Session 1 - Basic Gad Concepts - Rgadc V Levelling

Levelling Session on Basic GAD Concepts, SOGIESC,
Gender Mainstreaming, Gender Analysis Tools and

Local GAD Planning and Budgeting for Regional Gender
and Development Committee (RGADC) – Region V
Basic GAD Concepts

26 June 2023
Karen “Kaydee ” D. De Castro

Senior GAD Specialist
PCW - Technical Services and Regional Coordination Division
Objective and Topics of the Session
The session will discuss: the basic related concepts,
the roles of socializing institutions contribute to the perpetration
of gender bias, discrimination and inequality; and recognize the
differentiated needs, disadvantages and potentials of women,
men, and non binary persons.
Objective and Topics of the Session
1 Sex and Gender
2 Social Institutions of Gender
3 Power
4 Addressing Gender Issues

Are Sex and Gender
the same?
Sex and Gender
What makes us MALE or FEMALE?
Sex- one’s biological

characteristics
– anatomical
(breasts, vagina; penis,
testicles),physiological
(menstrual cycle;
spermatogenesis), and
genetic(XX; XY)-- as a female
or as a male.
Sex and Gender

So… what are your sex roles?
Sex and Gender

So… what are your sex roles?
Determine the sex Pregnancy &

of the child Gestation
Fertilize the ovum Lactation
Sex and Gender

Biological Determinism
● The idea that an individual's
personality or behaviour is caused
by their particular genetic
endowment, rather than by social or
cultural factors—by nature rather
than nurture.
● The stance thatmales are the “If a trait is not universal,

naturally dominantsex by virtue of then it cannot be natural.”
anatomy and genetics or that Giddens (2001) notes that
women are naturally carersby such theories neglect the
virtue of their reproductive vital role of social
capabilities. interaction in shaping
human behaviour
Sex and Gender

Gender GENDERed
since birth…
● Refers to the differentiated social
roles, behavior, capacities and
intellectual, emotional, and social
characteristics attributed by a given
culture to women and men.
● The term implies the cultural roles Cultural Belief

expected of a person.
Sex and Gender

Feminine Masculine
Gender dependent independent
emotional non-emotional
passive aggressive
sensitive tough-skinned
quiet competitive
graceful clumsy
innocent experienced
weak strong
nurturing active
self-critical self-confident
soft hard
sexually submissive sexually aggressive
accepting rebellious
Sex and Gender

Female Woman
Male Man
Sex Gender
✔ Physical ✔ Social
✔ Universal ✔ Cultural
✔ Congenital ✔ Learned Behavior
✔ Unchanging ✔ Changes over time
✔ Unvarying ✔ Varies within a culture/
among cultures
Sex and Gender

Sex Role vs Gender Role
Sex Roles Gender Roles
● are duties, activities, tasks ● roles assigned to men and
or responsibilities that women based on their gender
males and females perform
● refers to activities which are
or undertake that are an considered appropriate and
inevitable product of one’s acceptable for boys or girls;
biology men or women.
● part of gender norms; it is

society’s evaluation of
behavior as masculine or
feminine
Sex and Gender

Gender
Where did all of these constructions of oneself started?
Gender socialization
is the process by which
individuals are informed
about norms, traditions,
behaviours, associated in
our assigned sex usually
during our childhood
development
Sex and Gender

Social Institutions
of Gender
WORKPLACE
MEDIA
Social Institutions of Gender

1 Family
● Family is primary caretaker of cultural
values/ worldview.
● “Families do not develop their rules,

beliefs, and rituals in a vacuum. The
family provides the environment
within which human values and
morals develop and grow in the new
generation; these values and morals
cannot exist apart from the family unit.”
● Identity - “The family is not only the

basic unit of society, but also affords
the individual the most important
social identity.”

