Flanged Beam

• In actual practice beams of rectangular sections are built monolithically with the
slab (flange portion) at top or bottom.
• If flanges are located in compression zone, they become effective in adding
significantly to the area of the concrete in compression. However, if the flanges
are located in the tension zone, it becomes ineffective.
• The beam portion below the flange is termed as web.
• In the beam-supported slab floor system, Intermediate beams act as T-beams and
peripheral or corner beams act as L-beam.

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• Calculation of Effective Flange Width

• The flexural compressive stress in the flange

is not uniform over its width.
• Compressive stress is max. in the web region
to progressively lower values at points farther
away from the web as shown in Fig.

 Effective Flange width defined as the width

of hypothetical flange that resists
compressive stress of uniform magnitude
equal to the peak stress in the original wide
flange, such that the value of the resultant
longitudinal compressive force is the same.
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• Approximate formulae for estimating the effective width of flange as per Code,
For T-beam:
For L-beam:
is the distance between points of zero moments in the beam, which may be
assumed as 0.7 times the effective span in continuous beams and frames.
• In some situation, isolated T-beams and L- beams are encountered, i.e., the slab
is discontinuous at the sides, as in stringer beam of a staircase, Code
recommends following formulas,
For isolated T-beam:
For isolated L-beam:

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• Analysis of Flanged Beam

For a flanged beam N.A. either lies in flange or in web.

Let us assume that N.A. lies at the bottom of flange.

Then

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Case 1 : N.A. lies in the flange

• When N.A. lies in the flange, the size of compression zone becomes .
• As concrete does not resist any tension, the width of tension zone has no effect on the M.R.
of the section.
• Therefore, this beam can be considered as a rectangular beam of dimensions .
• The same formulas derived for rectangular beams can be applied by replacing “” with5 “”
• To find the depth of N.A.
Total Compression = Total Tension

• Moment of resistance of the section

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Case 2 : N.A. lies in W
1. When (for balanced section) or (for Under reinforced section)

Stress in the flange will be uniform as depth of flange is less than rectangular
portion of the stress block. 7
 Total Tension =
Total compression = Compression in rectangular beam of size
+ Compression in rectangle of size
=

• Moment of resistance of the section

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2. When (for balanced section) or (for Under reinforced section)

Stress in the flange will be Non-uniform as depth of flange is greater than

rectangular portion of the stress block. 9
will be replaced by in the formulas.

Total Tension =
Total compression = Compression in rectangular beam of size
+ Compression in rectangle of size
=
Moment of resistance of the section

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 PROBLEMS
1. A Tee beam of effective flange width 1200 mm, thickness of slab 100 mm, width of rib 300
mm and effective depth 560 mm is reinforced with 4 no. of 25 mm dia. Bars. Calculate the
factored moment of resistance. Materials are Fe415 + M20.
Sol:
Ast = 4 x 0.785 x 252 = 1964 mm2
To find whether the neutral axis lies in the flange or the web,
Flange Compression Force

= 0.36 x 20 x 1200 x 100 x 10-3

= 864 kN
Flange Tensile Force Fts

= 0.87 x 415 x 1964 x 10-3

= 709 kN
Hence N.A. lies in Flange. 11
Equating the forces:
Total Compression = Total Tension
=
0.36 * 20 * 1200 * Xu = 0.87 * 415 * 1964
Xu = 82.07 mm < 100 mm
Xu,max = 0.48 * d = 0.48 * 560 = 268.8 mm
Xu < Xu,max
Hence, Section is Under-reinforced.

Moment of Resistance of Under-reinforced section:

Mu =
= 0.87 * 415 * 1964 * (560 – 0.42*82.07)*10-6
= 372.65 kNm

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2. Find the factored moment of resistance for the section given in Prob. 1 if it is
reinforced with 6 no. 28 mm dia. Bars. Assume that effective depth remains same.
Sol:
Ast = 6 x 0.785 x 282 = 3696 mm2
To find whether the neutral axis lies in the flange or the web,
Flange Compression Force

