HI

STORYJSS2THI
RDTERM

SCHEMEOFWORK

Week1Rev
isi
onofsecondt
erm wor
k

Week2/
3Empi
resandki
ngdom i
nPr
eCol
oni
alWest
ernSudanandWestAf
ri
ca

Week4/
5Ol
dGhanaempi
rei
nwest
ernSudanandwestAf
ri
ca

Week6Mal
iempi
rei
nwest
ernSudanandWest
ernAf
ri
ca

Week7Mi
dTer
m Br
eak

Week8/
9Songhai
empi
rei
nwest
ernSudanandWest
ernAf
ri
ca

Week10/
11Fact
orst
hatl
edt
othedecl
i
neofgr
eatempi
resi
nwest
ernSudanandwest
Af
ri
ca

Week12Rev
isi
on

Week13Exami
nat
ion

WEEK2/
3

EMPI
RESANDKI
NGDOM I
NPRECOLONI
ALWESTERNSUDANANDWESTAFRI
CA

THECONCEPTOFEMPI
RE

Theconceptofempi r
eisat erm usedt odescribeal arge,powerful,andof tenmulti
-
ethni
cst atethatisruledbyasi ngleleaderorrulingbody .Empiresar et y
picall
y
characteri
zedbyt heirexpansiv
et erri
tori
alr
each, t
heircentral
i
zedgov ernment ,
andthei
r
hier
archicalsocialstr
ucture.Empi r
eshav eexistedt hroughouthistory,andhav ebeen
foundinmanydi ff
erentpar t
soft hewor l
d.Exampl esofempi r
esi ncludetheRoman
Empi r
e,theBr i
ti
shEmpi r
e,theOttomanEmpi re,andt heMongol Empi re.

THECONCEPTOFEMPEROR

Theconceptofanemperorisarul
erwhoistheheadofst
ateandhassupr emepower
overanati
onorempir
e.Anemper ori
stypi
call
yseenasadivi
nelyappoi
ntedleader
,and
i
sof t
enseenasasymbol ofaut
hori
tyandl
egiti
macy.Hi
stor
ical
l
y ,
emperorshavebeen
seenasthehi
ghestauthor
it
yinasociet
y,andhavebeenresponsi
bleformaki
ngl
aws,
appoi
nti
ngoff
icial
s,andl
eadi
ngarmies.I
nsomecases, anemperormayalsobeseen
asarel
igi
ousfigur
e,andmaybeseenasar epr
esent
ati
veofahigherpower.

THECONCEPTOFEMPERESS

TheconceptofanEmpr essisonet hatevokesasenseofpower ,st

rength,andauthor
it
y.
Iti
sati
tlethatisoft
enassociat
edwi throyalt
y,andisoftenseenasasy mbol offemale
empowerment .AnEmpressisal eader,aprotector
,andaf i
gureofauthorit
y.Sheisa
symbolofgrace,beaut
y,andstrength,andisoftenseenasar ol
emodel foryoung
women.TheconceptofanEmpr essisonethatisbothinspir
ingandempower i
ng.

FEATURESOFANEMPI
RE

1.Acent
ral
i
zedgov
ernmentwi
thasi
ngl
erul
erorr
uli
ngbody

2.Al
argegeogr
aphi
car
eawi
thdi
ver
sepopul
ati
ons

3.Acompl
exbur
eaucr
acyt
omanaget
heempi
re

4.Ast
rongmi
l
itar
ytopr
otectandexpandt
heempi
re

5.Asy
stem oft
axat
iont
ofundt
hegov
ernmentandmi
l
itar
y

6.Asy
stem ofl
awsandj
ust
icet
omai
ntai
nor
der

7.Asy
stem oft
radeandcommer
cet
ogener
ateweal
th

8.Asy
stem ofr
eli
gionandcul
tur
etouni
fyt
hepopul
ati
on

KI
NGDOMSANDEMPI
RESI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTAFRI
CA

1.GhanaEmpi
re

2.Mal
iEmpi
re

3.Songhai
Empi
re

4.Kanem-
Bor
nuEmpi
re

5.HausaKi
ngdoms

6.Takr
urKi
ngdom

7.Jol
ofEmpi
re
8.Oy
oEmpi
re

9.Beni
nEmpi
re

10.Ashant
iEmpi
re

REASONSFORTHERI
SEOFEMPI
RESI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTAFRI
CA

1.Expansi onofTr ade:

Ther i
seoft heWest er
nSudanEmpi r
ewasl argelyduetothe
expansi onoftradeintheregion.Theempi rewasabletotakeadv antageofthelucrat
ive
trans-Saharantraderoutes,
whi chconnectedtheregiontotheMedi t
erraneanandNor t
h
Af r
ica.Thisall
owedt heempi retogainaccesstonewmar ketsandresources,whichi
n
turnallowedthem t oexpandt hei
rpowerandi nf
luence.

2.Mili
tar
ySt r
engt h:TheWesternSudanEmpi rewasabl et
oexpandi t
spowerand
i
nfluenceduet oitsstrongmil
it
ary.Theempi r
ewasabl etouseit
smi li
tar
ystr
engthto
conquerneighbor i
ngst at
esandexpanditsterr
it
ory.Thi
sall
owedt heempiretogai
n
accesstonewr esourcesandmarkets,whichintur
nallowedthem toincr
easethei
r
wealthandpower .

