Allowable span/d ratio = 16 x 1.017 = 16.

27

Actual span/d ratio = 8000/550 = 14.55 allowable okay

The beam satisfies deflection requirements

Activity 3.12
Design the end span of the continuous beam given below.

Given:

Nominal loading
Superimposed live load, 5 kPa
Superimposed dead loads, 3 kPa including floor & ceiling finishes

Characteristic material strength

Characteristic concrete cube strength, 30 MPa
Yield strength of steel in tension, 450 MPa
Yield strength of steel in shear, 450 MPa
Yield strength of steel in shear, 1.5
Modulus of elasticity, 200 GPa
Material safety factor for shear

Geometry
Span dimension
Effective span length, L 5m
Spacing of the beams, 6m
Width of supports, 230 mm

Beam dimension
Width of web, 300 mm
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 Height of flange, 510 mm
Thickness of flange, 180 mm

Maximum aggregate size, 26.5 mm (moderate exposure)

Tension bar size, 25 mm
Link size, 8 mm
Initial assumption:
Concrete unit weight 24
Ultimate strain in concrete, 0.0035

Design:

Concrete cover:

For moderate exposure with one-hour fire resistance, assuming siliceous aggregate

Minimum width of the section is 110 mm < = 300 mm. Therefore, it is okay.

Minimum required cover to main reinforcing bars is 25 mm.

For a minimum possible link size of 8 mm, cover should be greater than 25 mm - 8 mm =
17mm.

Exposure conditions:

For moderate exposure conditions and normal density concrete:

Cover = 30 mm > 26.5 mm. Therefore, it is okay.

Loading:

Imposed live load 30

Total dead load, , equals self-weight, plus superimposed dead loads,
= slab self-weight of beam and slab
= 28.3 kN/m
= superimposed dead load

= 46.3
Design load, n = 103.56

Bending moment and shear force:

Determine whether simplified rules can be used by checking the following conditions:

Using simplified analysis method:

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Total load on span, 517.78 kN

Moment Shear
Simplified Simplified
Position
formula in kN.m formula in kN

At end support, A - - 0.45 F 233.00

At first mid span, E F L/11 235.35 - -

At first interior support, B -F L/9 -287.65 0.6 F 310.67

DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

Midspan (at E):

Effective depth, = 459.5 mm

Effective flange width, = 1 mm <, 4 m. Therefore, it is okay.

Required reinforcement

Assume,

=1

=0.176 > 0.156. Therefore,

= 0.037

Since 0.037 < . Therefore, compression reinforcement is not required.

) = 439.67 mm

= 0.957 > 0.95. Therefore take = 0.95

436.5 mm

= 1377.1 > = 663 . Therefore, the actual required

reinforcement is 1377.1 .

Using bar 25 mm 490.9

No. of bars required = 2.8. Take 3

Provide 3Y25

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 = 1472.6 = 1377.1 .Therefore, it is okay.

Check for minimum reinforcement:

= 0.3 < 0.4 and . Therefore, it is okay.

Maximum area of reinforcement 4% > . Therefore, it is okay.

Minimum horizontal spacing of bars:

= 74.5 mm < = 31.5 mm. Therefore, it is okay.

Maximum clear spacing between bars:

= 170 mm assuming 0% moment redistribution. Therefore, it is okay.

Support B:

At the support the tension bars will probably have to be placed in two layers to fit into the web.

Effective depth, = 447 mm

Note that

For the simplified analysis method, assume at the support

Required reinforcement

= 0.156. Therefore, .

= 0.16

Since 0.16 > . Therefore, compression reinforcement is required.

= 50.2 m

Yield stress for compression reinforcement, = 327.3 MPa

= 0.266. Therefore, compression reinforcement yields

at ultimate

= 347.3 mm

= 0.777 < 0.95. Therefore take = 0.777

347.3.75 mm

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 Required area of compression reinforcement:

= 54.9 = 663 . Therefore, the actual

required reinforcement is 663 .

For compression reinforcement at the support the tension reinforcement at midspan is

extended into the support, i.e., 1472.6 > 663 . Therefore, it is okay. That
means the provided reinforcement is 3Y25.

Required area of tensile reinforcement:

= 2109.3 > = 663 . Therefore, the

actual required reinforcement is 2109.3 .

Using bar 10mm 78.54

No. of bars required = 4.3. Take

Provide 3Y25 and 3Y20 in two layers.

= 2415.1 =2109.3 .Therefore, it is okay.

Check for minimum reinforcement

Tension . Therefore, it is okay.

Compression . Therefore, it is okay.

Maximum area of reinforcement = 4% > . Therefore, it is okay.

For ductility, = 1417.7 > = 345.1

Minimum horizontal spacing of bars:

= 74.5 mm < = 31.5 mm. Therefore, it is okay.

Maximum clear spacing between bars:

= 170 mm assuming 0% moment redistribution. Therefore, it is okay.

Add the reinforcement detail for tension reinforcement

Applying curtailment rule

Anchorage curtailment length is the greatest of

1250 mm

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 20% of the reinforcement at support must extend into the span = 421.9

Extend 2Y25 (= 981.75 ) of the top reinforcement into the span.

Minimum transverse reinforcement in flange

To transfer shear in flange .

Provide Y10@250 mm c/c, over a length of

DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Maximum shear at the face of support

= 298.76 kN.

