil was pulled over to bench terrace. Or
How is bench
terrace
one side of the section. Media use images of the
constructed? steps of
constructing bench
The way Yosef and Hewan held the terrace on the
cutting material was funny. But content.
they tried helping Mr. Alemu.

DA Solomon: 6S17

Now we formed a well compacted

section of the terrace and next we re-
distributed the topsoil over the some
2 meter terrace section, and we
progressively work sideways along
the uppermost terrace. We will Work
progressively down slope, and we
will begin at the drainage side of
each terrace and progresses
sideways.

Now let me show you another

method of building bench terrace
from the bottom of the hill upwards.

Start building the terrace from the top of a hill

and precede downslope.

1. Terrace construction begins with the upper

most terraces and with the 2 meter segment
nearest the drainage side. The topsoil is
pulled over to one side of the section.

1. A well compacted section of the terrace is

formed
 1. The top soil then re distributed over the some
2 meter terrace section

Method 1

1. Work progresses sideways along the upper

most terrace

1. Work progresses downslope, work begins at

the drainage side of each terrace and
progresses sideways

1. Grass is planted on terrace risers

Step 1: The lowermost terrace is

formed first and compacted
thoroughly
 Step 2: The topsoil from the area of
the next higher terrace is removed
and distributed evenly over the lower
terraces

Step 3:The second terrace is formed

and compacted , then covered with
top soil from the area of the third
terrace

Step 4: Work progresses up slope

Method 2 each newly formed and compacted Step graphics
terrace is covered with topsoil taken
from the slope immediately above,
grass is planted along the risers of all
terraces.

Tie cord or rope around the stakes to

mark each constructed terrace in
sequence.
Preservation of fertile topsoil during
the excavation.

The initial cut made immediately

below the top stakes while the fill
work started against the bottom
stakes.

Ensure the correct grade is attained

without overcutting.

Rocks or clods of earth can be

placed along the bottom line of the
stakes to serve as a foundation before
filling.

The filling operation, the soil should

be compacted firmly by a beater
every 15 cm.

Step 1: Collect adequate stone/

prepare brushwood, grass seed or
seedling to get support for the riser
from below,

Step 2: Find the midline between the

two contour lines (the upper and the
lower),

Step 3: Once you decide the width

and determine the vertical interval
(height of riser), scratch middle line
between pegs along the contour to
demark the working line. The area
between the middle line and the
lower line is considered to be your
working area.

Step 4: Dig the foundation and

start to construct the riser along the
contour.
 Step 5: Forming the bench terrace:
Cutting/filling and levelling

a) X is halfway between point A

and B

b) Remove the topsoil and putting it

to one side

c) Digging up the subsoil cover

the terrace

Construction - Dig the subsoil on the cut section

steps for both and fill on the fill section with
methods raising the riser, until it makes level

- The edge of a terrace should be

built a little higher than planned
because of settling;

Step 7: Finally spread the top soil all

across the terrace

Step 8: The edge of a terrace should

be built a little higher than planned
because of settling; Both the reverse
and horizontal grades should be
checked by a level during
construction work;

Step 9: A small canal is excavated at

the base of the terrace, to carry off
excess rain water during heavy rains
and saves the terrace below from
being washed away,

Step 10: Care must be taken to

integrate the drainage of the bench
terrace into the overall drainage
system of the farm,
Make sure all the terrace outlets are
higher than the waterway bottom if
it is graded terrace

Step 11: The slope of the riser should

be shaped to 0.75:1

Step 12: Stabilizes the riser with

grasses

Narrator:6N27
After constructing bench terraces
Mr. Alemu, His Son, Hewan and
Yosef planted grasses on the Bench
terraces. Fortunately NRM experts
came from woreda to visit what is
done in the Biskilo Wererso
kebele. They were highly surprised
when they saw the constructed
bench terrace and Hewan and
Yosef.
Hewan and Yosef totally looked like
farmers.

One NRM expert:

I am surprised with your work. You
have done it absolutely in the best
and correct way. We must recognise
you. And would you share your work
with others please.
Hewan:6H12

I want to say thank you to Mr.

Alemu, you take all the recognitions.
And We are happy to share our work
with others.

Yosef: 6Y26
We wanted to see Mr. Alemu and his
son with enough ploughing land and Video 17:
secured food. And finally we wanted animation with
Media
to register this historical terrace at Vyond
UNESCO.
NRM Expert:
Great, we are ready to help you to
process it. And tomorrow please let’s
have a recognition and experience
sharing ceremony.
Narrator: 6N28

On the next day the NRM experts

prepared a recognition and
experience sharing ceremony, and all
the Kebele’s people joined it. Mr.
Alemu, his son, Yosef, Hewan and
DA Solomon were highly recognized
and rewarded. After the recognition
ceremony A man came and knelt
down to Yosef.
Yosef: 6Y27

What are you doing? Who are you?