3.Pol
it
ical Stabi
l
ity
:TheWest ernSudanEmpirewasabl et
omai nt
ainpoli
ti
calstabil
i
ty
duetoitsst r
ongcent r
algover
nment.Thi
sallowedt heempi
retomai nt
aincontr
ol over
i
tster
ri
tor i
esandensur ethati
tslawsandregulat
ionswerefol
l
owed.Thi si
nturn
al
lowedt heempi r
et oexpandit
spowerandi nf
luence.

4.Rel
i
giousInfl
uence:TheWest er
nSudanEmpi r
ewasabletogaini
nfluenceduetoits
str
ongrel
igi
ousbelief
s.Theempi r
ewasabl etousei
tsr
eli
giousbel
i
efst ogainsuppor
t
fr
om i
tsciti
zensandtospr eadi
tsinf
luencetoot
herr
egi
ons.Thisal
lowedt heempiret
o
gai
nmor epowerandi nf
luence.

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEFALLOFEMPI
RESANDKI
NGDOMSI
NWESTERN SUDAN
ANDWESTAFRI
CA

1.Int
ernalConfl
ict
:Int
ernalconfl
ictbetweenri
val
facti
ons,
suchasbet
weendi
ff
erent
ethni
corr el
i
giousgroups,wasamaj orfact
ori
nthefal
lofmanyki
ngdomsandempir
es
i
nwest ernSudanandWestAf ri
ca.

2.Exter
nalI
nvasion:Exter
nali
nvasionbyf
orei
gnpower
s,suchastheEur
opeans,
wasa
majorfact
orinthefallofmanykingdomsandempir
esinwester
nSudanandWest
Afr
ica.

3.EconomicDecli
ne:Economi
cdecl
i
ne,suchasadecr
easei
ntradeoradecr
easein
agri
cul
tur
alproduct
ion,wasamaj
orfact
orint
hefal
lofmanyki
ngdomsandempiresin
west
ernSudanandWestAf
ri
ca.

4.Poli
ti
cal
Inst
abi
li
ty:
Poli
ti
calinst
abil
i
ty,suchasalackofst
rongleader
shi
poralackof
eff
ecti
vegover
nance,wasamaj orf
actorinthef
all
ofmanykingdomsandempiresin
wester
nSudanandWestAf r
ica.

5.Env
ironment al
Factor
s:Envi
ronment
al f
actor
s,suchasdroughtordeser
ti
fi
cat
ion,
wereamaj orfactori
nthefal
lofmanykingdomsandempi r
esinwest er
nSudanand
WestAfrica.

6.Ther
iseofpowerf
ulempir
esi
ntheregi
on,suchast
heSonghai
Empi
re,
whi
chwas
abl
etoconquerandabsor
bsmall
erst
ates.

7.ThespreadofIsl
am andt
heintroduct
ionofnewt
echnol
ogi
es,
suchasf
ir
ear
ms,
al
lowedfortheexpansi
onoftheseempires.

8.Thei
ntr
oducti
onofEuropeancol
oni
ali
sm i
nther
egion,whi
chbroughtwit
hitnew
for
msofgovernmentandeconomicsy
stems,al
soplayedarol
einthefal
lofthese
Empir
esandkingdoms.

WEEK4/
5

OLDGHANAEMPI
REI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTAFRI
CA

LOCATI
ONOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
REI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTAFRI
CA

TheOldGhanaEmpir
ewaslocat
edint
hewesternpar
tofSudanandint
hewester
npart
ofAf
ri
ca.I
twaslocat
edi
ntheareaofmoder
n-dayMauri
tani
a,Mal
i,
andBur
kinaFaso.

ORI
GINOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

TheOldGhanaEmpirewasananci entWestAfricankingdom l ocatedi

nwhati snow
sout
heaster
nMaurit
aniaandwesternMali
.Itisbel i
evedt ohav ebeenfoundedinthe8th
cent
uryCEbytheSoninkepeopl
e,aMande- speakinget hnicgroup.Theempi r
ereached
i
tspeakinthe11t
hcenturyCE,whenitcontrol
ledal argear eaofthewesternSudan.It
decl
i
nedinthe13thcentur
yCEduet otheri
seoft heMal iEmpi r
e.

REASONSFORTHERI
SEOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

1.ExpansionofTrade:TheGhanaEmpir
erosetopowerduetoi
tsst
rategi
cl ocat
ionat
thecrossroadsoftr
aderoutesbet
weenNorthAf
ri
caandthesub-
Saharanregion.Thi
s
all
owedt heempiretocontr
olthel
ucr
ati
vetr
ans-
Sahar
antradei
ngold,
salt
, andother
commodi ties.
2.Mil
i
taryStr
ength:TheGhanaEmpirewasabl
etoexpandi
tster
ri
tor
yandmaintai
nits
powerduetoitsstr
ongmi l
it
ary
.Theempir
ewasabletodef
eatit
senemiesandprot
ect
i
tsbordersf
rom inv
asion.

3.Poli
ti
calOrgani
zat
ion:
TheGhanaEmpirewaswel l
-or
gani
zedandhadastr
ongcent
ral
government.Thi
sall
owedtheempi
retomaintai
norderandstabi
li
ty,
whi
chal
lowedi
tto
expandit
sterri
tor
yandcontr
olt
helucr
ati
vetr
ans-Saharant
rade.

4.Wealt
h:TheGhanaEmpir
ewasablet
oaccumul
ateweal
thduet
oit
scontr
olofthe
tr
ans-
Saharant
rade.Thi
sweal
thal
l
owedtheempi
retomai
ntai
nit
spowerandexpand
i
tster
ri
tory
.

