QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND ABM
labor differently from those without disabilities?
- It correctly determine its customers and their
preferences, establish the enterprise in the most
feasible location, deliver quality goods and services,
analyze what the competitors are doing and find
ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing
and varied needs of the clients.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND ANTHROPOLOGY
- It is concerned with exploring connections
simultaneously, amidst cultural differences,
alternatives and identity.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION
- an understanding of a particular communication
phenomenon might generalized to a larger
population.
Example
- What communicative behaviors are associated
with different stages in romantic relationships?
- what communicative behaviors are used to
respond to coworkers displaying emotional stress?
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND SPORTS MEDICINE
- used to analyze how sports may be used as an
alternative way of medicating an illness
Example
- analyze certain effect of physical activity in weight
control
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND MEDICAL
EDUCATION
- predominantly observational research based on
surveys and correlational studies
- the design test interventions like curriculum,
teaching-learning process for assessment with an
experimental group
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCES
- tend to explore how one behavior exhibited by
people is related to other types of behavior
- explore questions of differences or questions of
relationships, in an attempt to uncover certain
patterns of behavior. And when they found one
then they are in the position to draw generalizations
about patterns expected of human behavior
Examples
- verbally aggressive behaviors related to physical
aggression
- do people with disabilities experience emotional
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION
- often used in evaluating social problems
- suppose a researcher as invented the technique
for improving reading comprehension among third
graders.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND PSYCHOLOGY
- underlying assumptions of positivism include the
belief that the social world can be studied in the
same way as the natural world, there is a method
for studying the social world that is value-free, and
that explanations of a causal nature can be provided
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND STEM
- obtain significant information about diseases
trends and risk factors, results of various health
interventions, patterns of care and health care costs
end-use
- provide complementary insights, determine the
effectiveness and even side effects of drugs and
therapies in different populations and various
institutions
- providing designs which are creative and more
convenient and efficient as they utilized modern
technology to adapt to the ever-changing society
Range of research topics in the area of inquiry
- Narrow down your topics which you are most
interested in
- Make sure you have enough resources for your
topic
- Check references from the library
- Master the skill of finding the right research topic
How to design research that is useful in daily life
 Business research paper topics
 Crime and law research paper
 Drug and drug abuse research paper
 Education research paper topics
 Environmental research paper
 Family issues research topic
 Health research paper topic
 Political issues research topic
 Psychology research topic
 Business related research
 Women and gender research
 Local problems and issues
The Nature of variables
VARIABLE
 - a measurable characteristic that varies and - it has two or more categories but does not imply
change from group to group, person to person, are ordering of cases
within one person over time Examples
- It is something we can control or manipulate
 Eye color
- the word is derived from the root word vary,  Business type
meaning changing in amount, volume, number,  Religion
form, nature or type.
 Biological sex
Type of variables  Political affiliation
- a subtype of nominal scale with only two
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
categories just like sex is known as dichotomous
- can take infinite number on the value that can
b. ORDINAL VARIABLE
occur within the population
- Represent categories that can be ordered from
Examples
greatest to smallest
 Age - Has two or more categories which can be ranked
 Height
Examples
 Temperature
a. INTERVAL VARIABLES  Education level
 Income brackets
- has values that lie along an evenly dispersed range c. DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE
of numbers
- are nominal variables which have only two
- a measurement where the difference between
categories or level
two variables does have meaning
Examples Examples

