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WHAT IS A PLAN? What is Planning?

LAW ENFORCEMENT
OPERATIONS AND Planning is a management function concerned with
visualizing future situations, making estimates concerning
A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical
PLANNING W/CRIME activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger points,
analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for
accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or way
MAPPING of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan provides reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule,
estimating the necessary funds and resources to do the work,
answer to 5W’s and 1 H.
and initiating action in time to prepare what may be needed to
ALEXIS R. ALCANTARA, RCrim cope with the changing conditions and contingent events.
CSP, CUMLAUDE
FOR BLEC 2024

Planning is also the process of preparing for change and coping
with uncertainty formulating future causes of action; the process
of determining the problem of the organization and coming
up with proposed resolutions and finding best solutions.
The process of combining all aspects of the department and the
realistic anticipation of future problems, the analysis of
strategy and the correlation of strategy to detail.
The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or
objective.
WHAT IS POLICE PLANNING?
Police Planning is an attempt by police administrators in
trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
service demands.
It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and
events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting
law enforcement management.
What is Operational Planning?
Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or
pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on
chance in an operational environment.
It is the preparation and development of procedures and
techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks
and functions of an organization.

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What is Police Operational Planning?
Police Operational Planning is the act of determining
policies and guidelines for police activities and operations
and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
operations in the department.
It may also be the process of formulating coordinated
sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources
to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of
the mandated objectives or goals.
Selling the plan - A plan to be effectively carried out must be
accepted be persons concerned at the appropriate level of the
plans development.
Arranging for Executions of the Plan - The execution of a
plan requires the issuance of orders and directives to unit
personnel concerned the establishment of a schedule, and the
provisions of manpower and equipment for carrying out the plans.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the plan - The results of the
plan shall be determined, this necessary in order to know
whether a correct alternative was chosen, whether the plan
was correct, which phase was poorly implemented, whether
additional planning may be necessary
STEPS IN POLICE OPERATIONAL
PLANNING
Frame of Reference - careful selection on the matters
relating to the situation for which plans are being develop,
and opinions of ideas of persons who may speak with
authority on the subject concerned.
Clarifying the problems - identification of the problem
understanding both its record and its possible solutions.
Collection all Pertinent Facts - Both attempts shall be
made to develop a plan until facts relating to it have been
gathered.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic Planning
Is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in
turn guides subsequent decisions that generate the nature and
direction of an organization. This is usually long ranged in
nature.
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Analyzing the facts - a careful analysis and evaluation
shall be made.
Developing alternative Plans - In the initial phases of plan
development, several alternative measures will appear to
be logically comparable to the needs of a situation.
Selecting the most appropriate Alternative - A careful
consideration of all facts usually leads to the selection of a
“best” of alternative proposal.
What is the Strategic Planning
process?
TASK 1 - Develop Mission and Objectives
TASK 2 - Diagnose Environmental Threats and Opportunities
TASK 3 - Assess Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses
TASK 4 - Generate Alternative Strategies
TASK 5 - Develop Strategic Plan
TASK 6 - Develop Tactical Plan
TASK 7 - Assess Results of Strategic And Tactical Plan
TASK 8 - Repeat Planning Process
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What are the Objectives of Police What are the characteristics of a good What are the guidelines in Planning?
Planning? police plan? The five (5) W’s and one (1) H
• To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so • With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.
much on the objectives. What to do – mission/objective
• Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
• To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better Why to do – reason/philosophy
decisions. • Flexibility
• Possibility of Attainment When to do – date/time
• To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal
of the organization. • Must provide Standards of Operation Where to do – place
• To orient people to action instead of reaction. • Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation Who will do – people involve
• To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management. How to do – strategy
• To provide decision making with flexibility.
• To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual
performance.

