REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 8 Examples of biased statements:

 Manny Pacquiao is the best Filipino

IDENTIFYING AUTHOR’S BIAS (FOR OR philanthropist.
AGAINST)  Fathers are always responsible in
making decisions than mothers
What is Bias?  Pageants are amazing platforms that
 “Bias is the systematic and often promote different advocacies such
unconscious tendency to favor one as
group, belief, or perspective over women empowerment, child
others, resulting in unfair treatment protection, and environmental
or distortion of information." conservation
- Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald
(2020) Author’s Bias (For or Against)
 An author’s bias is any opinion or
prejudice that affects that author’s
writing and prevents the author
from being completely neutral about
the topic or issue about which s/he
is writing without examining and
presenting enough evidences.

Factors that influence bias:

 personal beliefs
 culture
 attitudes
 preferences
 past experiences

POSITIVE EVIDENCE AND DICTION = BIASED

FOR
NEGATIVE EVIDENCE AND DICTION = BIASED
AGAINST

Example:
BIASED FOR
Unbiased Statement
Filipinos are the best English speakers all
 Fair judgement
throughout Asia.
 Reasonable
BIASED AGAINST
 Supported with evidence
 Objective statement
We will never gain any benefit from playing
mobile games.
Example:
PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
What is propaganda technique?
 It is a form of communication that is
aimed at influencing the attitudes,
perspectives and emotions of
people or communities toward some
cause or position by presenting only
one side of an argument. It is
intended to make consumers accept
or approve something without
looking closely at evidences.
TYPES OF PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES
1. Card Stacking
 This technique uses strategy of
showing the product's best features
by telling half-truths and omitting
or lying about its potential
problems.
 Card stacking also manipulates
information to make a product
appear better than it is, often by
unfair comparison or omitting facts.
Example:
2. Glittering Generalities
 It is an act of referring to words or
ideas that evoke a positive
emotional response from an
audience. Virtue words are often
used.
3. Testimonial
 This technique uses of a well-
known, respected people to endorse
a product or service.
 When a famous person or a
celebrity endorses a certain view,
they testify to the idea or the
product.
Example:
4. Plain Folks
 This technique uses everyday
people to sell a product or service.
 This technique works in a way to
establish that the speaker is regular
and ordinary and has the same
views and opinions as to people he
is appealing to.
Example:
5. Name-Calling
 The techniques refer to the use
of names that evoke fear or
hatred in the viewer by linking a
 person or idea or product with a
negative symbol.
 This may be considered trash-
talking another product or
person.

Example: 8. Loaded Words

 This technique uses words in
attempting to influence an audience
by using emotional appeal or
stereotypes that cannot be
supported by concrete evidences.
Example:

6. Transfer
 This propaganda technique
refers to an act of relating
something or someone we like
or respect with a product.
Symbols are constantly used in
this form to associate with the
product or idea.
Example: 9. Simplification
 This is used to reduce crucial issues
to basic ideas and packages them
with catchy slogans and images. It
usually targets uninformed readers
or customers.
Example:

7. Bandwagon
 This propaganda is about
influencing people by telling
them how everyone is using the
same product or is true to the
same ideology.
 "Everyone else is taking. Join the
crowd "
Example: 10. Soft Soap
  This is the use of flattery or social issue under the following
insincere compliments designed to circumstances:
get the audience on the side of the  The issue involves people in
speaker. the society.
Example: A seller of a handbag says to the  The public, as a whole,
customer, “You’ll look elegant with this bag recognizes the situation as a
on you!” huge problem.
 A large segment of the
MORAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC population sees the
situation. as a valid concern
ISSUES
 The situation can be
alleviated through the joint
actions of the citizens.
Moral Issues
Example:
 These are situations or actions that
 Use of Drugs
do not conform to the shared norms
 Overpopulation
and values, culture, and beliefs
 Poverty
distinguished by a certain
community or social setting.
Economic Issues
 Economic issues are situations that
AN ISSUE BECOMES A MORAL ISSUE
reflect the scarcity of resources
WHEN..
which are deemed insufficient to
 It is against the values, beliefs, and
satisfy human wants and needs.
preferences of the people in the
 An issue becomes an economic issue
society.
under the following circumstances:
 It involves behavior patterns that
o It involves inflation or the
bring the individual repeatedly into
increase of price of basic
conflict with the society.
commodities and services
 It involves actions which have the
affecting a large number of
potential to harm others or the
people.
persons themselves.
o It involves an increase of
Example:
unemployment or not having
 Abortion
a job to earn ones living.
 Stealing
o It involves poverty caused by
 Premarital Sex
underlying factors such as
lack of education, cultural
Social Issues
and religious discrimination,
 Social issues prevent the society
overpopulation,
from functioning at the most
unemployment and
desirable level. An issue becomes a
corruption.
Example: biographies, auto-biographies,
 Poverty and interviews.
 Unemployment
 Inflation B. PROSE AND POETRY
I. PROSE
 comes from the Latin ―prosa
oratio, which means
straightforward most common
form of writing, used in both
fiction and non-fiction.
 verbal or written language that
follows the natural flow of
LITERATURE speech
 Prose comprises of full
grammatical sentences, which
What is literature? consist of paragraphs, and
 It is derived from the Latin word forgoes aesthetic appeal in favor
litaritura/litteratura which means of clear, straightforward
“writing formed with letters.” language.
 It refers to a body of written works PROSE
such as poetry, novels, history, 1. Short Story
biography, and essays that reflects 2. Novel
the background of a certain culture. 3. Drama
4. Essay
Types Of Literature
A. FICTION AND NON-FICTION II. POETRY
I. Fiction  based on the interplay of words
 It is a type of literature that is a and rhythm employs rhyme and
product of a writer’s imagination. It meter.
can be inspired by actual or  Words are strung together to
completely made-up events. form sounds, images, and ideas
Example: that might be too complex or
 Jurassic Park abstract to describe directly.
 Hunger Games
 Harry Potter POETRY
II. Non-Fiction 1. Lyric Poetry
 It is a type of literature that is 2. Narrative Poetry
based on facts. It is a writing 3. Dramatic Poetry
about real people, places, and
events which include Culture, Heritage, and Diversity
Culture
  characteristics and knowledge of a
particular group of people,
encompassing language, religion,
cuisine, social habits, music, and
arts.
Heritage
 legacy from the past, what we live
with today, and what we pass on to
future generation
Diversity
 existence of variations of different
characteristics in a group of people.
These characteristics could be
everything that makes us unique
along with the things that shape our
identity.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY AND
THE STORY OF RAMAYANA
NOTE: READ THE STORY OF RAMAYANA!!
^^
1. Characters
 It refers to a person, an object, an
animal, or imaginary creature
personified in the story. There are
two types of characters: the
protagonist and the antagonist.
 Protagonist. It is the main character
who does heroic acts in the story.
 Antagonist. It is also a main
character who opposes the
protagonist in some way.
In the story Ramayana, Rama is the
protagonist since he does the heroic acts of
saving Sita and winning the battle against
Ravana.
Ravana is considered as the main
antagonist of the story Ramayana.
2. Setting
 It refers to the time and place in
which the action of the story
happens.
 Time, Place, Weather, Mood
In Ramayana, there is more than one
setting such as Ayodhya, Lanka, and the
forest (place).
The story happened a long time ago
(time).
3. Plot
 It is defined as an interrelated
sequence of events in a story
where each event affects the
other, thus showing the cause-
and-effect relationship.
A. Exposition
o This is the very beginning of
a story. In this part, authors
usually introduce the major
characters and setting to the
reader.
Rama, the son of King Dasharata,
was the prince of Ayohdya. In a neighboring
city, the ruler's daughter named Sita chose
Rama as her bridegroom at ceremony called
a Swayamvara.
B. Rising Action
o This is the part when tension
starts to build. It usually
involves facing and
conquering minor conflicts,