A man:
I am Behailu’s brother. My brother
is still in prison. Now we understand
your great work. Please help me to
release my brother from prison. I
promise you we will take the
responsibility of maintenance and
management of the bench terrace
you have built.
Yosef: 6Y28
Really? Good! we will discuss with
the Kebele administrator and your
brother will be released.
 Section 5

Maintenanc
e and
managemen
t e.g.: Introduction
requirement
s of bench
terrace

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Description:
Recall and apply management and maintenance
requirements

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

Media
elements:

(incl. Tile picture

alternative
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ng | Subtopic explanation
(h2)

Narrator:6N29
On the next day, Yosef discussed
with the Kebele Administrator to
What are the release Behailu from prison. And
maintenance Behailu was released and he was
and
amazed when he saw that Yosef, Audio and image
management FKC
requirements Hewan, Mr. Alemu And his son had of narrator
of bench done. Then Behailu with his brother
terrace? took the responsibility of
Maintenance and management of
the constructed bench terrace.
DA Solomon: 6S18
Behailu, I am very happy that I
witness your change, so, I will show
Narrative
the Maintenance and management
requirements of the bench terrace.

Maintenance and management of

bench terrace
· The shoulder bund should be
planted with permanent vegetation
· Ploughing of the toe of the bund
should be avoided.

· The riser should be stabilized and

protected by establishing deep rooted
and soil binding and spreading type
of grasses.

· Particularly risers need to be built/

repaired where it is necessary

· Tall grasses and forage

require frequent cutting and
attention.
· The rhizome-type of local grass has
proved very successful in protecting
Stack list
risers.
and graphics

(for the
stack list Use
the first
header start
and the rest
continue)
· Stones can be used to protect and
support the risers.
· Bench terraces require regular care
and maintenance when damaged;
· Maintenance work that should be
carried out after heavy storms and
cropping, in the first two to three
years period:

· Any small break or fall from the

riser must be repaired
immediately.

· Cattle should not be allowed to

trample on the risers or eat the grass.

· Run-off should not be allowed to

flow over the risers on reverse-
sloped terraces.
DA Solomon:6S19
The common mistakes and Major
issues not to be forgotten are two FKC Audio and image
additional basic things to be
considered in the Maintenance and
management of bench terrace.

Major issues not to be forgotten

1 Community mobilization, group
formation and by-law development
and its effective implementation,

2 Creating strong linkage and to

support the physical structures with Accordion
biological measures,
3 Creating strong linkage of the
rehabilitated areas with different
IGAs to improve the livelihoods
of the local community

Some common mistakes

1 Forgetting the removal of the 10cm

top soil from the proposed working
areas,
2 Forgetting to evenly distribute the
top soil on the levelled areas
3 Forgetting to plant different grass Stack list
species on the wall of the riser and
particularly vetiver grass on the top
of the lip,

4 Forgetting constantly to prune the

legume hedgerows and vetver grass
on the top of the riser to generate
green manure or animal feeds

Narrator 6N30

Behailu and his brother clearly Whiteboard:

understand the Maintenance and animation with
Vyond use texts
management requirements of the (clearly understand
bench terrace and they started the Maintenance
implementing it. And they were and management,
Started
interested in constructing bench Media implementing,
terrace for themselves. interested in
constructing bench
terrace for
themselves)

Behailu:

We are very interested in

constructing this kind of bench
terrace for ourselves. Would Chat
you show us all the process
please?

DA Solomon: 6S20

I am excited to show you.

Narrator: 6N31

DA Solomon showed them all the

processes of bench terrace
constructing. Then Behailu and his
brother started constructing bench
terrace, and all the villagers followed
them. After 2 years of constructing
the historical terrace, Mr. Alemu, His
Son and all the villagers started
producing crops on the constructed
bench terraces. They produce enough
crops for their food consumption Media
and the market. The historical bench
terrace solved the food insecurity
challenge and brought historical food
security. After 3 years of processing
The Beskilo Wereriso Historical
Bench terrace is registered at
UNESCO. Beskilo Wereriso Village,
Hewan and Yosef are well known all
over the world. Thank you very
much for your attention. Now let us
show you the funny and interesting
Behind the Scenes part.
 Section 6

Develop an
action plan
for bench
e.g.: Introduction
terrace
(Behind the
Scene)

By the end of this section, learner will be able to:

Description: Recall the lists of activities, time of implementation,
and required resources (input, labour, material) for
bench terrace construction

Button text: e.g.: Start module, Learn more etc.

Media
elements:

(incl. Tile picture

alternative
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ng | Subtopic explanation
(h2)

Narrator: 6N32
To effectively construct the bench
terrace DA Solomon, Hewan, Yosef
Mr. Alemu with other constructing
team prepared action plan. They
listed activities to develop action
plan in Pre-implementation,
Construction

and Maintenance and management

activities.
 In Pre-implementation activities they
Conducted discussion with
KWMSC, KL & CMs, they
mobilized the Community and they
selected and surveyed the site. Next, Media and
they constructed the bench terrace List
How is the starting from Founded the
action plan for excavation up to Cut filling and land Whiteboard:
the bench animation with
levelling. Then they maintained and Media at the
terrace Vyond
developed? managed the bench terrace in each left side and
time, and They moved by the action List at right
plan of activities, time side
implementation and resource
requirement. This much energy is
applied to

to be food secured and registered at

UNESCO.