4 processes
Ruth Hartley notes involved
4 processes ininGender
involved gender Socialization
socialization :
1. Manipulation
– means that people
handle girls and boys differently as infants.
Example: Mothers tend to use more physical

stimulation on male infants and more verbal
stimulation on female infants
Example:
Boy babies are tossed in the air
Girl babies get more delicate handling
4 processes
4 processes involvedininGender
gender Socialization
socialization :
2. Canalization
– means that people direct children’s
attention to gender
-appropriate objects
4 processes
socialization :
2. Canalization
– means that people direct children’s
attention to gender
-appropriate objects
4 processes
socialization :
3.Verbal Appellation
- telling children what they are and
what is expected of them
Examples:
● Brave boy, pretty girls
● Ang mga lalaki hindi

umiiyak, ang mga babae
ay dapat malinis at hindi
burara!
4 processes
socialization :
4. Activity Exposure
- familiarizing children to their- gender
appropriate tasks
2 Education
● The formal school system promotes and encourages the
different gender roles between men and women.
● Impacts government, family, media and work

2 Education
From kindergarten through college, schools operate as a gendered
institution. Teachers provide important messages about gender through
both the formal content of classroom assignments and informal
interactions with students.
The school is a secondary

socializing force and the
teachers are the chief
socialising agents. The
school operates on two
levels, that is, the intentional
and official and the
unintentional and none
examined both of which
gender differentiated
(Dekker and Lemmer 2003.)

Gender stereotyping in textbooks
Source: spot.ph

https://www.rappler.com/moveph/grade -1-student-gender-stereotypes-children-toys-learning-module/

From left to right: A boxed definition of males’ and females’

characteristics based on society’s expectations; a worksheet on
noting differences between a male and a female.
Pictures courtesy of Michael Jess Lapid from his Facebook page.
https://www.ilocossentinel.com/home/is
-deped-perpetuating
-a-battle-of-the-sexes.html


School Policy against gender-based discrimination

3 Religion
● Reinforcing gender stereotypes through
religious teachings, doctrines and symbols.
● Good women/ wife are martyrs, self-
sacrificing, and conservatives.
● Affecting reproductive choices.
● Especially in the teachings of marriage.

Gender Issues
“The Catholic Church still holds a conservative view of women.
Church teachings on family life still emphasize the “obey your
husband” dictum. Battered women are advised to stay in such a
marriage so as not to have a “broken family.”
“In the liturgy, there is still a sexist tone addressing the assembly
as “brethren,” praying for the salvation of “mankind,” and
exhorting to love one’s “fellowmen”.
The women are given minor roles in the liturgy, but they
shoulder the more burdensome preparations behind the scenes
and the “making order” after each celebration.” - Sister Mary
John Mananzan
https://worldmissionmagazine.com/archives/october-2020/women-filipino-society-and-church

Provisions from the Code of Muslim
Personal Laws, PD 1083
1. No woman shall contract a subsequent marriage unless she has
observed an 'idda of three monthly courses counted from the date of
divorce. However, if she is pregnant at the time of the divorce, she may
remarry only after delivery.
2. The wife cannot, without the husband's consent, acquire any

property by gratuitous title, except from her relatives who are within the
prohibited degrees in marriage.
3. The wife may, with her husband's consent, exercise any

profession or occupation or engage in lawful business which is in
keeping with Islamic modesty and virtue. However, if the husband refuses
to give his consent on the ground that his income is sufficient for the family
according to its social standing or his opposition is based on serious and

valid grounds, the matter shall be referred to the Agama Arbitration
Council.

WORKPLACE

4 Workplace
… gender discrimination in relation to
occupation and pay
… balance of family life and work

… question ofpower relationsas well as
access and control to resources
The study likewise found thatwomen need

to prove themselvesin the workplace when
given jobs that are typically for men in order
to be qualified for promotion, and thatthey
must secure approval from their partners
when seeking jobs in male -dominated “Addressing Gender Norms on Unpaid Care, Domestic
Work and Breadwinning in the time of COVID
-19”
teams. (Oxfam, 2022)

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/01/31/2241812/around -fifth-filipino-employees-have-
experienced-workplace-harassment-poll

Agriculture Sector
● Nominal and real wage rates of women in the agriculture sector
are considerable
lowerthan men.
● The 2015 data show that the daily nominal
wage rate of men
is higher by 21 pesos compared to women while the
difference in terms real
of wage rates is 15 pesos
(PSA,
2016).
Source: https://pcw.gov.ph/agriculture
-fisheries-and-forestry/

Reasons behind Filipino Women’s low labor
participation rate, NEDA 2019
● Marriage and childbearing are associated with a significant decline
in the female labor force participation, especially for the 25 to 29-
yearold cohort.
● More patriarchal family structures reduce a woman’s employment rate

by 8 to 13 percentage points.
● An extended paternity leave and additional parental leave will give

husbands a fair share of caring for their babies.
● Narratives indicate the desire of mothers with young children to

engage in telecommuting work. The study cites the need to
strengthen the enforcement of Republic Act 11165, or the
Telecommuting Act, which allows employers to offer staff the choice to
work from an alternative workplace.

