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 Atmosphere
 Layers of atmosphere
 Weather
 Various weather conditions
 Important instruments and gadgets
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Atmosphere
• Atmosphere is the blanket of air that surrounds
the earth.
• It protect the Earth from the harmful radiations
coming from the sun by trapping them.
• The atmosphere is made of various gases and
varies in density as one moves away from the
surface of the earth.
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 Layers of Atmosphere
The atmosphere comprises of 5 layers namely
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere
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 Troposphere
• This layer is closest to the earth’s surface. It extends
to a height of 12 Km or 7 miles. Weather
variations takes place in this layer.

Stratosphere
• This is next to troposphere and ranges from 12 Km
to 50 Km. It contains ozone layer and blocks the
UV rays of the Sun.
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 Mesosphere
• Mesosphere is next to stratosphere extending from 50
Km to 80 Km. The highest clouds are found in this
layer.

Thermosphere
• It extends from 80 Km to 700 Km. It has very low
density. The international space station orbits the
earth in this layer.
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 Exosphere
• Exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth’s
atmosphere ranging from 700 Km to 10,000
Km.
• Most of the satellites orbiting the Earth are
present in this layer.
• This is also called ionosphere as it contains a lot of
ions of Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen, oxygen etc.
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 Weather
• Weather can be defines as the conditions of the
atmosphere of a particular place with regards to
temperature, rain, wind conditions and humidity.

• Weather differs from place to

place and from day to day.

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 Weather conditions
The various weather conditions are:
• Sunny • Windy
• Cloudy • Foggy
• Rainy • Hail
• Snowy • Thunderstorm
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 Sunny Day
• Sunny day is characterized by warm to hot
temperature conditions.
• The sun shines
bright in the sky.

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Cloudy Day
• A cloudy day is when
the sky and the sun is covered with clouds.
• As the sun is covered by clouds, the day is
comparatively darker than a sunny day.

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 Rainy Day
• These are the days when the
sky is covered in dark clouds
and rain pours down on Earth.
• Rain can be accompanied by
thunder and lightening.
• If the sun shines after the rain,
RAINBOWs are formed in the sky.
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 Snowy day
• Snowy day is when snow falls down from
the cloud instead of
rain water.
• It occurs in very
cold regions where the
water freezes to snow and falls down from the
clouds.
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 Windy day
• Fast winds blow on this type of day.
• It may or may not
be cloudy.
• Fast winds are
strong and thus can
damage property or
plants and trees.
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 Foggy Day
• Foggy day is when the clouds come down too close
to the land.
• It seems as if a blanket of
smoke is covering the area.
• Visibility reduces if the
fog is too dense.
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 Hail storm
• Hail is when the rain water freezes to ice and falls
down as HAIL.
• At times hail storm can be accompanied by rain.
• Depending upon the cold temperature, the hail
stones can be of
different sizes.

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 Thunderstorm
• Thunderstorm is when the clouds produce loud
thunder and lightening.
• It can accompanied
by rain and winds.

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 Important Instruments
Instruments Use to measure
Thermometer Air and sea temperature
Barometer Atmospheric pressure
Hygrometer Humidity
Anemometer Wind speed
Pyranometer Solar radiation
Rain gauge Amount of rainfall
Disdrometer Rain drop size
Transmissometer Visibility
Ceilometer Cloud ceiling
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