What are the approaches in Police Steps in Synoptic Planning

What is Synoptic Planning?
Planning?
There are basically five major approaches to planning which are: Synoptic planning or the rational comprehensive approach
Is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also the point of
Synoptic Approach departure for most other planning approaches.
Incremental Approach This model is based on a problem-oriented approach to
planning especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies
Transactive Approach heavily on the problem identification and analysis of the planning
Advocacy Approach process. It can assist police administrators in formulating goals
and priorities in terms that are focused on specific problems and
Radical Approach
solutions that often confront law enforcement.
Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should be detailed in a
work chart that specifies (a) what events and actions are necessary,
(b) when they must take place, (c) who is to be involved in each action
and for how long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with
one another.
Describe the present situation - Planning must have a mean for
evaluation. Without an accurate beginning database there is no
reference point on which to formulate success or failure.
Develop projections and consider alternative future states -
Projections should be written with an attempt to link the current
situation with the future, keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is
important for the police executive to project the current situations into
the future to determine possible, probable and desirable future states
while considering the social, legislative, and political trends existing in
the community.

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Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the problems
assumes that a system to monitor and evaluate the current arena is
already on place. Closely related to the detection and identification of
issues is the ability of the police to define the nature of the problem,
that is to able to describe the magnitude, cause, duration, and the
expense of the issues at hand. A complete understanding of the
problem leads to the development of the means to deal with the
issues.
Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the most important
aspects of planning. It makes no sense to establish a goal that does
not address a specific problem. Remembering that the police
departments are problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives
should adhere to the synoptic model.
Identify alternative course of action – As stated earlier, alternatives
are means by which goals and objectives can be attained. These are
options or possible things to be done in case the main or original plan
is not applicable.
What is Incremental Planning?
Incrementalism concludes that long range and
comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but
inherently bad.
The problems are seen as too difficult when they are
grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken
one at a time and broken down into gradual adjustments
over time.
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Plan and carryout implementation - The police administrator
must be aware that the implementation requires a great deal of
tact and skill. It maybe more important how an alternative is
introduced to a police department than what actually is. Summation of the synoptic planning approach – This can be
done by making a summary of the presentation, could be tabular
or other forms of presentation.
Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires comparing
what actually happened with what was planned for- and this may
not be a simple undertaking. Feedback must be obtained Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the process of
concerning the results of the planning cycle, the efficiency of the planning enables the planner to thresh out possible flaws in the
implementation process, and the effectiveness of new plan.
procedures, projects or programs. This is an important step of
synoptic planning, trying to figure out what, if anything happened
as a result of implementing a selected alternative.
What is Transactive Planning? What is Advocacy Planning?
Transactive planning is carried out in face-to-face Beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater
interaction with the people who are to be affected by the plan sensitivity to the unintended and negative side effects of
and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. plans.
Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue
marked by a process of mutual learning.
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What is Radical Planning?
The first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve
concrete results in the immediate future.
The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social
processes and how they permeate the character of social and
economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine the
structure and evolution of social problems
PRINCIPLES ORGANIZATION
Organizations are either formal or informal. Formal organizations are highly
structured while informal organizations are those without structures.
Every formal organization whether small or large are governed by the
following principles:
Principle of Unity of Objectives - an organization is effective if it enables the
individuals to contribute to the organization’s objectives.
Principle of Organizational Efficiency – organization structure is effective if it is
structured in such a way to aid the accomplishment of the organization’s
objectives with a minimum cost.
CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING
PRIMARY DOCTRINES
Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic principles in
planning, organization and management of the PNP in support of the
overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic action
plan of the attainment of the national objectives.
Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and rules governing
the planning, organization and direction and employment of the PNP
forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational
mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention
and suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for specialized
activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as personnel,
intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.
Scalar Principle – shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an
unbroken chain of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority. The
scalar principles are:
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command - This principle of organization suggests
that communications should ordinarily go upward through established channels in
the hierarchy. Diverting orders, directives, or reports around a level of command
usually has disastrous effects on efficiency of the organization.
b. The Span of Control of a supervisor over personnel or units shall not mean more
than what he can effectively direct and coordinate. In span of control, levels of
authority shall be kept to a minimum.
c. The Delegation of authority shall carry with it a commensurate authority and the
person to whom the authority is delegated shall be held accountable therefore. It
implies that delegation must carry with it appropriate responsibility.
d. The Unity of Command - explains that subordinates should only be under the
control of one superior.
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SECONDARY DOCTRINES
Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated jointly by two or