= 0.36 x 20 x 1200 x 100 x 10-3

= 864 kN
Flange Tensile Force Fts

= 0.87 x 415 x 3696 x 10-3

= 1334.44 kN
Hence N.A. lies in Web.
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Assume Df < 3/7 * Xu
Total compression: C =
= 0.36 * 20 * 300Xu + 0.446 * 20 * (1200-300) * 100
= 2160Xu + 802800
Total Tension: T=
= 0.87 * 415 * 3696
= 1334441
Equating C = T, we get Xu = 246.13 mm
3/7 * Xu = 105.48 mm > Df
Xu,max = 0.48 * 560 = 268.8 mm
Hence, Assumption is correct and Section is Under-reinforced.
Moment of Resistance of Under-reinforced section:

= 0.36 * 20 * 300 * 246.13 * (560-0.42*246.13) * 10-6 + 0.446 * 20 * 900 * 100 * (560-50) * 10-6
= 242.76 + 409.42
= 652.19 kNm. 14
3. Find the factored moment of resistance for the section given in Prob. 1 if it is
reinforced with 5 no. 25 mm dia. Bars. Assume that effective depth remains same.
Sol:
Ast = 5 x 0.785 x 252 = 2455 mm2
To find whether the neutral axis lies in the flange or the web,
Flange Compression Force

= 0.36 x 20 x 1200 x 100 x 10-3

= 864 kN
Flange Tensile Force Fts

= 0.87 x 415 x 2455 x 10-3

= 886.4 kN
Hence N.A. lies in Web.
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Assume Df > 3/7 * Xu
Yf = 0.15Xu + 0.65
= 0.15Xu + 0.65*100
= 0.15Xu + 65
Total compression: C =
= 0.36 * 20 * 300Xu + 0.446 * 20 * (1200-300) * (0.15Xu + 65)
= 2160Xu + 1204.2Xu + 521820
Total Tension: T=
= 0.87 * 415 * 2455
= 886378
Equating C = T, we get Xu = 108.36 mm
3/7 * Xu = 46.44 mm < Df
Xu,max = 0.48 * 560 = 268.8 mm
Hence, Assumption is correct and Section is Under-reinforced.
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Moment of Resistance of Under-reinforced section:

= 0.36 * 20 * 300 * 108.36 * (560-0.42*108.36) * 10-6 + 0.446 * 20 * 900 * 81.25 * (560-40.63) * 10-6
= 120.42 + 338.77
= 459.2 kNm.

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4. A Tee beam having an effective flange width 1650 mm is required to resist an ultimate moment of
525 kNm. Thickness of flange is 100 mm; width of beam is 250 mm and effective depth is 500 mm.
Using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel reinforcement, design the beam.
Sol. Here, df/d = 0.2
Xu,max = 0.48*d
= 0.48*500
= 240 mm

= 0.36*20*250*240*(500-0.42*240)*10-6 + 0.446*20*(1650-250)*100*(500-50)* 10-6

= 654.13 kNm
Mu,lim > Mu
Design as a singly reinforced section.
Assume leverarm z = = 450 mm
Area of steel required,
Ast = 525*106/(0.87*415*450)
= 3231 mm2
Provide 3 no. of 25 mm and 3 no. of 28 mm dia. Bars.
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Analyze the designed section using following steps:
Ast = 3 x 0.785 x 252 + 3 x 0.785 x 282 = 3321 mm2
To find whether the neutral axis lies in the flange or the web,
Compression Force

= 0.36 x 20 x 1650 x 100 x 10-3

= 1188 kN
Tensile Force Fts

= 0.87 x 415 x 3321 x 10-3

= 1199 kN
Hence N.A. lies in Web.
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Assume Df > 3/7 * Xu
Yf = 0.15Xu + 0.65
= 0.15Xu + 0.65*100
= 0.15Xu + 65
Total compression: C =
= 0.36 * 20 * 250Xu + 0.446 * 20 * (1650-250) * (0.15Xu + 65)
= 1800Xu + 1873.2Xu + 811720
Total Tension: T=
= 0.87 * 415 * 3321
= 1199047
Equating C = T, we get Xu = 105.45 mm
3/7 * Xu = 45.19 mm < Df
Xu,max = 0.48 * 500 = 240 mm
Hence, Assumption is correct.

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Moment of resistance of designed section,

= 0.36 * 20 * 250 *105.45*(500-0.42*105.45) * 10-6 + 0.446 * 20 * 1400 * 80.82 * (500-40.41) * 10-6

= 86.50 + 463.86
= 550.36 kNm > 525 kNm
Hence, Design is Safe.

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