5.Rel
igi
on:TheGhanaEmpi
rewasaMusli
m st
ateandi
tsr
uler
swer edev
outfol
lower
s
ofIsl
am.Thisal
l
owedtheempi
retomai
ntai
nit
spowerandinf
luencei
ntheregi
on.

SOCI
OPOLI
TICALSTRUCTUREOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

1.TheoldGhanaEmpir
ewasahi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zedst
atewi
thahi
erar
chi
cal
soci
o-
pol
it
ical
str
uctur
e.

2.Atthetopoft
hehi
erar
chywastheki
ng,whowasbeli
evedt
obedescendedf
rom
thegodsandwast
heabsolut
erul
eroft
hekingdom.

3.Thekingwasassist
edbyacouncil
ofadv
isors,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hechi
efoft
hear
my,
thechiefoft
hecour
t,andt
hechi
efoft
hetreasur
y.

4.Belowtheki
ngwerethenobles,whower eresponsibleforadmini
ster
ingthe
ki
ngdom andcol
lect
ingtaxes.Theyweredivi
dedi nt
ot woclasses:t
hefree
nobles,
whowereappointedbytheking,
andt heher edi
tarynobl
es,whowere
descendedf
rom t
heorigi
nalfounder
soft hekingdom.

5.Belowt henobl
eswerethecommoner s,
whower ediv
idedi
ntotwoclasses:the
fr
eecommoner s,
whower eal
lowedtoownlandandengagei ntr
ade,andthe
serfs,
whower eboundtothelandandwererequi
redtopaytaxesandprovide
l
aborser vi
cest
ot henobl
es.

6.Atthebottom ofthehi er
archywerethesl
aves,whowerecapt
uredinwaror
purchasedfr
om ot herkingdoms.Theywerenotall
owedtoownlandorengagei
n
tr
ade,andwer erequiredtoprovi
delaborser
vicest
othei
rmasters.

ECONOMI
CSTRUCTUREOFOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

1.Theol
dGhanaEmpi
rewasahi
ghl
yor
gani
zedandcompl
execonomi
csy
stem.
 2.Theeconomywasbasedonacombinat
ionofagr
icul
tur
e,t
rade,
andt
he
expl
oit
ati
onofnat
ural
resour
ces.

3.Agr
icul
tur
ewasthemai
nsour
ceofincomefort
hepeopl
eoft
heempi
re,
andt
he
mai
ncropsgrownwer
emil
let
,sor
ghum,andcott
on.

4.Tradewasalsoanimpor
tantpar
toftheeconomy,wi
ththeempi
retradi
nggol
d,
salt
,andot
hergoodswit
hotherAfr
icanst
atesandwit
hNor t
hAf
ricanandMiddl
e
Easter
nmerchant
s.

5.Theexpl
oit
ati
onofnatur
alresour
cessuchasi
ronor
e,copper
,andgol
dwasal
so
animpor
tantpar
toftheeconomy.

6.Thegoldandsal
ttr
adewasespeci
all
ylucr
ati
ve,
andtheempirewasablet
ouse
thepr
ofit
stobui
l
dastrongmil
it
aryandtomaint
aini
tspol
it
icalpower
.

CAPI
TALOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

Thecapi
tal
oft
heol
dGhanaEmpi
rewasKoumbi
Sal
eh.

THEPEOPLEOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

1.Thepeopleoft
heoldGhanaEmpi
rewer
eadi
ver
segr
oupofet
hni
cit
ies,
incl
udi
ng
theSoni
nke,Mandi
nka,
Fula,
andWol
of.

2.Theywerepri
maril
yfar
mersandtrader
s,andthei
reconomywasbasedont
he
tr
ans-
Saharantr
adeofgol
d,sal
t,andsl
aves.

3.TheGhanaEmpir
ewasoneoft
hemostpower
ful
empiresi
nWestAf r
icadur
ing
i
tsti
me,andi
tspeopl
ewer
eknownf
orthei
rweal
thandsophi
sti
cat
ion.

REASONSFORTHECOLLAPSEOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPI
RE

1.Thecoll
apseoftheoldGhanaEmpirewasduetoacombinat
ionoffact
ors,
i
ncludi
ngint
ernalpol
it
ical
inst
abi
l
ity
,ext
ernal
mil
it
arypr
essur
e,and
envi
ronmentalf
actor
s.

2.I
nternal
l
y,t
heGhanaEmpir
ewasweakenedbyasuccessi
onofweakrul
ers,
who
wereunabl
etomaint
aint
hecent
ral
i
zedpoweroft
heprevi
ousrul
ers.

3.Thisl
edtoabreakdownint
hepoli
ti
cal
str
uct
ureoft
heempi
re,
whi
chal
l
owedf
or
theri
seofl
ocalchi
efsandwar
lor
ds.

4.Ext
ernal
l
y,t
heGhanaEmpi
rewasweakenedbyt
heexpansi
onoft
heAl
mor
avi
ds,
 apowerful
Ber
berdy
nast
yfr
om Nor
thAf
ri
ca,
whoi
nvadedt
her
egi
oni
nthe11t
h
cent
ury
.

5.TheAlmoravi
dswer
eablet
otakecontr
oloft
helucr
ativ
etrans-
Sahar
antrade
rout
es,whi
chhadbeenamajorsour
ceofwealt
hfortheGhanaEmpire.

6.Fi
nal
ly,
envir
onment
alf
act
ors,suchasdr
oughtanddeser
ti
fi
cat
ion,
also
cont
ri
butedtot
hedecl
i
neoftheGhanaEmpire.