more bureaus in order to effect a certain operation with
regard to public safety and peace and order. These essentially
involve the participation of the other bureaus of the Bureau of
Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC),
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law enforcement
agencies.
Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental principles
governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical
norm of the PNP.
Functional Principle – refers to division of work according to type, place, time and
specialization.
Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a workable
pattern. The line organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives
while the staff is responsible for support, advisory or facilitative capacity.
Principle of Balance – states that the application of principles must be balanced to
ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s objectives.
Principle of Delegation by Results – states that authority delegated should be
adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish expected results.
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Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility – explains that the
responsibility of the subordinates to their superior for performance is absolute and the
superior cannot escape responsibility for the organization on activities performed by their
subordinates.
Principle of Parity and Responsibility – explains that responsibility for action
cannot be greater than that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be less.
Authority Level Principle – implies that decisions within the authority of the
individual commander should be made by them and not be returned upward in the
organizational structure.
Principle of Flexibility – means that the more flexible the organization, the more it
can fulfill its purpose.
ACCORDING TO COVERAGE
Police Plans could be Local Plans (within police precincts,
sub-stations, and stations), Regional Plans, and National Plans.
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THE FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF THE POLICE
ORGANIZATIONS
Authority – The right to exercise, to decide, and to command by
virtue of rank and position.
Doctrine – It provides for the organizations objectives. It provides
the various actions. Hence, policies, procedures, rules and CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE PLAN
regulations of the organization are based on the statement of
doctrines.
Cooperation or Coordination
Discipline – It is imposed by command or self-restraint to
insure supportive behavior.
ACCORDING TO TIME Intermediate or Medium Range Planning – It relates to plans, which
determine quantity and quality efforts and accomplishments. It
refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that
Strategic or Long Range Plan – It relates to plans which are can make or provide with allocated resources.
strategic or long range in application, and it determine the
organization’s original goals and strategy. Example: 6 Masters Plans:
Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan)
Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal Security Operations Master
Plan)
Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda, and GLORIA
(These are discussed on the latter part of this Chapter) Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)
Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations Master Plan)
Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master Plan)
Sangyaman (protection and Preservation of Environment, Cultural
Properties, and Natural Resources Master Plan)
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Operational or Short Range Planning - Refers to the
production of plans, which determine the schedule of special
activity and are applicable from one week or less than year
duration. Plan that addresses immediate need which are
specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available
allocated resources.
Examples of OPLANS
Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against
terrorist attacks
Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
(CIDG) Strategic Plan against Organized Crime Groups
Operational Plans (OPLANS) are designed to meet the specific
tasks required to implement strategic plans. There are four types of
operational plan:
1. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding to
organizational problems.
The organizational vision and values, strategic statement,
policies, procedures, and rules and regulations are examples of
standing plans. Standing plans also include guidelines for responding
to different types of incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage
situation, crime in progress, and felony car stops.
2. Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the
major functional units in the organization, such as patrol and
investigations. It also includes the design of the structure, how different
functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how
resources are to be allocated.
TYPES OF PLANS IN GENERAL
Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular
problem may occur for which the department has no plan and
must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful
preparation.
Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems.
Although not all police problems are predictable, many are, and it
is possible for a police department to prepare a response in
advance.
3. Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans
are essentially the measures or comparisons to be used to assess
police activities and behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes). If one
of the goals of the police department is to reduce the crime rate, any
change that occurs can be compared to past crime rates in the same
community or crime in other communities, a state, or the nation. If the
crime rates were reduced while holding or reducing costs, it
would reflect an improvement not only in effectiveness but also in
departmental productivity.
4. Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific purpose and
conclude when an objective is accomplished or a problem is
solved. Specific police programs or projects such as drug crackdown,
crime prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up campaign are
good examples of time-specific plans.
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Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role
of the police in the community and a future condition or
state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also
include a statement of values to be used to guide the decision
making process in the department.
Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall
goals of the organization. Such plans allow the department to
adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or
model of policing (e.g. community policing). One of the most
important aspects of strategic planning is to focus on external
environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the
department and how they will be achieved. Important
environmental factors include personnel needs, population
trends, technological innovations, business trends and demand,
crime problems, and community attitudes.
KINDS OF POLICE PLANS
Policy and Procedural Plans – to properly achieve the administrative
planning responsibility within in the unit, the Commander shall develop
unit plans relating to policies or procedure, tactics, operations,
extra-office activities and management.
Further, STANDARD-OPERATING PROCEDURES shall be planned
to guide members in routine and field operations and in some special