 which is what keeps the plot
moving forward.
The ten-headed Ravana, the ruler of
Lanka, devised a plan to abduct Sita and
sent a magical golden deer which Sita
desired her lover to hunt. While Rama was
away, Ravana grabbed Sita and carried her
off to Lanka.
C. Climax
o This is the part of the story
where the characters finally
have to face and solve the
major conflict. This is the
"peak" of the plot or the
highest point of interest
where all the tensions of the
rising action led to the
success or failure of the hero.
A mighty battle took place. Rama killed
several of Ravana's brothers and then Rama
confronted him. Finally, Rama killed
Ravana, and he freed Sita.
D. Falling Action
o This is everything that
happens after the climax but
before the resolution. This is
when the tension lessens
and starts bringing the action
to a close.
After Sita had gained her freedom
from Ravana, she proved her purity through
the trial by fire. Then, they returned to
Ayodhya and Rama became the king.
E. Denouement/Resolution
o This is the conclusion or
ending of a story.
As Rama became the king, he ruled
Ayodhya with Ramrajya - an ideal time
when everyone does his or her duties and
responsibilities.
4. Conflict
 It refers to the problem that the
main characters have to face.
The conflict of the story has four
major types: man vs. man, man
vs. self, man vs. society, and man
vs. supernatural.
A. Man vs. Man
o It is the conflict of the story in
which the struggle is between
the protagonist and the
antagonist. In this conflict, the
protagonist wants something,
and the antagonist obstructs the
protagonist from getting what he
wants.
In Ramayana, the author illustrates
man vs. man conflict when Rama fought
against Ravana who abducted Sita.4
B. Man vs. Self
o It is a conflict that takes place
within the character himself. It
often involves the character in
making a decision between right
and wrong.
Dasharatha had a conflict within
himself in his decision to set Rama into
banishment even against his own will.
 C. Man vs. Society to refer to the characters
o It is a conflict that occurs when in the story.
the character has a conflict with
the government, cultural, or 6. Theme
societal tradition.  It refers to the central idea or
message of a story.
In Ramayana, the author shows man
vs. society when everyone including the
In Ramayana, the theme is about
band of monkeys fought against Ravana to
showing love and doing one’s duties and
save Sita.
responsibilities, or known as dharma.
D. Man vs. Supernatural Forces Rama showed his love to Sita by saving her
o It is a conflict that happens when from the enemy. He also performed his
the protagonist faces a struggle duties and responsibilities as a king,
against a god, gods, and husband, son, and brother, respectively.
supernatural forces.
In Ramayana, the author depicts COHESIVE DEVICES
man vs. supernatural type of conflict when
Rama and Lakshmana fought against
Cohesive Device
Rakshasas or the evil creature.
 Cohesive devices are sometimes
called linking words, discourse
5. Point of View
markers or transitional words.
 This is the angle of narration or
They are words or phrases that
the perspective from which the
show the relationship between
story is told. It can be classified
ideas, sentences, paragraphs or
as first person and third person.
sections of a text.
 First Person
o The narrator is a
Types of Cohesive Device
character in the story  Pronouns
who can reveal only  Conjunctions
personal thoughts and o Coordinating
feelings. It uses the
Conjunctions
personal pronoun I.
o Subordinating
 Third Person
Conjunctions
o This is when the narrator
o Adverbial Conjunctions
is removed from the story
and tells it from an
Coordinating Conjunctions
outside perspective. To
 These conjunctions connect words,
do this, the narrator uses
phrases, and clauses of equal value.
personal pronouns like
Clauses or equal value are called
"he," "she," and "they"
 independent clauses and can stand
on their own as separate sentence.
 FANBOYS
o For – explaining why
o And - the same, similar or
equal; without contrast
o Nor - for two non-contrasting
grammatically, negative items
o But - for contrast
o Or - an alternative
o Yet - contrast, despite,
something
o So - for showing the
consequence of something
Examples:
Subordinating Conjunctions
 The clause beginning with the
subordinating conjunction is always
the subordinate clause, which
depends on the main clause and
cannot exist without it.
TIME
 before, after, until/till, when, as
soon as, whenever, while
Example: The baby cries whenever he feels
hungry.
CONDITION
 unless, if, even if, in case, providing
Example: I’ll lend you my phone, provided
that you will use it carefully.
CONTRAST
 although, even though, whereas
Example: Joy loves outdoor activities,
whereas her sister prefers to stay home.
Adverbial Conjunctions
 These are words that join
independent clauses into one
sentence. A conjunctive adverb
helps you create a shorter sentence.
Uses of Adverbial Conjunctions:
1. Adding Something
 also, besides, finally, furthermore, in
addition, moreover, still
Example: It rained hard; moreover,
lightning flashed and thunder boomed.
2. Comparing
 also, as well, alike, similarly
Example: Sleeping early makes me feel
relax; also, makes me active for the next
day.
3. Contrasting
 at the same time, in contrast, in
spite of, on the other hand even if
Example: I wanted to finish answering
my activity in this module; even if, it
takes longer time to do it.
