FORMULAS

TOPIC 6: T-BEAMS
If NEUTRAL AXIS is at FLANGE: If NEUTRAL AXIS is at WEB: ( 𝒊𝒇 𝑨𝒄 ≥ 𝑨𝒇)
( 𝒊𝒇 𝑨𝒄 ≤ 𝑨𝒇)

1st STEP: Solve for effective flange width 1stSTEP: Solve for effective flange width
𝑳 𝑳
𝒃= 𝒃=
𝟒 𝟒
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒃𝒘 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒃𝒘
𝒃 = 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒘 𝒃 = 𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 + 𝒃𝒘
Note: smallest governs Note: smallest governs

2nd STEP: Check for steel ratio 2nd STEP: Check for steel ratio
𝑨𝒔 𝑨𝒔
𝝆= 𝝆=
𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒅
√𝒇′𝒄 √𝒇′𝒄
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝒇𝒚

𝟏. 𝟒 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎

𝝆𝒃 = ( ) 𝝆𝒃 = ( )
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚

Note: if 𝒇′ 𝒄 ≥ 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂, 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 Note: if 𝒇′ 𝒄 ≥ 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂, 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆

𝒇′ 𝒄 − 𝟐𝟖 𝒇′ 𝒄 − 𝟐𝟖
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − ( ) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓) 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − ( ) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)
𝟕 𝟕

3rd STEP: Solve for Ac 3rd STEP: Solve for Ac

𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚
𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝒄 =
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄

4th STEP: Solve for 𝑨𝒇 4th STEP: Solve for 𝑨𝒇

5th STEP: Check for Tensile Strain 5th STEP: Solve for 𝒂
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
𝒂=
𝒃 (𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉)
6th STEP: Solve for 𝒄
𝒂 𝒂
𝒄= 𝒄=
𝜷𝟏 𝜷𝟏
𝒅−𝒄 7th STEP: Check for Tensile Strain
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( ) 𝒅−𝒄
𝒄 ∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( )
𝒄
Note: if transition, solve ∅:
𝟐𝟓𝟎 Note: if transition, solve ∅:
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + (∈𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐) 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝟑 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + (∈𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)
𝟑
6th STEP: Solve for Design Moment ∅Mn:
𝒂 8th STEP: Solve for y
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝑻 𝒐𝒓 𝑪) (𝒅 − ) 𝑨𝒄𝒚 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
𝒂
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚) (𝒅 − )
𝟐
𝒂
′
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇 𝒄𝑨𝒄 ) (𝒅 − ) 9th STEP: Solve for Design Moment ∅Mn:
𝟐 ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝑻 𝒐𝒓 𝑪)(𝒅 − 𝒚)
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚)(𝒅 − 𝒚)
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝑨𝒄 )(𝒅 − 𝒚)
TOPIC 6: T-BEAMS (ANOTHER METHOD 10th STEP: Solve for Steel Area
FOR ANALYZING T-BEAMS) √𝒇′𝒄
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃 𝒅
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝒘
1st STEP: Solve for steel ratio 𝟏. 𝟒
2nd STEP: Solve for Ac 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃 𝒅
3rd STEP: Solve for Af 𝒇𝒚 𝒘
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎
4th STEP: Solve for a 𝑨𝒔𝒃 = ( )𝒃 𝒅
5th STEP: Solve for ∅ 𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 𝒘
6th STEP: Solve for 𝑪𝒘 and 𝑪𝒇 Note: 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝑨𝒔 < 𝑨𝒔𝒃
𝑪𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄𝑨𝒘
𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄𝑨𝒇 11th STEP: Check for Tensile Strain
𝒂
7th STEP: solve for Design Moment ∅Mn: 𝒄=
𝜷𝟏
∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅[𝑪𝒘 (𝒅 − 𝒚𝟏 ) + 𝑪𝒇 (𝒅 − 𝒚𝟐 )] 𝒅−𝒄
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( )
𝒄
TOPIC 6: DESIGN OF T-BEAMS Note: Tensile strain must be tension-
If NEUTRAL AXIS is at FLANGE: controlled so that the assumed ∅ in 3rd STEP
( 𝒊𝒇 𝑨𝒄 ≤ 𝑨𝒇) is correct.
1st STEP: Solve for effective flange width
Note: smallest governs 12th STEP: Final answer is the computed As
from the previous trial.
2nd STEP: Solve for Mu:
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑳
If NEUTRAL AXIS is at WEB:
3rd STEP: Solve for Mn (assume ∅ = 0.90) ( 𝒊𝒇 𝑨𝒄 ≤ 𝑨𝒇)
𝑴𝒖
𝑴𝒏 =
∅ 1st STEP: Solve for effective flange width
Note: smallest governs
4th STEP: Assume lever arm (𝒛)
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝒅 2nd STEP: Solve for Mu:
𝒉𝒇 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑳
𝒛= 𝒅−
𝟐
Note: largest governs! 3rd STEP: Solve for Mn (assume ∅ = 0.90)
𝑴𝒖
5th STEP: Trial-and-Error 𝑴𝒏 =
∅
𝑴𝒏 (𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
𝑨𝒔 =
𝒇𝒚𝒛 4th STEP: Assume lever arm (𝒛)
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝒅
6th STEP: Check for Ac 𝒉𝒇
𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 𝒛= 𝒅−
𝑨𝒄 = 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 Note: largest governs!