operations in accordance with the following procedures:
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Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be
outlined as a guide to officers and men in the field. Examples of these procedures
are those related to reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious
persons, receiving complaints, touring beats, and investigation of crimes. The use
of physical force and clubs, restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in
dealing with groups or individuals, shall also be outlined.
Headquarters Procedures – Included in these procedures are the duties of the
dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other personnel concerned which may be reflected
in the duty manual. Procedures that involve coordinated action on activity of several
offices, however, shall be established separately as in the case of using telephone for
local or long distance calls, the radio teletype, and other similar devices.
Special Operation Procedures – Certain special operations also necessitate the
preparation of procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the special unit
charged with the searching and preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes
and accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination of information about wanted
persons, inspection of the PNP headquarters, and the like.
OPERATIONAL PLANS
1. REGULAR OPERATING PROGRAMS – These operating
divisions/units shall have specific plans to meet current needs. The
manpower shall be distributed throughout the hours of operation
and throughout the area of jurisdiction in proportion to need.
Assignments schedules shall be prepared that integrate such
factors as relief days, lunch periods, hours, nature, and location
of regular work. Plans shall assure suitable supervision, which
become difficult when the regular assignment is integrated to deal with
this short time periodic needs.
2. MEETING UNUSUAL NEEDS – The unusual need may arise in
any field of police activity and is nearly always met in the detective,
vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary readjustment of regular
assignment.
Tactical Plans – These are the procedures for coping with
specific situations at known locations. Included in this
category are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings
with alarm systems and an attack against the PNP
headquarters by lawless elements. Plans shall be likewise be
made for blockade and jail emergencies and for special
community events, such as longer public meetings, athletic
contests, parades, religious activities, carnivals, strikes,
demonstrations, and other street affairs.
Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the participation of
individual citizen is so vital to the success of the PNP
programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate,
promote, and maintain an active public concern in its affairs.
These are plans made to organize the community to assist in
the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control,
organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. The
organizations may be called safety councils for crime
commissions and community councils for the delinquency
prevention. They shall assist in coordinating community effort, in
promoting public support, and in combating organized crime.
Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall also be
prepared or used in case of emergency or war in coordination
with the office of the Civil Defense.
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Operational Plans – These are plans for the operations of
special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic, fire and
juvenile control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared
to accomplish each of the primary police tasks. For example,
patrol activities must be planned, the force must be distributed
among the shifts and territorially among beats, in proportion to
the needs of the service, and special details must be planned to
meet unexpected needs. Likewise in the crime prevention and in
traffic, juvenile and vice control, campaigns must be planned and
assignments made to assure the accomplishment of the police
purpose in meeting both average and regular needs. Each
division or unit has primary responsibility to plan operations in its
field and also to execute the plans, either by its own personnel or,
as staff agency, by utilizing members of the other divisions.
Management Plans – Plans of management shall map out in
advance all operations involved in the organization
management of personnel and material and in the
procurement and disbursement of money, such as the
following:
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MANAGEMENT PLANS
1. Budget Planning – Present and future money needs for personnel,
equipment, and capital investments must be estimated. Plans for
supporting budget request must be made if needed appropriations are to
be obtained.
2. Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be established and
expenditure reports be provided to assist in making administrative
decisions and in holding expenditures within the appropriations.
3. Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – Specifications shall
be drawn for equipment and supplies. Purchasing procedures shall
likewise be established to insure the checking of deliveries against
specifications of orders. Plans and specifications shall be drafted for new
building and for remodeling old ones.
Traffic Patrol – Police control of streets or highways, vehicles, and
people shall facilitate the safe and rapid movement of vehicles and
pedestrians. To this end, the inconvenience, dangers and economic losses
that arise from this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and parking of
vehicles must be lessened.
Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in the control of
vices to treat vice offenses as they shall do to any violation, and to
exert efforts to eliminate them, as there attempt to eliminate robbery,
theft, and public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be based on law rather
than on moral precepts, and intensive operations shall be directed toward
their elimination. A primary interest in vice control results from the close
coordination between vice and criminal activities. Constant raids of known
vice dens shall be undertaken.
Juvenile Delinquency Control – Effective crime control necessitates
preventing the development of individuals as criminals. The police
commander shall recognize a need for preventing crime or correcting
conditions that induce criminality and by rehabilitating the delinquent.
4. Personnel – Procedures shall be established to assure the
carrying out of personnel programs and the allocation of
personnel among the component organizational units in
proportions need.
5. Organization – A basic organizational plan of the
command/unit shall be made and be posted for the guidance of
the force. For the organization to be meaningful, it shall be
accompanied by the duty manual which shall define
relationships between the component units in terms of
specific responsibilities. The duty manual incorporates rules
and regulations and shall contain the following: definition of
terms, organization of rank, and the like, provided the same shall
not be in conflict with this manual.
STANDARD OPERATING
PROCEDURES (SOPs)
Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are products of
police operational planning adopted by the police organization
to guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and
functions, especially during field operations.
