STUDY MATERIAL FOR
QUICK REVISION
CLASS: X SUB: BIOLOGY
Chapter: CONTROL AND COORDINATION
INTRODUCTION[NERVOUS SYSTEM]
Controlled movement:
Movement of the arms and legs are controlled by
nervous system
Stimulus: Something that causes a reaction in an
organ or cell
Response: something constituting a reply or a
reaction.
Receptors: All the information from our
environment is detected by the specialized tips of
some nerve cell.
Receptors are located in our sense organs.
Eg. Gustatory Receptor (will detect taste)
Olfactory Receptor (will detect smell)
Synapse: The functional junction between two
neurons.
Neurotransmitters, also known as chemical
messengers, are endogenous chemicals that
enable neurotransmission. Eg. Acetylcholine
Reflex action
 A reflex action, is an involuntary and
nearly instantaneous movement in
response to a stimulus.
 A reflex is made possible by neural
pathways called reflex arcs
Eg. Touching a hot object
 The midbrain connects the forebrain to
the hindbrain and controls the reflexes
Human brain
Types of Nervous System:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS):
It includes the brain and the spinal cord.
It receives information from the body and sends
out instructions to particular organs.
 The forebrain is the main thinking part
of the brain.
 It consists of the cerebrum and
diencephalon.
 The cerebrum is the seat of memory and
intelligence, and of sensory centres like
hearing, smell and sight.
 The diencephalon is the seat for
pressure and pain.
for sight and hearing.
 The hindbrain consists of the
cerebellum, pons and medulla.
 The cerebellum coordinates muscular
activities and maintains balance and
posture.
 The medulla controls involuntary
activities like blood pressure and beating
of the heart.
 Pons act as respiratory centre.
 The spinal cord extends from the medulla
of the brain through the whole length of
the vertebral column and is protected by
the vertebral column or backbone
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
It consists of the cranial and spinal
nerves.
The peripheral nervous system is divided
into autonomic nervous system and
somatic nervous system.
How is the brain tissues protected?
1. Cranium/Bony outer covering: skull for
the brain and vertebral column for spinal
cord
2. Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) present in
between the brain membranes.
COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Only chemical coordination is seen in plants
Trophic movement: the movement of plants in
the direction of stimulus (positive) or away from
it (negative).
Types of plant movements
1. Dependent on growth
2. Independent on growth
Movement due to growth
 Some plants like the pea plant climb up
other plants or fences by means of
tendrils.
 These tendrils are sensitive to touch
 This causes the tendril to circle around
the object and thus cling to it because of
the action of auxin.
  More commonly, plants respond to
stimuli slowly by growing in a particular
direction
 Because this growth is directional, it
appears as if the plant is moving
Phototrophism
 Phototropism is seen in shoots which
respond by bending towards light
because of auxin.
Geotrophism is the influence of gravity on plant
growth or movement.
Eg. Upward growth of plant parts, against
gravity, is called negative geotropism, and
downward growth of roots is called positive
geotropism.
Hydrotropism is a growth response in which the
direction is determined by the stimuli of water.
Chemotropism is a growth movement of a plant
part in response to chemical stimulus. e.g.
Growth of pollen tubes towards ovules.
Cell communication/signal is achieved by plant
hormones called phytohormones.
Phytohormones are chemicals naturally
produced in particular cells of a plant and
influence plant growth and development
Functions
Helps to co-ordinate growth, development and
responses to the environment
Acing of hormones will diffuse to the area of
action
Plant hormones/phytohormones
Growth promoters : Auxin, Gibberellins,
cytokinins
1. Auxin: Auxin diffuses towards the shady
side of the shoot and mainly involved in
the shoot tip division
2. Gibberellins: helps in the growth of the
stem
3. Cytokinins: promotes rapid cell division
ion fruits and seeds
Growth inhibitors: Ethylene, Abscisic acid
(ABA)/plant Stress hormone
4. Abscisic acid (ABA): inhibit growth and
wilting of leaves
5. Ethylene: causes ripening and maturation
of fruits
HORMONES IN ANIMALS
Define hormone.
A chemical substance produced in the body that
controls and regulates the activity of certain cells
or organs.
Characteristics of a hormone
-are chemical messenger secreted by endocrine
glands
-are secreted in small amount.
Hypothalamus is the neuro-endocrine part of the
brain. It links the nervous system and the
endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland/master gland
Location: base of the brain
Hormone secretion: Growth Hormone, TSH, FSH
Functions: deficiency of GH leads to dwarfism,
while excessive secretion leads to gigantism.
Thyroid gland
Location: neck
Hormone secretion: Thyroxine (Iodine is essential
for its synthesis)
Functions: Regulates the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Less secretion
leads to Goitre. So we are advised to take iodised
salt.
Adrenal gland/Suprarenal gland
Location: above the kidney
Hormone secretion:
adrenaline//emergency/flight/fight hormone
Functions: The targeted organ is heart and
increase faster heart beats. It prepares the body to
face an emergency condition of physical stress,
like anger, danger or excitement.
Pancreas /mixed gland
Produces hormone insulin & Glucagon
(endocrine function) & produces digestive
enzymes/Pancreatic juice (exocrine function)
Location: just below the stomach
Hormone secretion: Insulin and Glucagon
Functions: controls blood sugar level
Testis
Produces hormone testosterone & produces male
gamete.
Ovary
Produces hormone oestrogen & produces female
gamete
Hormone feedback mechanism
The timing and amount of hormone
released are regulated by feedback
mechanism.
For example, if sugar levels in blood rise,
they are detected by the cells of the
pancreas which respond by producing
more insulin. As the blood sugar level
falls, insulin secretion is reduced.