7th STEP: Solve for Af 5th STEP: Trial-and-Error

8th STEP: Solve for a 𝑴𝒏 (𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒔 =
𝒇𝒚𝒛
𝒂=
𝒃 (𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉)
6th STEP: Check for Ac
9th
STEP: Solve for 𝒛 𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚
𝒂 𝑨𝒄 =
𝒛=𝒅− 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
𝟐
Note: the computed value of z must be 7th STEP: Solve for Af
approximately equal to the assumed z (4th
STEP). If NOT do another trial but this time 8th STEP: Solve for 𝒂
used the computed value of z from the first 𝑨𝒄 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
trial and follow 5th – 9th STEPS. If the
computed value of z is NOW 9th STEP: Solve for y:
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL to the value of z in 𝑨𝒄𝒚 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒚𝟐
the previous trial, proceed to 10th – 11th
STEPS.
10th STEP: Solve for 𝒛 3RD STEP: Solve for 𝐴𝑠1 and 𝐴𝑠2
𝒛=𝒅− 𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑨′ 𝒔𝒇𝒔
𝑨𝒔𝟐 = 𝑨′ 𝒔
Note: the computed value of z must be 𝑨𝒔𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔𝟐
approximately equal to the assumed z (4th
STEP). If NOT do another trial but this time 4TH STEP: Solve for Moment
used the computed value of z from the first 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒏𝟏 + 𝑴𝒏𝟐
trial and follow 5th – 10th STEPS. If the 𝒂
computed value of z is NOW 𝑴𝒏𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝟐)
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL to the value of z in 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
the previous trial, proceed to 11th – 12th 𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′) = 𝑨′ 𝒔𝒇′ 𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )
STEPS.
5TH STEP: Check for Tensile Strain
11thSTEP: Solve for Steel Area 𝒅−𝒄
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( )
√𝒇′𝒄 𝒄
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃 𝒅
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝒘
𝟏. 𝟒 Note: if transition, solve ∅:
𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒃 𝒅 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝒇𝒚 𝒘 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + (∈𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟑
𝑨𝒔𝒃 = ( )𝒃 𝒅
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 𝒘 6TH STEP: Solve for Design Moment (∅𝑴𝒏)
Note: 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝑨𝒔 < 𝑨𝒔𝒃

12th STEP: Check for Tensile Strain

𝒂 𝒊𝒇 ∈ ′𝒔 < ∈𝒚 , ∴ 𝒇′ 𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
𝒄= 1ST STEP: Assume f’s = fy and solve for c
𝜷𝟏
𝒅−𝒄
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( )
𝒄

TOPIC 7: DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM

2ND STEP: Check for compression strain

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∈ ′𝒔 < ∈𝒚 , ∴ 𝒇′ 𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚

3RD STEP: Solve for c using

4TH STEP: Check for compression strain

5TH STEP: Solve for 𝐴𝑠1 and 𝐴𝑠2

𝒇′ 𝒔 = ∈ ′𝒔 𝑬𝒔
𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑨′ 𝒔𝒇𝒔
𝑨𝒔𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔 − 𝑨𝒔𝟐

6TH STEP: Solve for Design Moment

𝑴𝒏 = 𝑴𝒏𝟏 + 𝑴𝒏𝟐
𝒊𝒇 ∈ ′𝒔 > ∈𝒚 , ∴ 𝒇′ 𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 𝑴𝒏𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝟐)
𝒂
1ST STEP: Assume f’s = fy and solve for c
𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄
𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′) = 𝑨′ 𝒔𝒇′ 𝒔(𝒅 − 𝒅′ )

7TH STEP: Check for Tensile Strain

𝒅−𝒄
∈𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ( )
2ND STEP: Check for compression strain 𝒄
Note: if transition, solve ∅: (for doubly reinforced)
𝟐𝟓𝟎
∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + (∈𝒕 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐)
𝟑

8TH STEP: Solve for Design Moment (∅𝑴𝒏)