WHYTHEFORMERGOLDCOASTRENAMEDGHANA

TheformerGoldCoastwasr enamedGhanai n1957toref

lectthecountry
'snewst at
us
asanindependentnati
on.ThenameGhanawaschosent ohonort heancientAfri
can
EmpireofGhana,whichflour
ishedint
heregi
onfrom t
he4tht othe13thcent ur
ies.The
namealsosy mboli
zedthespiri
tofPan-Af
ri
cani
sm,whichwasamaj orfactorinthe
count
ry'
sstruggl
eforindependence.

HOW THEFALLOFTHEOLDGHANAEMPIRERELATETOTHENI
GERI
ASYSTEM
TODAY

1.Thefal
loftheol
dGhanaEmpir
einthe11t
hcenturyhadasi
gni
fi
canti
mpacton
thedev
elopmentoft
heregi
on,
incl
udi
ngNiger
ia.

2.Thedecl
i
neoftheGhanaEmpir
eledtotheri
seoft
heMal
iEmpi
re,
whi
chwas
l
ocat
edinwhatisnowwest
ernNigerandeast
ernMal
i
.

3.Thisempi
rehadastronginf
luenceont
hedevel
opmentoft
her
egi
on,
incl
udi
ng
thespr
eadofIsl
am andthegrowthoft
radenet
wor
ks.

4.TheMaliEmpirealsohadast r
onginf
luenceonthedevel
opmentoftheHausa
stat
esinnort
hernNigeri
a,whichwereheavi
lyi
nfl
uencedbytheMali
Empire'
s
cult
ureandpoli
ti
calst
ructur
e.

WEEK6

MALIEMPI
REI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTERNAFRI
CA

LOCATI
ONOFMALIONTHEMAPOFAFRI
CATODAY

Malii
slocat
edinthewest
ernregi
onofAfri
ca,justsout
hofAlger
iaandnorthwestof
Niger
.Iti
sborder
edbyMaurit
aniat
othewest ,
Al ger
iat
othenort
h,Nigert
ot heeast
,
andBurki
naFasoandIvor
yCoasttothesouth.
 ORI
GINOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

TheMaliEmpirewasfoundedbySundiataKeitai
n1235CE.Hewasapr inceoft
he
Keit
aDynasty,abr
anchofthelar
gerGhanaEmpi re.Sundiatawasabletounit
emanyof
thesmall
kingdomsintheregi
onandcr eat
et heMaliEmpire.TheMaliEmpireev
entual
ly
grewtobecomeoneoft helar
gestempiresinWestAf r
ica,str
etchi
ngfr
om theAtl
anti
c
OceantotheNigerRi
ver.

REASONSFORTHERI
SEOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

1.Expansi
onofTr
ade: TheMal iEmpir
erosetopowerduet oitsst
rat
egi
clocati
onatthe
crossr
oadsoft
hetrans-Saharantr
aderoutes.Thi
sall
owedt heempir
etocontrolt
he
fl
owofgoodsandresour ces,
andt obenef
itfrom t
hetaxesi
mposedont r
aders.

2.Str
ongLeader
shi
p:TheMal
iEmpir
ewasledbystr
ongandcapabl
eruler
s,suchas
Sundiat
aKeit
aandMansaMusa,whower
eabletoexpandt
heempire'
sbordersand
consoli
dat
eit
spower.

3.Mil
i
tarySt
rength:
TheMaliEmpirewasabl
etomaint
ainit
spowerandexpandit
s
bor
dersduetoitsstr
ongmil
it
ary.Thearmywaswel
l
-tr
ainedandwel
l-
equi
pped,and
wasabletodefeati
tsenemi
esinbattl
e.

4.Rel
igi
ousTol
erance:TheMaliEmpir
ewastol
erantofdi
fferentr
eli
gions,which
al
loweditt
ogai
nt heloyal
tyofi
tsci
ti
zensandt
oat t
ractt
radersfr
om ot herr
egions.

5.Wealt
h:TheMaliEmpir
ewasincr
edibl
yweal
thyduet
oitscont
rolofthet
rans-
Sahar
ant r
aderout
es.Thi
sweal
thal
lowedtheempir
etobuil
dimpressi
vemonument
s
andtofundit
smi l
i
tar
ycampai
gns.

REASONSFORTHEFALLOFMALIEMPI
RE

1.I
nter
nalConfl
i
ct:I
nter
nalconf
li
ctbet
weenther
uli
ngel
i
tesoft
heMal
iEmpi
re
weakenedthest
ateandledtoit
sevent
ualdownf
all
.

2.Ext
ernal
Pressur
e:TheMali
Empir
ewasconstantl
yunderpr
essur
efrom ext
ernal
for
cessuchastheSonghai
Empir
e,theMossi
Kingdoms,andtheTuar
eg.

3.Cl
imateChange:
Cli
matechangecausedaseveredr
oughti
ntheregi
on,
leadi
ngt
oa
decr
easeinagri
cul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionandadecreaseint
hepopul
ati
on.

4.Tr
adeDecl
i
ne:
Thedecli
neoft
het
rans-
Sahar
ant
rader
out
escausedadecr
easei
nthe
weal
thoft
heMaliEmpi
re.
5.WeakLeader
ship:Weakleader
shi
pfr
om therul
ersoft
heMal
iEmpi
rel
edt
oal
ackof
di
rect
ionandalackofuni
tyamongthepeople.

CAPI
TALOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

Thecapi
tal
oft
heMal
iEmpi
rewast
heci
tyofNi
ani
,l
ocat
edi
npr
esent
-dayGui
nea.