WORKPLACE
MEDIA

Health Break
5 Mass Media
… reinforcing gender
stereotypes and sex-based
discrimination through media
portrayal of men and women
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Finvestinginwomen.asia
%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FGender -in-Ads-Full-
Report.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3tRWLHhNeNpfozq219V0n5&ust=167705151045400
0&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCJjczPONpv0CFQAAAAAdA
AAAABAD

Findings from the Study on Gender
Representation in Philippine Advertising
(Paragas et.al, 2020)
● Among the 1,329 roles assumed by the
characters, familial (41%) was the biggest
category, with more women (43%) than
men (39%) being depicted in this role.
● Among those shown in a familial role in TV,
women were more likely to be portrayed
in a parental role compared to men
(24% versus 11%) while boys were more
likely depicted as children compared to
girls (21% versus 11%).
● In Print, women were more likely
depicted as a friend/peer compared to
men (22% versus 16%), which is the most
common recreational role in the platform. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Finvestinginwomen.asia%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FGender-in-
Ads-Full-

Report.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3tRWLHhNeNpfozq219V0n5&ust=1677051
5
10454000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCJjczPON
p v0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Portrayal of Women and Men in Ads



“traditionally masculine images and virtuescontinue to
be present in advertising. On another hand, brands appeal
to hybridized masculinities that promote the enactment of
manhood through consumption” (Paragas et.al 2020)

Is this objectification or sexualization of women?

Coco Martin made a public apology to women for offensive
Bench show. He involved himself to help in projects that seek to
stop violence against women. (Sept. 2014)



WORKPLACE
MEDIA

6 Government
… creates laws and policies
that ensure the maintenance of
the system.
Instrumental in passing laws

that are discriminatory to
women and other genders and
sexual orientations.

Did you know that…
The Revised Penal Code gives different
grounds for adultery and concubinage - an
offense referred to in the Family Code as
sexual infidelity.
For the wife, sexual infidelity means one act

of sexual intercourse with other men.
For the husband, it is sexual intercourse

under scandalous circumstances , keeping
another woman in the conjugal abode or
cohabitation with her in another dwelling.

WORKPLACE
MEDIA

The process of LEARNING and INTERNALIZING
culturally approved ways of:
✔ thinking
✔ feeling
✔ behaving
according to one’s gender is…
Gender Role Socialization

What hasgender role socialization
taught us about personal power?
1. “People believe what I say.”

2. “I, alone, make the decision at home.”
3. “I am an influential person.”
4. “I amnotprone to sexual harassment.”



Power
What gives
someone power?
Power
What gives
someone power?
Who has power in your

family, work place, community,
personal relationship?
Power
● The less power, the fewer choices.
● People who haveless powerhave fewer choices and are

thereforemore vulnerable
to abuse.
● Involves the ability, skills or capacity to make decisions and

take action.
● All relationships are affected by the exercise of power.
Power
POWER and/in relationships/roles etc.
- one’sabilityto dominate others, to make

“Power over”
them do what you want
“Power to” - one’sabilityto act on his/her own. Intellect,

resources, and knowledge are among the
sources of such power
“Power with”- one’sabilityto cooperate with others to

accomplish something
“Power within”
- is related to person’s sense of self worth and self
knowledge, it includes the
abilityto recognize
individual differences. It allows people to
recognizetheir “power to “ and “power with”
Power
The abuse and misuse of power
can lead to gender-based biases
and gender issues…
Power
However, the good news is….
Gender Roles do change.
Power
Manifestations of Gender Bias
Multiple Burden
Stereotype
Canalization
Gender
Role
Gender-based
Violence
Marginalization
Gender
Discrimination
Power
What are gender -linked
stereotypes?
● Automatic labels,
characteristics or roles
given to men and women
● Fixed, unquestioned
gender-linked beliefs that
are dictated by culture
and society
#1
Power Slides prepared by Emma Sanopo
Public and Private Divide
Productive Roles Reproductive Roles
● Work ● Child Rearing

