C HEAT SHEET M ATHEMATICS FOR B USINESS E NGINEERS

KU L EUVEN C AMPUS B RUSSELS

• Special identities:

◦ ∀a, b ∈ R : (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

◦ ∀a, b ∈ R : a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b)
n
n!
◦ ∀a, b ∈ R, ∀n ∈ N0 : (a + b)n = ∑ k!(n − k)! ak bn−k
k=0
◦ ∀a, b ∈ R, ∀n ∈ N0 : an − bn = (a − b)(an−1 + an−2 b + an−3 b2 + · · · + abn−2 + bn−1 )
1 − rn+1
◦ ∀r ∈ R \ {1}, ∀n ∈ N0 : 1 + r + r2 + r3 + · · · + rn−1 + rn =
1−r
• Exponential and logarithmic functions:
1
◦ (exp x)r = exp(rx)


◦ exp(x + y) = exp x exp y ◦ ln x = − ln x
1
◦ exp(−x) = ◦ ln(xy) = ln x + ln y ◦ ln(xr ) = r ln x
exp x

• Trigonometric formulas:
x
1 − tan2


◦ sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 2

◦ cos x = x
◦ sin x
tan x = cos x
1 + tan2 2
◦ cot x = cos x
sin x ◦ cos x cos y = 21 (cos(x − y) + cos(x + y))
◦ sin(−x) = − sin x
◦ sin x sin y = 12 (cos(x − y) − cos(x + y))
◦ cos(−x) = cos x
◦ sin( π2 − x) = cos x ◦ sin x cos y = 21 (sin(x − y) + sin(x + y))
◦ cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y x−y



◦ cos( π2 − x) = sin x 2 cos 2
◦ sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y ◦ cos x − cos y = −2 sin x−y


sin x+y

2 2
◦ cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y x+y
x−y

◦ sin x + sin y = 2 sin 2 cos 2
2 tan 2x


◦ sin x =
◦ sin x − sin y = 2 sin x−y x+y



1 + tan2 2x


2 cos 2

• Derivatives:

f (x) f 0 (x) f (x) f 0 (x) f (x) f 0 (x) f (x) f 0 (x)

1
xr rxr−1 sin x cos x arcsin x √ ex ex
1 − x2
−1
c 0 cos x − sin x arccos x √ ax ax ln a
1 − x2
1 1 1
x 1 tan x arctan x ln x x
cos2 x 1 + x2
√ 1 −1 −1 1
x √ cot x arccot x loga x
2 x
sin2 x 1 + x2 x ln a
• Primitive functions:
1
Z
xα+1
Z
◦ x dx = α
6 1
+C with α = ◦ dx = tan x +C
α +1 cos2 x
1
Z
1
Z
◦ dx = ln |x| +C ◦ dx = − cot x +C
x sin2 x
1 1 x
Z Z
◦ ex dx = ex +C ◦ dx = arctan +C
a2 + x 2 a a
1 1 a+x
Z
ax
Z
◦ ax dx = +C with a > 0 ◦ 2 2
dx = ln +C
ln a a −x 2a a−x
1 x
Z Z
◦ sin x dx = − cos x +C ◦ √ dx = arcsin +C
a2 − x2 a
1
Z Z p
◦ cos x dx = sin x +C ◦ √ dx = ln x + x2 ± a2 +C
x2 ± a2