THELI
STOFRULERSOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

TheMaliEmpi
rewasf
oundedbySundi
ataKei
tai
n1235andl
ast
edunt
il1645.The
rul
ersoft
heMali
Empi
rewere:

1.Sundi
ataKei
ta(
1235–
1255)

2.MansaUl
i(1255–
1270)

3.MansaKhal
i
fa(
1270–
1274)

4.MansaMusaI(
1275–
1307)

5.MansaMaghan(
1307–
1332)

6.MansaSul
eyman(
1332–
1337)

7.MansaAbu-
BakrI
I(1337–
1341)

8.MansaMusaI
I(1341–
1360)

9.MansaMahmudI
V(1360–
1374)

10.MansaMuhammad(
1374–
1387)

11.MansaMagha(
1387–
1389)

12.MansaSul
ayman(
1389–
1400)

13.MansaMusaI
II(
1400–
1412)

14.MansaAbu-
BakrI
II(
1412–
1415)

15.MansaMahmudV(
1415–
1466)

16.MansaMuhammadI
I(1466–
1481)

17.MansaMahmudVI(
1481–
1511)

18.MansaAski
aMuhammad(
1511–
1537)
19.Aski
aIshaqI
I(1537–
1539)

20.Aski
aMusa(
1539–
1546)

21.Aski
aDaoud(
1546–
1582)

22.Aski
aIshaqI
II(
1582–
1586)

23.Aski
aIsmai
l(1586–
1588)

24.Aski
aMuhammadI
II(
1588–
1591)

25.Aski
aDawudI
I(1591–
1595)

26.Aski
aal
-Haj
j(1595–
1603)

27.Aski
aIshaqI
V(1603–
1617)

28.Aski
aIsmai
lII(
1617–
1639)

29.Aski
aMuhammadI
V(1639–
1645)

THESOCI
OPOLI
TICALORGANI
ZATI
ONOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

1.TheMal
iEmpi
rewasahi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zedst
atewi
thacompl
expol
i
tical
str
uct
ure.

2.Theempirewasruledbyapowerfulki
ng,knownastheMansa,whowas
suppor
tedbyalargebureaucr
acyofoff
ici
alsandadmini
str
ator
s.

3.Thekingwast hesupr
emeauthori
tyint
heempireandwasr esponsi
blefor
makinglaws, appoi
nti
ngoff
ici
als,
andcoll
ect
ingtaxes.Hewasalsoresponsi
ble
formaintai
ningorderandensur
ingthesaf
etyoft
hepeopl e.

4.Theki
ngdom wasdi
vi
dedi
ntopr
ovi
nces,
eachofwhi
chwasr
uledbyagov
ernor
appoi
ntedbyt
heki
ng.

5.Thegover
nor
swereresponsi
bleforcol
l
ect
ingtaxes,
mai
ntai
ningor
der
,and
ensur
ingt
hesaf
etyofthepeopl
einthei
rpr
ovinces.

6.Thekingdom wasal
sodi
vi
dedint
osmal
leruni
ts,
suchasci
ti
es,
towns,
and
vi
ll
ages,eachofwhi
chwasrul
edbyal
ocalchi
ef.

7.Thelocal
chi
efswer
eresponsi
blef
ormai
ntai
ningor
derandensur
ingt
hesaf
ety
oft
hepeoplei
nthei
rar
eas.

8.TheMal
iEmpi
rewasal
soahi
ghl
yrel
i
giousst
ate,
wit
hIsl
am bei
ngt
heof
fi
cial
 r
eli
gion.

9.Theki
ngwasresponsi
blef
orappoi
nti
ngr
eli
giousl
eader
sandensur
ingt
hatt
he
peopl
efol
l
owedIsl
amiclaw.

10.
Thekingal
sohadt
hepowert
oappoi
ntj
udgest
oset
tl
edi
sput
esandenf
orcet
he
law.

11.
TheMaliEmpir
ewasapower fulandinfl
uent
ialstat
einWestAfri
caduri
ngit
s
ti
me.It
spoli
ti
calst
ruct
urewascompl exandhighlyorgani
zed,
anditwasablet
o
maint
ainor
derandstabi
li
tyi
nt heregi
onforcenturi
es.

THEECONOMI
CSTRUCTUREOFTHEMALIEMPI
RE

1.TheMali
Empi r
ewasaneconomi
cpower
housei
nWestAf
ri
cadur
ingt
he13t
hto
16t
hcentur
ies.

2.TheeconomyoftheMal
iEmpi
rewasbasedonagr
icul
tur
e,t
rade,
andt
he
product
ionofgol
d.

3.Agr
icul
tur
ewast
hemai
nsour
ceofi
ncomef
ort
hepeopl
eoft
heMal
iEmpi
re.

4.Themai
ncr
opsgr
ownwer
emi
l
let
,sor
ghum,
andr
ice.

5.TheMal i
Empi r
eal
sohadast
rongt
radenet
wor
k,t
radi
nggoodssuchasgol
d,
sal
t,andslav
es.

6.Goldwasthemainsour
ceofweal t
hfort
heMal
iEmpi r
e,andi
twasminedi
nthe
regi
onofBambuk.Thegoldwasthenusedt
opurchasegoodsfr
om ot
herr
egi
ons,
suchassaltf
rom t
heSaharaDesert
.

7.TheMal i
Empi r
ealsohadast r
ongtaxat
ionsystem,whi
chal
lowedt he
governmenttocoll
ecttaxesf
rom t
hepeople.Thismoneywasthenusedt ofund
publi
cwor kspr
oject
s,suchastheconst
ructi
onofmosquesandot herpubli
c
bui
ldi
ngs.

