Chemical Bond and structure

N.G Nyirenda

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 LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Know and understand what a bond is.
• Know different the different types of bonds
• Know and understand to explain how different types of bonds are
formed.
• Know and understand the process of molecule formation.
• Know and understand the chemical structure due to bond formation

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 MOLECULE FORMATION
• When two or more elements combine.
• Create a new structure.
• Structure known as a molecule.
• Molecules can be simple or compound.
• The formation is dependent upon a connection that is referred to as a
bond.
• Bonds can form between different atoms in some cases molecules.
• Mostly make use of the valence electrons in the outer most shell.

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 VALENCE ELECTRONS
• Electrons in the outermost shell
of an atom.
• Outer shell should not be filled.
• Responsible and involved in the
bond formation process.
• When the outer shell is filled it is
sometimes referred to as a
valence shell.

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 VALENCE ELECTRONS PER GROUP
Periodic Table Group Valence Electrons

Alkali metals – Group 1 (I) 1

Alkaline earth metals – Group 2 (II) 2

Boron group – Group 13 (III) 3

Carbon group – Group 14 (IV) 4

Nitrogen group – Group 15 (V) 5

Oxygen group – Group 16 (VI) 6

Halogens – Group 17 (VII) 7

Noble gases – Group 18 (VIII or 0) 8

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 CHEMICAL BONDS
• Bonds is a general term.
• In the science we use the term chemical bond.
• This is to be specific.
• We will look at two types of chemical bonds, namely:
• Covalent chemical bonds
• Ionic chemical bonds
• Each of these still depends on the use of valence electrons to form
the bonds

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 IONIC BONDS
• Formed when an electron is lost or gained by an atom.
• Causes a change in the overall charge of an atom.
• The charge can be positive or negative.
• Electrostatic charges responsible for keeping the bond stable
• Protons and neutron numbers remain the same.
• Mostly form between metals and non-metals.
• Ionic bonds have strong electrostatic forces between oppositely
charged ions
• Forms the basis upon which electricity generation and transmission is
possible

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IONIC BOND FORMATION ILLUSTRATION

BEFORE BOND FORMATION AFTER BOND FORMATION

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 IONS AND THEIR TYPES
• Atoms that lose an electron are
called Ions

• Ions with overall positive charge

are called Cations.

• Ions with overall negative charge

are called Anions.

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 DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF IONS

CATIONS ANIONS
• Positive-charged ion • Negative-charged ion
• Number of protons is greater than • Number of electrons greater than
the number of electrons number of protons.
• Metals, in general, produce • Non–metals, in general, produce
cations. anions.
• Cations are smaller than anions. • Anions often bigger than cations.
• E.G. Na+, mg+2 • E.G. Cl–, br–

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 IONIC LATTICE

2D 3D

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 COVALENT BONDS
• Forms when two atoms share a pair of electron.
• Neither of the two atoms has full control of the electron
• No change in atomic charge
• The shared electron leads to a valence shell for each respective atom.
• Form extremely strong bonds needing a lot of energy to break them.
• Forms between non-metals and non-metals
• An atom can form multiple covalent bonds with other atoms
depending on the valence needs.
• The number of covalent bonds is equal to eight minus the group
number. (Key Fact)
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 COVALENT BOND ILLUSTRATION

BEFORE BOND FORMATION AFTER BOND FORMATION

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COVALENT BONDS CONT…

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 DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

BEFORE BOND FORMATION AFTER BOND FORMATION

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT BOND

COVALENT BONDS IONIC BONDS

• Between non-metals • Between a metal and non-metal
• Definite shape • No definite shape
• Low melting and boiling points • High melting and boiling points
• Low polarity (+/- charge) • High polarity (+/- charge)
• More flammable • Less flammable
• Liquid or gaseous state at room • Solid state at room temperature
temperature

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 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES
• The spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
• Spatial = relating to the position, area, and size of things
• Determines the molecular geometry of the molecule.
• Molecules are not random clusters of atoms.
• Functional groups but are arranged in a concrete pattern.

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 TYPES OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
• Kekule or Lewis Structure
• Condensed Structure
• Skeletal or Line Structure

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 KEKULE OR LEWIS STRUCTURE
• Focuses on the valence shell electrons in the
molecule.
• depicts how atoms are bonded within a molecule.
• electrons are shown as Dots.
• dashes indicates the bond between the atoms.
• A single dash indicates a single bond.
• A double dash indicates a double bond.
• A triple dash indicates a triple bond.
• All atoms and lone pairs are shown in the structure.

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 CONDENSED STRUCTURE
• A condensed structure represents molecular entities in which atoms
of the molecule are shown without a bond.

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 SKELETAL OR LINE STRUCTURE
• A skeletal or line structure represents molecular entities in which
bonds between atoms are shown without actual atoms.

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 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES
COVALENT STRUCTURES IONIC STRUCTURES

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 Questions and PREP
• Topic self paced revision
• Student text book pages 70-80
• Form test next week
• The revision is your prep effective 02/11/2023 up to 06/11/2023
• Presentation available on portal at HTTPS://SCHOOL.KA.AC.MW

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END OF TOPIC.

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