● Politics ● Home Management
● Family Care
● Paid ● Unpaid
● Visible ● Invisible
● Valued ● Not Valued
#1 Community Roles
Power 76
Effect of Stereotyping
Conformity Self-Image
Many people tend to Self-image incorporates other
conform to the stereotypes concepts, example:
in two main ways:
a) Self-esteem - how one
a) Impression thinks of oneself;
management
b) Self-confidence - an
b) Self-fulfilling estimate of one's abilities;
prophecy
c) Locus of control - a sense
of control over one's life.
#1
Power
Commercial Video
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luLkfXixBpM
Power
What is Multiple Burden?
Assumption and
performance of several
tasks or responsibilities
#2
#2
What is Marginalization ?
● Putting men or women
in a “box,” thereby
preventing them from
achieving their full
potentials
● Removing men or
women from the
mainstream of society
#3
What is Subordination?
● Treating a person (usually women) as second
-class citizen
● Preventing or blocking a person from going up the ladder on

the basis of his/her sex and sexual orientation
#4
What is Gender Discrimination?
Denying opportunities and rights or giving preferential
treatment to some people on the basis of their sex.
#5
Power
What is Gender -Based Violence?
● Inflicting pain/injury in a person (on the
bases of one’s sex, class, race, etc.)
● It could be hidden (domestic violence/

spousal abuse) and/or open and
accepted as unavoidable
○ Physical (battering)
○ Emotional/Psychological
(threatening)
○ Verbal (insulting)
○ Financial (economic exploitation)
○ Sexual (rape, incest, perversions)
#6 ○ Forced prostitution

What are Gender Issues?
These are gender -linked beliefs (ideas, attitudes and
behavior), systems, processes, conditions and situations that
BLOCK an individual's (man or woman) attainment of
full potentials
(or a satisfying life
).

How can we address
gender issues ?
Gender sensitive ka na ba?
Addressing Gender Issues

A Personal Level
✔ Start from your own body -

understand how your own attitude
and values perpetuates gender
based discrimination and
stereotypes (sexism and violence)
✔ Educate yourself about the issue
✔ Confront and act on the issue- be a

personal advocate!

B Organizational Level
✔ make spaces for disadvantaged
men and women
✔ treat each one as equals; demolish

hierarchical social transactions
✔ adopt a GAD plan of action (review

policies, programs and activities;
develop tools; participate in inter -
agency activities on GAD; etc.)
✔ Use sex-disaggregated data in

your gender analysis

B Organizational Level
✔ Advocacy!
✔ Building basis of unity- working for the
common good
✔ Coalition – trust building and transparency
✔ Sharing power and control
✔ Commitment, Consistency and Continuity

The Gender Tree
Roles
Responsibilities
Activities/ Work
organized, reinforced, maintained by:
Education, Family, Government,

Media, Workplace, Peer-groups
Religion, Economic System, Science
Norms Tradition
Beliefs
GENDER

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Levelling Session on Basic GAD Concepts, SOGIESC,

Gender Mainstreaming, Gender Analysis Tools and

Basic GAD Concepts

Karen “Kaydee ” D. De Castro

1 Sex and Gender

2 Social Institutions of Gender

4 Addressing Gender Issues

Sex- one’s biological

Sex and Gender

Sex and Gender

Determine the sex Pregnancy &

Fertilize the ovum Lactation

Sex and Gender

● The stance thatmales are the “If a trait is not universal,

Sex and Gender

● The term implies the cultural roles Cultural Belief

Sex and Gender

Gender dependent independent

sexually submissive sexually aggressive

Sex and Gender

Sex and Gender

● part of gender norms; it is

Sex and Gender

Sex and Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

● “Families do not develop their rules,

● Identity - “The family is not only the

Social Institutions of Gender

Example: Mothers tend to use more physical

● Brave boy, pretty girls

● Ang mga lalaki hindi

Social Institutions of Gender

The school is a secondary

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

From left to right: A boxed definition of males’ and females’

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

2. The wife cannot, without the husband's consent, acquire any

3. The wife may, with her husband's consent, exercise any

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

… balance of family life and work

The study likewise found thatwomen need

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

● More patriarchal family structures reduce a woman’s employment rate

● An extended paternity leave and additional parental leave will give

● Narratives indicate the desire of mothers with young children to

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender

Social Institutions of Gender