Environmental studies: - (22447) M.

P: - (energy resources)

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES): -22447

A microproject report on
“ENERGY RESOURCES”
FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME-4I: -2022-23

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. V.V. GADDAMWAR

ROLL NO NAME ENROLLMENT NO SIGN

238 KOPPE PRASAD KRUSHNA 2211620558

241 JADHAV SHUBHAM MAHADEV 2211620549
242 VASEKAR AMOL SHARAD 2211620553
219 MADNE RAMESHWAR PANDURANG 2111620347

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Environmental studies: - (22447) M.P: - (energy resources)

CERTIFICATE

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES): -22447

This Is To Certify That The Micro-Project Entitled “Energy Resources” Being

Submitted Hear With For The Award Of Diploma In Mechanical Engineering Of
Maharashtra State Board Education And Technical Education (Msbte) Is The
Result Of Micro-Project Work Completed Under My Supervision And Guidance
By Prof. V.V. Gaddamwar

Place: - Ambad

Date: -

PROF. A. B. MORE DR. P.T.KAE DR. A.M. AGARKAR

Micro-Project Guide HOD PRINCIPLE

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DECLARATION
I, the undersigned hereby declared that the project entitled “inversion of four

bar kinematic chain’’ is written and submitted by me to government polytechnic

ambad during year 2023-2024, 4th semester for fulfilment of the micro-project

requirement of mechanical engineering course under ‘Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education, Mumbai. curriculum, under the guidance of

PROF.V.V GADDAMWAR

The empirical findings in this project are based on collected data and are

not copied from any other sources

ROLL NO NAME ENROLLMENT NO SIGN

238 KOPPE PRASAD KRUSHNA 2211620558

241 JADHAV SHUBHAM MAHADEV 2211620549
242 VASEKAR AMOL SHARAD 2211620553
219 MADNE RAMESHWAR PANDURANG 2111620347

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Environmental studies: - (22447) M.P: - (energy resources)

Acknowledgement
I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guidance, Prof. V.V. Gaddamwar Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Government Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic.
The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent and
inspiring guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation
during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am highly indebted to him. I am very
much thankful to Prof. V.V. GADDAMWAR Head Department of
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, All Hod ‘s Of Various
Departments and Prof. Dr. A.M. AGARKAR Sir, The Principal of Government
Polytechnic, Ambad For His Encouragement and Providing Me A Motivating Environment
and Project Facilities in The Institute to Carry Out Experiments and Complete This Micro-
Project Work.
I Would Like to Extend My Thanks to All Our Professors, Staff Members
And All Our Friends Who Extended Their Co-Operation to Complete The
Project. I Am Indeed Indebted to My Parents and Other Family Members
For Their Immense Help at All Levels with Moral, Social & Financial Support, Care and
Support Throughout My Studies Without Which My Work Would Not Have Seen Light of
The Day.

With warm regards,

Yours Sincerely,
All group members

Place: Ambad
Date:

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC AMBAD

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES): -22447

A microproject report on
“ENERGY RESOURCES”

INDEX
Sr.no Title Page no

1 Introduction 6

2 Natural resources 7-9

3 Renewable, non-renewable, cyclic 10

process
4 Energy forms conventional and non- 11
conventional
5 Classification of energy resources 12

6 Energy Conservation 13

7 Solar energy 14

8 Geothermal energy 15

9 Reference 16

10 Conclusion 17

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 Introduction: -
Understanding energy resources involves considering all types of energy source from various

scientific and technological standpoints, with a focus on the uses, limitations and consequences

of using energy that is available to humanity. This course sets the scene by considering how

much energy human society uses and the basic concepts of energy, work, power and efficiency,

then briefly investigates the different types of energy available, their sources and renewability.

Renewable energy is energy supplied from natural inexhaustible sources and non-renewable
energy is energy supplied from sources that exist in a limited amount on Earth. Some examples
of Renewable energy resources are hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal etc. and of non-
renewable energy are coal, petroleum etc.

An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce
electricity. Matter that stores energy is called a fuel. Human energy consumption
has grown steadily

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1. Natural resources: -
Sources of material and energy that are economically accessible in the natural environment in
primary form before their transformation by human activity

a. Forest resources

Forests are one of the most natural resources on this earth. It is a dense growth of trees,
together with other plants, covering a large area of land.

b. Water resources

Water is an indispensable natural resource on this earth on which all life depends.
About 97% of the earth’s surface is covered by water and most of the animals and
plants have 60-65% water in their body. Water is characterized by certain unique
features which make it a reference7 resource.

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c. Mineral resources

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids having definite chemical
composition and characteristic physical properties.

d. Food resources:

There are thousands of edible plants and animals over the world out of which only
about three dozen types constitute major food of humans. The main food resources
include wheat, rice, maize, potato, barley, oats etc. about twenty

e. Energy resources:

Alternative sources of energy/ non-conventional-solar energy. Wind energy-

Hydropower. Non-renewable/ conventional energy sources-coal, petroleum, natural
gas, nuclear energy.

f. Soil/Land resources:

Land is a finite and valuable resource upon which we depend for our food, fibre and fuel
wood, the basic amenities of life. Soil is also a valuable resource.

 Depletion of Soil Resources:

` Depletion of soil resource is one of big problem human thy Use of vostainable
agricultural techniques like me of civilization is facing in almost all continents Soil is
the basic stuff required to start food chain as plants are the first producers
which grow in vole
 Depletion of Water Resources

Water is the most important resource to sustain the life but unfortunately it is the most
misused one. We require water for our all domestic seeds ranging forms cucking,
cleaning, bathing, drinking, gardening etc.