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FIELD OPERATIONS: HOW PLANNING AFFECTS
THEM?
Field Operations shall be directed by the police commander and the
subordinate commanders and the same shall be aimed at the
accomplishment of the following primary tasks more effectively and
economically:
Patrol – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary responsibility of
safeguarding the community through the protection of persons and
property, the preservation of the peace, the prevention of crime, the
suppression of criminal activities, the apprehension of criminals, the
enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct, and
performing necessary service and inspections.
Investigation – The basic purpose of the investigation division unit shall
be to investigate certain designated crimes and clear them by the
recovery of stolen property and the arrest and conviction of the
perpetrators. To this end, the investigation division shall supervise the
investigation made by patrolman and undertake additional investigation as
may be necessary of all felonies.
SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - This SOP prescribes the basic
procedures to be observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the
conduct of visibility patrols.
SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the
PNP in the field to increase police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign
nationwide.
SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of
inspections to ensure police visibility.
SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992 as the people’s direct
link to the police to receive public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt
action by police authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures in detail of Duty
Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio Operators for REACT 166; and their term
of duty and responsibilities.
SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the creation of the Presidential
Anti-Organization Crime Task Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in
campaign against kidnapping in terms of personnel requirements. SOP #5 sets forth
the PNP’s guidelines in its fight against kidnapping activities.
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SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and
sustained anti carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping activities,
neutralize syndicated carnapping groups, identify/prosecute government personnel
involved in carnapping activities, and to effectively address other criminal activities
related to car napping.
SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the operational guidelines in the
conduct of operations against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in
terrorist activities.
SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK
ROBBERY) - This SOP provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or
coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the successful implementation.
SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY - This SOP sets forth the
guidelines and concepts of operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway
robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.
SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This SOP sets forth the concept of
operations and tasks of all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed
Groups and loose fire.
CATEGORIES OF POLICE
OPERATIONS
Patrol Operations. The most basic police function and known as the
backbone of policing.
1.5 Law Enforcement Operations. Include service of warrant of
arrest, implementation of search warrant, enforcement of visitorial
powers of the Chiefs of Police, and other anti-criminality operations.
1.6. Internal Security Operations. Include counterterrorism
operations and similar operations against other threat groups that are
conducted to ensure internal security.
SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) -
This SOP sets forth the objectives and concept of operation tasks of all concerned
units in the neutralization of wanted persons.
SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING - This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts
to be undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal
gambling nationwide.
SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets forth the concept of operation in the
campaign against professional squatters and squatting syndicates.
SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the operational guidelines to be
undertaken by the National Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a
quick reaction group that can be detailed with the office of the Secretary of Interior
and Local Government (SILG), with personnel and equipment requirements of that
reaction group supported by the PNP.
SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - This SOP sets forth the
operational thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against
prostitution and vagrancy.
1.7. Public Safety Operations. Include critical incident
management procedures, search, rescue and retrieval
operations, hostage situation, civil disturbance management
operation, management of health hazards and other operations
that promote public safety.
1.8 Special Police Operations. Include high-risk checkpoint
and roadblock operation, police assistance in the
implementation of order from the court and other
quasi-judicial bodies, security to major and special events,
aircraft hijacking operations, visit, board, search and seizure of
marine vessels, and similar police operations that are conducted
by police units with specialized training on the peculiarity of the
mission or purpose.
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SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This prescribes the guidelines to
be followed by tasked PNP Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on
pornographic pictures, videos and magazines.
SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST, SEARCH,
AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes the procedures and manner of
conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of person, search of
any premises and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987
Philippine Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and updated
decision of the Supreme Court.
SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
1.9 Investigation Operations. Include investigation of crime or
incident, Scene of the Crime Operations (SOCO),
administrative investigation and other investigative work
necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases
criminally or administratively.
1.10 Police Community Relations. Include three interrelated
dimensions to accomplish its mission namely: community affairs
and development, public information, and information
development operations to forge partnership and strengthen
collaboration and linkages with the community
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WHAT IS CRIME MAPPING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Is associated with the simple display and querying of crime Is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all
data using a GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) types of data connects data to a map, integrating location data
with all types of descriptive information helps users understand
the patterns, relationships and geographic context
CRIME MAPPING MAPPING is simply a visualization tool that is used to
display raw geographic data output from analysis, which is
done through GIS