WEEK8/
9

SONGHAIEMPI
REI
NWESTERNSUDANANDWESTERNAFRI
CA

THELOCATI
ONOFTHESONGHAIEMPI
REI
NTHEMAPOFAFRI
CA

TheSonghaiEmpir
ewasl ocat
edi
nthewest
ernr
egi
onofAf
ri
ca,
inwhati
snowmoder
n-
dayMali
,Niger
,andBur
kinaFaso.
 ORI
GINOFTHESONGHAIEMPI
RE

TheSonghai Empirewasanempi relocat

edinWestAf r
icathatfl
ourishedf r
om the15th
tothe17t hcentury.Itwasfoundedbyt heSonghai people,whower eanet hnicgroupof
theNilo-Saharanlanguagef amil
y.TheSonghai Empirewasl ocat
edi nwhati snow
moder n-dayMal i
,Niger,andBurkinaFaso.TheSonghai Empi r
ewasf oundedinthe
1460sbySonni AliBer ,
aruleroftheSonghai people.Hewasabl et oexpandt heempi r
e
byconquer ingthecitiesofTimbukt uandGao, whichwer eimportantt r
adingcentersi
n
theregion.TheSonghai Empirereacheditspeaki nthe16thcentury,wheni twasoneof
thelar
gestempi r
esint hewor l
d.Itwasev ent
uallydefeatedbytheMor occanarmyi n
1591.

REASONSFORTHERI
SEOFSONGHAIEMPI
RE

1.ExpansionofTrade: TheSonghai Empi

rerosetopowerduet oitsst
rategicl
ocati
on
ontheNi gerRi
v er
,whichallowedittocont
rolthelucrati
vet
rans-
Saharantraderoutes.
ThisenabledtheSonghai togainaccesstoawi devariet
yofgoods,i
ncludi
nggol d,
salt,
andslaves,whichtheycouldt henusetoexpandtheirempir
e.

2.Mil
it
aryStr
ength:
TheSonghai
Empir
ewasabletoexpanditsbor
der
sduetoi
ts
str
ongmi l
i
tar
y.TheSonghai
armywaswel
l
-tr
ainedandwell
-equi
pped,
andwasabl
eto
easi
lydef
eatit
senemies.

3.Pol
it
icalSt
abili
ty:
TheSonghaiEmpirewasabletomaint
ainpol
i
tical
stabi
l
itydueto
i
tsstr
ongcentralgover
nment.Thisal
lowedtheSonghai
tofocusonexpandingthei
r
empir
er at
herthandeal
ingwit
hinter
nalconf
lict
s.

4.Rel
igi
ousTol
erance:TheSonghaiEmpir
ewast ol
erantofdi
ff
erentr
eli
gions,whi
ch
al
loweditt
oatt
ractpeoplef
rom di
ff
erentbackgroundsandcultur
es.Thi
shel pedt
he
Songhait
oexpandthei
rempireandgainmor efoll
owers.

THEROLEOFSONNIALII
NSONGHAI

1.Sonni
Ali
wast
hef
ounderandf
ir
str
uleroft
heSonghai
Empi
re.

2.Hewasapower
ful
mil
it
aryl
eaderwhouni
fi
edt
heSonghai
peopl
eandexpanded
t
heempi
retoi
tsgr
eat
estex
tent.

3.Heiscredi
tedwit
hint
roduci
ngI
slam t
other
egi
onandest
abl
i
shi
ngast
rong
cent
ral
i
zedgov er
nment.

4.Heal
soencour
agedt
radeandcommerce,whichhel
pedt
omaketheSonghai
Empi
reoneoft
hemostpowerf
ulandprosper
ousinWestAf
ri
ca.
 THEROLEOFASKI
AMOHAMMEDI
NSONGHAI

1.Aski
aMohammedwast
her
uleroft
heSonghai
Empi
ref
rom 1493t
o1528.

2.Hewasagr eatmil
it
aryl
eaderandawiserul
erwhoexpandedtheempi
ret
oits
greatestextent
.Heal
soestabl
ishedast
rongcent
ral
governmentandasy
stem
oftaxation.

3.Hewasadev
outMusl
i
m andencour
agedt
hespr
eadofI
slam t
hroughoutt
he
empi
re.

4.Healsobui
l
tmosquesandschool
sandencour
agedt
hedev
elopmentoft
rade
andcommerce.

5.Hewasagr eatpat
ronofthear
tsandl
i
ter
atur
e,andhi
scour
twasr
enownedf
or
i
tsschol
arshi
pandlear
ning.

6.Hewasagr
eatl
eaderwhobr
oughtpeaceandpr
osper
it
ytot
heSonghai
Empi
re.

SOCI
O,POLI
TICALANDECONOMI
CSTRUCTUREOFSONGHAIEMPI
RE

1.TheSonghaiEmpi
rewasapowerful
WestAfri
canstat
ethatfl
our
ishedfr
om t
he
15t
ht ot
he17thcent
ury
.Itwasl
ocatedi
ntheareaofmodern-
dayMali,
Niger
,and
Bur
kinaFaso.

2.TheSonghai
Empi
rewasanI
slami
cst
atet
hatwasr
uledbyamonar
chy
.

3.TheSonghaiEmpir
ewasdi
vi
dedint
opr
ovi
nces,
eachofwhi
chwasr
uledbya
gover
norappoi
ntedbyt
heemper
or.