For list
List of activity for bench terrace
construction: for action plan
development
Pre-implementation activities

Construction activities

Maintenance and management

activities

Pre-implementation activities

Conduct discussion with KWMSC, KL &

CMs: This activity involves meeting with the
key stakeholders. The purpose of this
discussion is to inform them about the
objectives, benefits, and requirements of
bench terracing, and to solicit their feedback,
support, and participation.

Community mobilization and organization:

This activity involves engaging the local
community in the planning and Step Graphics
implementation of bench terracing. This
includes forming a community-based
organization (CBO) that will oversee and
manage the project, identifying and training
local leaders and volunteers, and raising
awareness and
interest among the potential
beneficiaries.

Site selection and survey: This activity

involves choosing a suitable location for
bench terracing based on various criteria

Site selection and Survey based on

various criteria:

Slope: The slope of the land should

be between 15% to 50%.The slopes
can be measured using a clinometer
or a simple A-frame device.
Soil depth: The soil depth should
be at least 30 cm to provide enough
rooting space for crops. The soil
depth can be determined by digging
a soil pit or using a soil auger.

Proposed crops: The proposed crops

should be compatible with the
climatic and soil conditions of the
site, and should have a high
economic value and market demand.
Some examples of crops that can be
grown on bench terraces are rice,
corn, vegetables, fruits, coffee, and
cacao.
Rainfall amount: The rainfall
amount should be sufficient to
provide adequate moisture for crop
growth, but not too excessive to
cause soil erosion and flooding. The
rainfall amount can be estimated by
using a rain gauge or consulting
historical data from nearby weather
stations.

Taking slope sample against technical

standards: This activity involves Accordion
comparing the slope of the selected
site with the technical standards for
bench terracing. The technical
standards specify the dimensions,
spacing, and alignment of the bench
terraces based on the slope. For
example, for a slope of 15%, the
recommended width of the bench
terrace is 4 m, the height of the riser
is 0.5 m, and the horizontal distance
between two risers is 5 m.
Providing tools/equipment: This
activity involves procuring and
distributing the necessary tools and
equipment for bench terrace
construction. Some of the tools and
equipment needed are spades, hoes,
pickaxes, shovels, rakes, measuring
tapes, stakes, ropes, levels,
wheelbarrows, etc.

Completing the designing and layout

processes: This activity involves
finalizing the design and layout of
the bench terraces based on the site
survey and technical standards. This
includes marking the boundaries of
the project area, dividing it into plots
or blocks, determining the number
and location of bench terraces
within each plot or block, and
marking the center line and contour
lines of each bench terrace using
stakes and ropes.

Construction activities
Foundation excavation: This involves
digging a trench along the contour
line of the slope, where the base of
the terrace wall will be built. The
trench should be deep enough to
reach the stable soil layer, and wide
enough to accommodate the stones
or other materials used for the wall.

Stone collection: This involves

gathering stones of various sizes and
shapes from nearby sources, such as
rivers, quarries, or fields. The stones
should be sorted according to their
suitability for different parts of the
wall, such as the foundation, the
face, or the coping.

Construction and placing of stones:

This involves laying the stones in the Accordion
trench to form the base of the wall,
and then building the wall up to the
desired height. The stones should be
placed tightly together, with smaller
stones filling the gaps between larger
ones. The wall should be slightly
inclined towards the slope, to prevent
it from collapsing outward.

Cutting filling and land levelling: This

involves removing soil from the
upper part of the slope and filling it
in the lower part, to create a level
surface behind the wall. The soil
should be compacted and smoothed,
and any excess soil should be
disposed of properly. The terrace
should have a gentle slope towards a
drainage channel, to avoid water
logging.

Maintenance and management

activities

Bench terracing requires proper

maintenance and management
activities to ensure its effectiveness
and sustainability. Some of the key
activities are:

Repairing any damage to the terrace

walls or risers caused by rainfall,
runoff, pests or human activities.
This may involve adding or replacing
stones, soil or vegetation to reinforce
the structure and prevent collapse.

Controlling weeds and pests on the

terrace surfaces and edges. This may
involve manual weeding, mulching,
intercropping, biological control or
judicious use of pesticides.
Stack List
Applying organic or inorganic
fertilizers to the terrace surfaces to
replenish soil nutrients and improve
soil fertility. This may involve
composting, manuring, green
manuring or chemical fertilization.

Irrigating the terrace surfaces to

provide adequate water for crop
growth and prevent water stress. This
may involve using drip irrigation,
sprinkler irrigation, furrow irrigation
or rainwater harvesting systems.
Harvesting and storing the crops from
the terrace surfaces in a timely and
efficient manner. This may involve
using appropriate tools, equipment,
methods and facilities to minimize
post-harvest losses and maximize
quality and quantity.

List of activities, time implementation

and resource requirement Accordion
 Quiz

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