TYPES OF MAPPING
1. MANUAL PIN MAPPING
-wall maps
-represented by pins
-offer limited utility because they are difficult to keep updated
-display limited amount of data
-uses different colored pins to represent different types of crime
-however, date and time of incidents, nature of incidents cannot
be displayed
-to keep updated, must be replaced every month
-uses photo to record the previous month’s map
-becomes unreadable when they display too large amount of data
because of numerous pins

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2. Computer Mapping
Computer map is similar to a wall map, in that the computer
is used to place a point at a specific location just as a person
would put a pin on a wall map.
Data quality
Is the degree of data excellency that satisfies the given
objective. In other words, completeness of attributes in order
to achieve the given task can be termed as Data Quality/Data
quality is a pillar in any GIS implementation and application as
reliable a are indispensable to allow the user obtaining
meaningful results.
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3. Geographic Information System (GIS)
A GIS is a powerful software tool that allows the user to create Geographic Information System
anything from a simple point map to a three- dimensional
visualization of spatial or temporal data. A GIS is different from
manual pin maps and computer maps in that it allows the analyst to • Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that
view data behind the geographic features, combine various creates, manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data.
features, manipulate the data and maps, and perform statistical GIS connects data to a map, integrating location data (where
functions (Boba, 2001, p. 19).
things are) with all types of descriptive information (what things
are like there) (ESRI, n.d.).
4. Crime Analysis Mapping
It is the process of using a geographic information system in
combination with crime analysis techniques to focus on the spatial
context of criminal and other law enforcement activity (Boba, 2001, p.
20). In this report, the term crime analysis mapping is used to describe
this process because using a GIS to analyze crime is not just the
act of placing incidents on a map but also of analysis.
TYPES OF GIS DATA Attribute data
A geodatabase Is information appended in tabular format to spatial
Is a database composed of spatial data and attribute data features. The spatial data is the where and attribute data can
contain information about the what, where, and why. Attribute
(Dempsey, 2021).
data provides characteristics about spatial data
(Dempsey.2013).
Spatial data
The main difference between attribute data and spatial data is
Is any type of data that directly or indirectly references a that the attribute data describes the characteristics of a
specific geographical area or location. geographical feature.
While spatial data describes the absolute and relative
location of geographic features
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Spatial Data quality can be categorized into: TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA

Data Completeness. it is basically the measure of totality of
features. A data set with minimal amount of missing features can
be termed as complete-data
Data Precision. It is the degree of details that are displayed on
a uniform space.
Data Accuracy. It is the discrepancy between the actual
attributes value and coded attribute value.
Data Consistency. It is the absence of conflicts in a particular
database.
In GIS spatial referenced data group can be further classified
into Ce different types (Dempsey, 2021):
1. Vector data- It is composed of individual points stored as
coordinate pairs that indicate a physical location in the world.
It is extremely useful for storing and representing data that has
discrete boundaries, such as borders or building footprints,
streets and other transport Links, and location points
[Romeijn, n.d.).
There are three types of vector Data, namely:

Point data (feature)

It is commonly used to represent non adjacent features and to
represent discrete data points.

Line (or arc) data (feature)

It is used to represent linear features. Common examples would
be rivers, trails, and streets.

Polygon data (feature)

It used to represent areas such as the boundary of a city (on a large
scale map), lake, or forest

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2. Raster Data- It is also known as grid data, it represents the

fourth type of feature: surfaces (Dempsey, 2021). It is cell- based
and this data category also includes aerial and satellite imagery.
It provides a representation of the world as a surface divided
up into a regular grid array, or cells, where each of these cells
has an associated value (Romeijn, n.d.). There are two types of
raster data:

Continuous Raster Data

It has no clearly defined boundaries. Every point on a map made
with continuous GIS data will contain a value. Elevation, slope,
temperature, and precipitation are examples of datasets that are
continuous (Dempsey, 2020).
Discrete Raster Data
It is a geographic data that only occurs in specific locations. For
polygon data, discrete data has well defined boundaries. Point and
line GIS data such as tree locations, rivers, and streets all fall into
the category of discrete datasets. Maps made with discrete GIS
data will have areas on the map that contain values from that dataset
and areas on the map where that dataset is absent (Dempsey, 2020).
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIME
MAPPING
• Computerized crime mapping technology enables law enforcement
agencies to analyze and correlate data sources to create a detailed
snapshot of crime incidents and related factors within a
community or other geographical area. It allows law enforcement
agencies to plot crime-related data against a digitized map of a
community, city, or region. Crime-related data then can be compared
and analyzed with other external data sources (Mamalian and LaVigne,
1999).

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CRIME ANALYSIS
Crime analysis is defined as a set of systematic analytical
processes providing timely and useful information on crime
patterns and trends. Effective crime analysis affects all areas
and operations of a police department by refining and distributing
useful information (Stiles, 1981). It is used to improve the
operations and administration of police departments, to improve
the job satisfaction of police officers, to permit the patrol
deployment system to correspond with service demand, and to
augment patrol activities in crime prevention (Karpilo, 2019).
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TYPES OF CRIME ANALYSIS
1. Tactical Crime Analysis- This type of crime analysis that looks at
the short-term in order to stop what is currently taking place, it
deals with immediate criminal offenses for example, a crime spree.
It is used to identify and perpetrator with many targets or one target
with many perpetrators and provide an immediate response. It
-END-
provides information to assist operational personnel in the identification
of crime trends and in the arrest of criminal offenders. THANK YOU FOR
2. Strategic Crime Analysis: This type of crime analysis looks at the
LISTENING FUTURE
long-term and an-going issues. It is primarily concerned with
operational strategies and seeks solutions to ongoing problems. Its REGISTERED
focus is often on identifying areas with high crime rates and
problem-solving ways to decrease the overall crime rates. Its
purpose is to perform police service more effectively and efficiently by
CRIMINOLOGISTS!
matching service delivery to demands for service.
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