4.Thesoci
o-pol
i
t i
calstr
uctur
eoft
heSonghai
Empi
rewasbasedonahi
erar
chi
cal
syst
em ofgovernance.

5.Att
hetopoft
hehi
erar
chywast
heemper
or,
whowast
heabsol
uter
uleroft
he
empi
re.

6.Bel
owt heemper
orweret hepr
ov i
ncial
gover
nor
s,whower
eresponsi
blef
ort
he
admini
str
ati
onofthei
rrespect
iveprovi
nces.

7.Thegov er
norswereappoint
edbytheemperorandwer
eresponsibl
efor
col
lect
ingtaxes,
maintai
ninglawandor
der,
andensuri
ngthesafetyoft
hepeopl
e.

8.Theeconomyoft heSonghai
Empirewasbasedonagri
cul
tur
e,t
rade,andthe
product
ionofgoods.Themaincr
opsgrownintheempi
reweremill
et,sor
ghum,
 andr
ice.

9.Theempireal
sohadast
rongt
radenet
work,
whichal
l
owedi
ttot
radewi
thot
her
Afr
icanst
atesandwi
tht
heMedit
err
aneanworl
d.

10.
Themai
nexpor
tsoft
heSonghai
Empi
rewer
egol
d,sal
t,andsl
aves.

11.
Theempirealsohadastr
ongmanuf
act
uri
ngsect
or,
whi
chpr
oducedt
ext
il
es,
leat
hergoods,andmet
algoods.

LI
STOFSONGHAIRULERS

1.Sonni
Ali
(1464–
1492)

2.Aski
aMuhammadI(
1493–
1528)

3.Aski
aIshaqI(
1528–
1531)

4.Aski
aDawud(
1531–
1537)

5.Aski
aIshaqI
I(1537–
1539)

6.Aski
aMusa(
1539–
1549)

7.Aski
aDaoud(
1549–
1582)

8.Aski
aIshaqI
II(
1582–
1586)

9.Aski
aIsmai
l(1586–
1588)

10.Aski
aMuhammadI
I(1588–
1591)

11.Aski
aDawudI
I(1591–
1593)

12.Aski
aal
-Haj
j(1593–
1596)

13.Aski
aIshaqI
V(1596–
1607)

14.Aski
aMuhammadI
II(
1607–
1617)

15.Aski
aIshaqV(
1617–
1618)

16.Aski
aDawudI
II(
1618–
1639)

17.Aski
aIshaqVI(
1639–
1641)

18.Aski
aMuhammadI
V(1641–
1645)
19.Aski
aIshaqVI
I(1645–
1660)

20.Aski
aDawudI
V(1660–
1674)

21.Aski
aIshaqVI
II(
1674–
1675)

22.Aski
aMuhammadV(
1675–
1678)

23.Aski
aDawudV(
1678–
1688)

24.Aski
aIshaqI
X(1688–
1689)

25.Aski
aMuhammadVI(
1689–
1691)

26.Aski
aDawudVI(
1691–
1727)

27.Aski
aIshaqX(
1727–
1729)

28.Aski
aMuhammadVI
I(1729–
1736)

29.Aski
aDawudVI
I(1736–
1737)

30.Aski
aIshaqXI(
1737–
1738)

31.Aski
aMuhammadVI
II(
1738–
1739)

32.Aski
aDawudVI
II(
1739–
1740)

33.Aski
aIshaqXI
I(1740–
1741)

34.Aski
aMuhammad

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEFALLOFSONGHAIEMPI
REANDI
TSI
MPACTSON
AFRI
CAANDNIGERIATODAY

1.I
nter
nal Confl
ict:I
nter
nalconfl
ictwasamajorf
actorinthefal
loft
heSonghaiEmpir
e.
TheSonghai Empi r
ewasweakenedbyaser i
esofcivi
lwarsandint
ernaldi
sput
es
bet
weent heruli
ngf amil
yandot herpower
fulf
amil
ies.Thi
sweakenedt heempi
reand
madeitvulnerabletoexter
nalforces.

2.Ext
ernal
Forces:TheSonghaiEmpirewasalsoweakenedbyext er
nalfor
ces.The
Moroccaninv
asionof1591wasamaj orf
actori
nthefalloftheSonghai Empir
e.The
Moroccanfor
ceswer ewell
-equi
ppedandhadsuperiormilit
arytechnol
ogy.Thi
sallowed
them t
oeasil
ydefeattheSonghaif
orcesandtakecontr
ol oftheempi r
e.

3.Cl
i
mat
eChange:
Cli
mat
echangewasal
soaf
act
ori
nthef
all
oft
heSonghai
Empi
re.
Ther
egionexper
iencedaperi
odofdroughtandf
ami
newhi
chweakenedt
heempi
reand
madeitvul
ner
abletoext
ernalf
orces.

THEFALLOFTHESONGHAIEMPI
REI
MPACTSONAFRI
CAANDNI
GERI
ATODAY:

1.Thefal
loft
heempirel
edtothedecl
i
neoft
hetr
ans-Sahar
antrader
out
eswhi
ch
hadbeenamajorsour
ceofwealt
handpr
osper
it
yfortheregi
on.

2.Thi
sledtoadecreasei
neconomicact
ivi
tyandadecr
easei
nthest
andar
dof
l
ivi
ngformanypeoplei
ntheregi
on.

3.Thefal
loftheSonghaiEmpir
ealsoledtotheri
seofot
herempi
resi
nther
egi
on
suchastheAskiy
aDy nast
yinthe16thcentur
y.