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 Depletion of mineral resources:

Minerals gift of nature which is non-renewable resource. Coal, in copper, metals and tin
metals are various minerals. These are obtained try mining and by
metallurgical processes.

 Depletion of Forest Resources

Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging or burning of trees and plants
in a forest area. As a result of deforestation, presently about one half of (i) Ur the forests
that once covered the Earth have been destroyed

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2. Renewable natural resources: -

Natural resources are materials or things that people use from the earth. There are two
types of natural resources. The first are renewable natural resources. They are called
renewable because they can grow again or never run out. Resources. Other natural
resources are air, sunlight, soil and water. Animals, birds, fish and plants are natural
resources as well.

3. Non-Renewable Resources: -

There are four major types of non-renewable resources: oil, natural gas, coal, and
nuclear energy. Oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively called fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels were formed within the Earth from dead plants and animals over millions of
years hence the name “fossil” fuels.

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4. Energy forms conventional and non-conventional: -

a. Conventional sources of energy: -

Convection energy sources are naturally present and have been in use for years. The use of conventional
sources is done for heating, lighting, cooking, running machinery, and provision of electricity. The examples
for which include firewood, fossil fuels, and others. In addition, firewood has been extensively used for
cooking purposes in remote regions of India.

The fossil fuels are plants, and animal remains, which have been buried from millions of years ago within the
earth. These remains are decomposed and formed primary energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas,
etc.

b. non-conventional energy resource: -

As the consumption of energy grows, the population depends more and more on fossil fuels such
as coal, oil and gas day by day. There is a need to secure the energy supply for future since the
prices of gas and oil keep rising by each passing day. So, we need to use more and more renewable
sources of energy.

For the effective exploitation of non-conventional sources, there has been an establishment of a
separate department namely “Department of non-conventional sources of energy” by the
government of India.

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5. Classification of energy resources : -

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6. Energy conservation: -

Energy conservation is the decision and practice of using less energy. Turning off the light when
you leave the room, unplugging appliances when they’re not in use and walking instead of
driving are all examples of energy conservation Energy conservation is the effort to reduce
wasteful energy consumption by using fewer energy services. This can be done by using energy more
effectively (using less energy for continuous service) or changing one’s behaviour to use less service (for
example, by driving less). Energy conservation can be achieved through efficient energy use, which has a
number of advantages, including a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a smaller carbon footprint, as
well as cost, water, and energy savings.

Energy can be conserved by reducing waste and losses, improving efficiency through
technological upgrades, improving operations and maintenance, [1] changing users’ behaviours
through user profiling or user activities, monitoring appliances, shifting load to off-peak hours,
and providing energy-saving recommendations. Observing appliance usage, establishing an
energy usage profile, and revealing energy consumption patterns in circumstances where energy
is used poorly, can pinpoint user habits and behaviours in energy consumption. Appliance
energy profiling helps identify inefficient appliances with high energy consumption and energy
load. Seasonal variations also greatly influence energy load, as more air-conditioning is used in
warmer seasons and heating in colder seasons. Achieving a balance between energy load and
user comfort is complex yet essential for energy preservation. [1] On a large scale, a few factors
affect energy consumption trends, including political issues, technological developments,
economic growth, and environmental concerns.

User behaviour has a significant effect on energy conservation. It involves user activity
detection, profiling, and appliance interaction behaviours. User profiling consists of the
identification of energy usage patterns of the user and replacing required system settings with
automated settings that can be initiated on request.[3] Within user profiling, personal
characteristics are instrumental in affecting energy conservation behaviour. These
characteristics include household income, education, gender, age, and social norms.

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7. Solar energy: -

Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun. Solar energy is created by nuclear
fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently
collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom.

Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV)
panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate
electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.

The 5 main types of solar energy are Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Energy, Solar Thermal Energy
(STE), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), Passive Solar Energy, and Building-integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV).
Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons
of hydrogen atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom.

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8. Geothermal energy: -
Geothermal energy is heat energy from the earth—Geo (earth) + thermal (heat). Geothermal
resources are reservoirs of hot water that exist or are human made at varying temperatures and
depths below the Earth’s surface.

Geothermal Energy needs an idle resource that holds the potential to meet the electricity and
heating demands for the future. Being a renewable and sustainable resource, the harm done to
the environment is gradually low. It is carbon-free and provides a perpetual supply of heat. This
energy is the affordable solution to reducing dependency on fossils-fuels and global warming.

Geothermal comes from the Greek word, where ‘Geo’ refers to Earth, and ‘Thermal’ refers to
Heat. The heat procures from beneath the earth’s crust. Generally, it is found distantly far below
the earth’s burning molten rock ‘Magma’ and stored in the rocks and vapour in the earth’s centre.
In the process of producing power from this energy, wells need to be dug 1.6 miles or deeper
into an underground reservoir to obtain the steam and hot water there, which can then be utilized
to drive turbines connected to electricity generators.

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Reference

Google links: -

https://sites.google.com/a/pvlearners.net/sustainability/energy-resources

https://www.energy.gov/energy-sources

https://cleanet.org/clean/literacy/energy4.html

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/right-balance-mixing-energy-resources/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NextEra_Energy_Resources

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books: -

Tech-knowledge publication

Conclusion

I am learned in this microproject what are the energy resource in

envoirnmental studies,

The term energy resource refers to any material that can be used as a
basis or source of energy. Energy resources are used to generate
electricity and other forms of power for human use. There are two kinds
of energy resources - Renewable Energy Resources and Non-
Renewable Energy Resources.

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