TOPIC 7: DESIGNING A DOUBLY

REINFORCED BEAM

𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒃
1ST
STEP: Solve for Maximum moment
𝑴𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑫 + 𝟏. 𝟐𝑴𝑳
𝑬𝒔 𝑬𝒔
𝒏= =
2nd STEP: Solve for 𝐴𝑠1 and 𝐴𝑠2 𝑬𝒄 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝝅
𝝆𝒃 = ( ) 𝒏𝑨𝒔 = 𝒏 ( ) (𝑵𝑶𝑩)(𝒅𝒃 )𝟐
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 𝟒
𝝅
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔 = (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) ( ) (𝑵𝑶𝑩)(𝒅𝒃 )𝟐
3RD STEP: Solve for Rn 𝟒
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒏′ 𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎:
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄𝜷𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒚
𝝆= ( ) 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒚) ( ) + (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔 (𝒚 − 𝒅′ )
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 𝟐
𝑴𝒖 = 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚)
𝑹𝒏 =
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝑰𝒄𝒓 = ∑(𝑰𝒈 + 𝑨𝒅𝟐 )
𝟏
𝑰𝒄𝒓 = 𝟑 (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆)(𝒚)𝟑 + (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔 (𝒚 − 𝒅′)𝟐 +
4TH STEP: Solve for
𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚)𝟐
TOPIC 8: SERVICEABILITY
3RD STEP: Solve for Instantaneous deflection
1ST STEP: Solve for Ig for D+L
𝑊𝐿2
2nd STEP Solve for Mcr 𝑀𝑎𝐷+𝐿 = 8
𝒇𝒓𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 =
𝒚 Note:
3RD STEP: Solve for Icr

(for singly reinforced)

4TH STEP: SOLVE FOR DEFLECTION

𝑬𝒔 𝑬𝒔
𝒏= =
𝑬𝒄 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄
𝝅
𝒏𝑨𝒔 = 𝒏 ( ) (𝑵𝑶𝑩)(𝒅𝒃 )𝟐
𝟒
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒐𝒏′ 𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎:
𝒚
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒚) ( ) = 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚)
𝟐
𝑰𝒄𝒓 = ∑(𝑰𝒈 + 𝑨𝒅𝟐 )
𝟏
𝑰𝒄𝒓 = 𝟑 (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆)(𝒚)𝟑 + 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚)𝟐
 6TH STEP:

Note: if the solved w is unsatisfactory to the

permissible crack widths, try another
diameter of the bars and proceed to 4th
STEP t0 6th STEP.

TOPIC 9: BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS,

AND SPLICE

1ST STEP: Identify the value of 𝜑𝑡 𝜑𝑒 𝜑𝑠

2nd STEP: Solve for Cb:
𝐶𝑏1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐶𝑏2 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Note: smallest governs!
3rd STEP:
If Ktr = 0

If Ktr will be computed

TOPIC 8: SERVICEABILITY – CONTROL OF
FLEXURAL CRACKS

SIMPLIFIED EQUATION

𝑬𝒔 𝑬𝒔
1ST STEP: 𝒏 = =
𝑬𝒄 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄
𝝅
2ND STEP: 𝒏𝑨𝒔 = 𝒏 ( 𝟒 ) (𝑵𝑶𝑩)(𝒅𝒃 )𝟐
3RD STEP:
𝒚
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒚) ( ) = 𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚)
𝟐
4TH STEP:
𝒅𝟐 𝒉−𝒚
𝜷𝒉 = =
𝒅𝟏 𝒅−𝒚
5th STEP:
𝒅𝒄(𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝑨=
𝑵𝑶𝑩
 3rd STEP:
If Ktr = 0

TOPIC 9: DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR

BUNDLE BARS

TOPIC 9: DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR

COMPRESSION BARS
1ST STEP: Identify the value of 𝜑𝑡 𝜑𝑒 𝜑𝑠
2nd STEP: Solve for Cb:

TOPIC 10: SHEAR AND DIAGONAL TENSION

Note: smallest governs!

3rd STEP Solve for 𝑑𝑏𝑓 :
𝝅 𝝅
(𝒅𝒃𝒇 )𝟐 = (𝒅𝒃 )𝟐 (𝑵𝑶𝑩)
𝟒 𝟒
𝑪𝒃 + 𝑲𝒕𝒓
𝒅𝒃𝒇

TOPIC 9: DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR

HOOKS

1ST STEP: Identify the value of 𝜑𝑡 𝜑𝑒 𝜑𝑠 DESIGN FOR SHEAR

2nd STEP: Solve for Cb:
𝐶𝑏1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐶𝑏2 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Note: smallest governs!