4.Thi
sledt
oaper
iodofpol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ityi
nther
egi
onwhi
chcont
inuest
othi
sday
.

5.Thefal
loft
heSonghai
Empi
real
soledtothespr
eadofIsl
am i
nther
egi
onwhi
ch
hashadamajori
mpactont
hecul
tureandsoci
etyoft
heregi
on.

WEEK10&11

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEDECLI
NEOFGREATEMPI
RESI
NWESTERNSUDANAND
WESTAFRI
CA

Thegr
eatempi
resandki
ngdomsi
nwest
ernSudanandWest
ernAf
ri
ca

1.GhanaEmpire(7t
h-13t
hcentur
ies)
:TheGhanaEmpirewasl
ocat
edinwhati
snow
southeast
ernMauri
tani
aandwesternMali
.Itwasoneoft
heear
li
estandmostpower
ful
oftheWestAfri
canempires.

2.Mali Empi
re(
1230-1600):TheMal
iEmpirewaslocatedi
nwhatisnowwesternAf
ri
ca,
i
ncludingpar
tsofmoder n-
dayMali
,Senegal
,Gui
nea,andNiger
.Itwasoneoft
helar
gest
empiresinWestAfr
icanhistory
.

3.Songhai
Empir
e(1464-1591)
:TheSonghaiEmpi
rewaslocat
edinwhati
snow
wester
nSudanandwesternNiger
.Itwasoneoft
helar
gestempir
esinWestAf
ri
can
hi
story
.

4.Kanem-BornuEmpire(1380-
1893)
:TheKanem-Bor
nuEmpir
ewasl ocatedinwhati
s
nownortheaster
nNigeri
aandwesternChad.I
twasoneoft
helongest-
lasti
ngempir
es
i
nWestAf ri
canhist
ory.

5.OyoEmpire(
1400-
1836)
:TheOyoEmpirewaslocatedi
nwhatisnowsouthwestern
Niger
ia.I
twasoneoft
hemostpowerf
ulandinf
luent
ialempi
resi
nWestAfri
canhistory.
6.BeninEmpi
re(1440-
1897)
:TheBeni
nEmpir
ewasl ocat
edinwhati
snowsouthern
Niger
ia.I
twasoneofthemostpowerf
ulandi
nfl
uent
ialempi
resi
nWestAfr
icanhist
ory
.

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEDECLINEOFGREATEMPI
RESANDKI
NGDOMSOF
WESTERNSUDANANDWESTERNAFRI
CA

1.Envir
onmentalFact
ors:
Drought,desert
if
icat
ion,andsoiler
osionplayedamajorr
ole
i
nt hei
rdecl
ine.I
tcausedadecreaseinagricul
tur
al pr
oducti
on,whichintur
nledtoa
decreasei
npopulati
onandadecr easeintheresourcesavail
abl
etotheempi r
esand
ki
ngdoms.

2.Poli
tical
Fact
ors:Inter
nalconfl
ict
s,forei
gninvasi
ons,andther
iseofnewpowersalso
contri
butedtot
heirdecli
ne.Int
ernalconfli
ctsweakenedthepoweroftheempir
esand
ki
ngdoms, whil
eforeigninv
asionsandt heriseofnewpowersledtothedecl
i
neoftheir
authori
tyandcontr
ol.

3.Economi cFactors:Thedecr easeintr

adeandcommer ce,adecr
easei
nthe
avai
labil
i
tyofresour ces,andadecr easei
ntheproduct
ionofgoodsandser
vicesal
so
contri
butedtotheirdecline.einthewealthandpoweroftheempir
esandki
ngdoms,
whichinturnledtot heirdecl
ine.

4.Soci
alFactors:Decr
easeinpopul
ati
on,
adecr
easeint
henumberofski
l
ledworker
s,
andadecr easeinthenumberofpeopl
ewhocoul
dprovi
del
aboral
socontr
ibut
edto
thei
rdecl
ine.

I
MPACTSOFTHECOLLAPSEOFTHEGREATEMPI
RESANDKI
NGDOMSOFWESTERN
SUDANANDWESTERNAFRI
CAINAFRI
CATODAY

1.Thecoll
apseoft
hegreatempir
esandki
ngdomsofwester
nSudanandWest
ern
Afr
icahadaprof
oundimpactonther
egi
onandthecont
inentasawhol
e.

2.Thef
all
oft
heseempir
esandki
ngdomsledtothesepar
ati
onoft
her
egi
on,
whi
ch
i
ntur
nledt
otheri
seofsmal
ler
,morel
ocal
izedstat
es.

3.Thi
sseparat
ionhashadalasti
ngi
mpactont
her
egi
on,
asi
thasmadei
tmor
e
di
ff
icul
tforl
arger
,uni
fi
edstat
estoemer
ge.

4.Lackofr
egional
int
egrat
ionandcooper
ati
on,
whi
chhashi
nder
edeconomi
c
devel
opmentandpoli
ti
calst
abi
li
ty.

5.I
thasledt
oadecreasei
nthespr
eadofcul
turalandr
eli
giousi
deas,
aswel
lasa
decr
easei
nthespr
eadoftr
adeandcommer ce.
6.I
thashadanegati
veimpactonther
egion'
seconomi
cdevel
opmentandhas
hi
nder
edther
egion'
sabil
i
tytocompeteinthegl
obal
economy.

7.I
thasl edtoadecreasei
nther
egion'
spoli
ti
cal
power
,asthesmall
erstat
esar
e
unabl
et oef
fect
ivel
ychal
l
engethelar
ger
,morepower
ful
statesi
ntheregi
on.