4. Emphasizing
  certainly, definitely, indeed, in
fact
Example: Following health protocols
is; indeed, very important for us to
be safe.
5. Giving Example
 for/as an example, for instance,
in other words, namely, such as
Example: There are different
symptoms of COVID19; namely,
cough, fever and sore throat.
6. Showing Equality
 as … as, both … and, either … or,
neither … nor, not only … but
also
Example: Neither the minors nor the senior
citizens are allowed to go out during the
pandemic.
7. Summarizing/Concluding
 first(ly), finally, in the first place,
then, to conclude, to begin, next
Example: I love the Philippines a lot. Firstly,
I love its museums. Secondly, I love its
people. Finally, I love its tourist attractions.
8. To Signal Time
 next, afterward, finally, later, last,
lastly, at last, now, then, when,
soon, thereafter, after a short
time, next week (month, day,
year), a minute later, in the
meantime, meanwhile, on the
following day, at length,
ultimately, presently
9. To Show Result
 accordingly, as a result,
consequently, for that reason,
hence, thus, therefore, the
consequence of, that is
10. To Signal Place and Time
 above, behind, below, beyond,
here, there, to the right (left),
nearby, opposite, on the other
side, in the background, directly
ahead, along the wall, as you
turn right, at the tip, across the
hall, at this point, adjacent to
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Subject-verb agreement means that
a subject and its verb must be both
singular or both plural:
A singular subject takes a singular verb.
A plural subject takes a plural verb.
Rules of Subject-Verb Agreement
1. Singular Subject = Singular Verb
Anna likes to play volleyball.
2. Plural Subject = Plural Verb
Both the Art teacher and the students
enjoy a student-centered approach.
3. Indefinite pronouns (someone, anyone,
no one, anybody, somebody, nobody,
one, either, neither) usually take a
singular verb.
No one likes to fail at university.
Each of the participants was willing to
be recorded.
One of my friends is a teacher.
 Either Bob or his brother walks to the
store.
4. If a subject is modified by the words
“each” or “every” that subject is singular
and will take a verb form that ends in
“s.”
Each boy walks to the store.
5. Indefinite pronouns are usually singular
and take a verb form that ends in “s.”
Everyone walks to the store.
Everything comes back eventually.
PARALLEL STRUCTURES
Parallel Structures
 the balance between two or
more similar words, phrases or
clauses that have the same
grammatical structure
 also called parallelism or parallel
construction
 prevents awkwardness,
promotes clarity and improves
writing style and readability.
 Writers use parallel structure to
add clarity to their writing and
to make it easier to understand.
It also adds value to a writer's
overall composition and shows
that their writing is structurally
and grammatically correct.
Rules of Parallelism
1. Gerunds
 A gerund is a noun formed from a
verb. A gerund contains the ending -
ing. It will always be used as a noun
and does not replace the progressive
form of the verb.
 Ends in -ing
Example: reading, studying, eating
Sample Sentence:
Jhoanne likes reading, studying, and
eating.
Note: If you use gerund in the first part of
the sentence, the following parts should
also be gerunds for the sentence to be
parallel.
2. Infinitive Phrases
 An infinitive is a verbal form
consisting of the word to plus a verb
and functioning as a noun, adjective,
or adverb. The term verbal indicates
that an infinitive, like the other two
kinds of verbals, is based on a verb
and therefore expresses action or a
state of being. An infinitive is easy to
locate because of the to + verb
form.
 To + verb
Example: to read, to study, to eat
Sample Sentence:
Jhoanne likes to hike, to swim, and
to ride a bicycle.
Note: If you use infinitive phrase in the first
part of the sentence, the following parts
should also be infinitive phrase for the
sentence to be parallel.
 3. Do not mix forms. sentence, the following
I. GERUNDS parts should also be
o If you use GERUND in the first ADVERB.
part of the sentence, the Example:
following parts should also be The production manager was asked
GERUNDS. to write his report quickly, accurately, and
Example: thoroughly.
My favorite activities are reading a
book, riding my bike, and playing piano. VI. TENSES OF VERB
o If you use the PAST TENSE in
II. INFINITIVE PHRASE the first part of the sentence, the
o If you use INFINITIVE following parts should also be
PHRASE in the first part PAST TENSE.
of the sentence, the Example:
following parts should The teacher said that he was a poor
also be INFINITIVE student because he waited until the last
PHRASE.
minute to study for the exam, completed his
Example:
lab problems in a careless manner, and
She likes to dance, to eat, and to
lacked motivation.
have a good time.

III. NOUN o If you use the PRESENT TENSE

o If you use NOUN in the
first part of the sentence,
the following parts should
also be NOUN.
Example:
She wore a ring, a necklace, and a
bracelet.
in the first part of the sentence,
the following parts should also
be in PRESENT TENSE.
Example:
John runs fast and plays hard.

IV. ADJECTIVES Good luck, Grade 8 students! <33

o If you use ADJECTIVES
in the first part of the
sentence, the following
parts should also be
ADJECTIVES.
Example:
She wore a gold ring, a pearl
necklace, and a jade bracelet.

V. ADVERB
o If you use ADVERB in
the first part of the