= 2.23 MPa < the lesser of . Therefore, it

is okay.
Nominal shear reinforcement

For two legs of a Y10 link

Maximum spacing is mm

Therefore, take spacing, of 300 mm

Use two legs of a Y10 link and take spacing of 300 mm

Provide Y10 links @ 300 mm spacing.

Shear resistance of concrete

Assuming that nominal links will always be placed in areas of sagging bending, reinforcement
at mid-span is considered:

= 0.562 MPa

Where,
Partial material safety factor = 1.4

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 Characteristic concrete cube strength = 30 MPa . Therefore, it is okay.
= 1.068 . Therefore, it is okay.
Area of effectively anchored tension reinforcement.

for members without shear reinforcement.

Shear resistance of nominal shear reinforcement

= 0.68 MPa

Concrete and shear reinforcement resistance

= 1.245 MPa refer to the calculation in the table above.

= 171.68 kN

Shear reinforcement at support A

Consider critical section at a distance of from the face of the support:

= 221.09 kN.
= 173.51 kN.

= 1.26 MPa < the lesser of

If tension reinforcement is not curtailed at support A, the full area of tension reinforcement
can be used.

0.562 MPa

Required shear reinforcement:

= 0.534
For two legs of a Y10 link 157
Required spacing = 294.3 mm say 250 mm

Provide Y10 links @ 250 mm c/c, 0.628

Maximum spacing, 0.75 = 344.63 mm. Use 300 mm.
Extend the reinforcement the following distance:
= 0.48 mm from the face of the support.

Shear reinforcement at support B

Consider critical section at a distance of from the face of the support:

= 298.76 kN
= 252.47 kN

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 = 1.88 MPa < the lesser of

Shear resistance of concrete

= 1.8 < 3, okay. Note that all reinforcement at this critical section extends a
distance, d, beyond the critical section.

= 0.674 MPa

Where,
Partial material safety factor = 1.4
Characteristics concrete cube strength = 30 MPa . Therefore, it is
okay.
. Therefore, it is okay.
Area of effectively anchored tension reinforcement

for members without shear reinforcement

Required shear reinforcement:

= 0.926
For Y10 links (2 legs) 157

Required spacing, = 169.55 mm, say 150 mm

Provide Y10 links @ 150 mm c/c, 1.047

Maximum spacing is 335.25 mm. Use 300 mm.

The reinforcement is extended over the following distance:

1.23 m from the face of the support.

Confinement of compression reinforcement

At support B

Smallest compression bar is = 25 mm

Maximum spacing of links is = 240 mm

Largest compression bar is = 25 mm

Minimum link size = 6.25 mm. Okay, all link diameters are greater than this.

Span-effective depth ratio:

Since the span is less than 10 m, the L/d ratio need not be adjusted.

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 Assume - For and a beam with one end continuous

=1- conservative

Modification factor for tension reinforcement

Service stress

= 274.59 MPa

Modification factor for compression reinforcement

= 628.3

= 0.137

Check L/d ratio

= 27.8

Calculating the actual = 10.88 < . Therefore, it is okay.

Curtailment of main reinforcement:

We are going to determine the top and bottom reinforcement at different locations, support and mid
span.

From calculation above, at mid span. Provide 3Y25.

at first interior support. Provide 3Y25 and 3Y20.

For the whole span continuous

Top reinforcement . Provide 2Y20.

Bottom reinforcement . Provide 2Y20.

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At exterior support simply supported section A-A

Top reinforcement . Provide 2Y20.

Bottom reinforcement only the . Provide 2Y20 spanning for the whole length.

At first interior support continuous section C-C

Top reinforcement that continues the whole span

for a length greater of = 1250 mm or 1440 mm

for a length greater of = 1125 mm or 1440 mm

Provide 2Y20 and 4Y25.

Bottom reinforcement only the . Provide 2Y20 spanning for the whole length

At midspan exterior span section B-B

Top reinforcement only the . Provide 2Y20 spanning for the whole length.

Bottom reinforcement 1030 . Provide 2Y32 for a length of 2750 mm

between from the face of support for exterior span where both

. Provide 2Y20 spanning for the whole length.

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Curtailment of shear reinforcement:

For simplification, we are going to consider the required shear reinforcement at the face of the support
and we will provide the nominal shear reinforcement for the remaining part of the beam, from the
calculation above.

Near exterior support

Provide Y10 links @ 250 mm c/c, extend the reinforcement over the following distance,
= 480mm from the face of the support.

Near first interior support

Provide Y10 links @ 150 mm, extend the reinforcement over the following distance,

1230 mm from the face of the support.

Remaining part of the beam

Provide Y10 links @ 300 mm spacing for the rest of the beam.

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 Reflective question 3.1
What were the most important new insights you gained on beam design in this learning unit? Mention
at least two points.

If you have any particular difficulties with the work in this learning unit, you may want to discuss them
with your fellow students in the Discussions space on the myUnisa website.

3.10 Conclusion

In this learning unit, we covered the different types of concrete beams. We also discussed how forces
flow in a structure specifically, forces from the slabs to the beams supporting them. The main goal
of this learning unit was to do a preliminary design as well as a detailed design of reinforced concrete
beams, using the general design approach for an RC structural beam, taking into consideration the
applied force, applicable load combination, and the resulting forces and stresses on a beam. South
African National Standards were applied in all activities.

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