 A person's net worth  Gender

 Difference between a temperature of Kinds of variables
degrees and 50 degrees
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
b. RATIO VARIABLES
- those probable cause, influence, or affect
- has values that lie along an evenly dispersed
outcomes
range of numbers when there is absolute zero
- possesses the properties of interval variable and - invariably called treatment, manipulated,
has a clear definition of zero, indication that there is antecedent, or predictor variables
none of the variable. - the cause variable or the one responsible for the
Examples conditions that act on something else to bring about
changes.
 Height
Example
 Weight
 Distance - a study on the relationship of study habits and
2.. DISCRETE VARIABLES academic performance of UTNHS shs students.
Study habits is the independent variable because it
- also known as categorical work classification influence the outcome or the performance of the
variable students
- any variable that has limited number of distinct
values and which cannot be divided into fractions 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
like sex, blood group, and number of children in - those that depend on the independent variables
family
-are the outcomes or results of the influence of the
a. NOMINAL VARIABLE
IV
- represent categories that cannot be ordered in - called outcome variable
any particular way
Example
A study on the relationship of study habits and
academic performance of UTNHS shs studentsm
academic performance is there dependent variable
because it if depending on the study habits of the
students.
3. INTERVENING OR MEDLING VARIABLES
-variables that and between the independent and
dependent variables
-they show the effects of the independent variable
on the dependent
Example
-Even if farm production is good, if the attitude
towards payment is negative, loan repayment
wouldl be low, whereas, if the attitude towards
repayment is positive or favorable, loan repayment
would be high
4. CONTROL VARIABLES
-special types of independent variables that are
measured in the study because they potentially
influence the dependent variable
- use statistical procedures to control variables like
demographic or personal variables
5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
- are not actually measured or observed in a study
- influence cannot be directly detected in a study as
they were not or could not be easily assessed
6. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
- an almost infinite numberof extraneous variables
exists that might conceivably affect a given
relationship
-: confounding factors is another used name for
extraneous variable
How to write a research title
- it must be something you are interested in
Guide in making research topics
1. Discovering, narrowing, and focusing a
researchable topic
2. Finding, selecting and reading sources
3. Groupings, sequencing undocumented
information
A. Five simple steps to write a good title
Step 1
Ask yourself about the basic questions and note
your answers
Step 2
Use your answers to list key words
Step 3
Create a sentence that includes the keywords you
listed
Step 4
Delete all unnecessary / repetitive words and linked
the remaining
Step 5
Delete non essential information and re word the
title
Note. You should capitalize all words in your title
except prepositions, articles and conjunctions.
Numbers should be spell out. Scientific names
should be italicized.
The Background of Research
A. What is the "Background Research"
- includes a review of the area being research,
current information surrounding the issue, previous
studies on the issue and relevant history on the
issue
- help you to prove the relevance of your research
questions and to further develop your research
- describes why the study had to be in undertaken
and may be the cause or result of an unexpected
event for situation or of repeated occurrence of a
certain problem/ issue
B. How to describe the Background Research
1. Describe the field you will be researching
2. Tell us why this field is important
3. Describe the current (relevant) hot topics in the
field
4. Describes the specific area will you be with
searching in the field
5. Tell how your research will add to the field
6. Describe your research as answers to research
questions you have been assigned to research
7. Explain what you will do in your research to test
your hypothesis or demonstrate your model
8. Summarize your the current research base in
your specific area of interest and highlight any gaps
in the research that you plan to address with your
research
Characteristics of a good background of the study
1. Concise
- not be written too long
- avoid including too many citations4 including
detailed tables graph or figures unless necessary.
2. Clearly written
- going straight to the point
- should be written using simple, easy to understand
words with a minimum of complicated terminology
or jargon.
3. Persuasive
- should be written in a way that will convince
readers that the study is interesting, important, and
worth reading
- avoid overly making your study appear overly
complicated or exaggerating its importance
A. What are Research Problem
- fundamental core of a research is the research
question
- focuses the study , determines the methodology,
and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and
reporting
- statement that identifies the phenomenon to be
studied
Example
What resources are helpful to new and minority
drug abuse researchers?
1. What is a good research question?
- sets out what you hope to learn about the topic
and will guide and structure this choice of data to
be collected and analyzed
2. Tips in creating a research question
 Relevant
 Manageable in terms of research and in
terms of your own academic abilities
 Substantial and with original dimension
 Clear and simple
 Interesting
B. How to state the research question
Step 1
Ask yourself questions about the basics
Step 2
A strong research ideas should pass the "so what"
test
Step 3
A research focus should be narrow and not broad
based
How to structure quantitative research question
Step 1
Choose the type of quantitative research question
given descriptive, comparative, or relationship you
are trying to create.
Step 2
Identify the different types of variable you are trying
to measure, manipulate, and/or troll as well as any
group you may be interested in
Step 3
Select the appropriate structure for the chosen type
of quantitative research question based on the
variable or groups involved
Step 4
Write out the problem or issue you are trying to
address in the form of a complete research question
Common types of research question and
quantitative search
A. Descriptive research questions
- seek to objectively describe particular
characteristics or attributes of a person, group,
institution, or phenomenon
Example
Question : How many calories does the average
american consume per day?
Variable : daily intake of calories
Group : a sample group of 1,200 americans,
adjusted for gender, race, and generational
proportions
B. Comparative research questions
- compare two or more characteristics or attributes
of two or more persons, groups, institutions, or
phenomenon.
- involve comparing the similarities or differences
between variables, or determining which has a
greater value or lesser value
Example
Question : despite similar socio-economic and
political growth trajectories in the 1970s how was
south korea able to sustain it's rise in economic
development
Dependent variable : economic development
Group : South korea and Philippines
C. Relational research questions
- seek to understand the relationship between two
or more aspects or characteristics of one or more
persons, groups, institutions, or phenomenon
- being investigated can be simple association,
interaction, or causation
Example
Question : does a Filipino's socio-economic class
affect the likelihood of supporting the
implementation of death penalty in the country?
Dependent variable : attitude towards death
penalty
Independent variable : respondent's socio-
economic class
Group : a sample size proportionally representative
of the Philippine population
What makes a good research question?
- research question is the heart of the study
Characteristic
1. Outline the basic facts of the problem
2. Explain why the problem matters
3. Pinpoint a solution as quickly and directly as
possible
What is the goal of a statement of a problem?
- to transform a generalized problem into a targeted
well-defined problem one that can be solved
through focused research and careful decision
making
- will help you identify the purpose of the project
you will propose
- serves as the basis for the introductory section of
your final proposal
- should not be long and windy emphasize that one
page is more than enough

1. It should clarify what information needs to be What are the key characteristics of a statement of
gathered the problem

2. It should be empirical 1. address a gap

3. It's a b complex and not terminal 2. Be significant enough to contribute to the existing
body of research
4. It should be relevant
3. Be one that will lead to more research
5. It should be practical
4. Render itself to be investigated via collection of
The scope and delimitation of the study
data
A. What is scope and limitation of study
- are two elements of research that inform the
5. Be interesting to the researcher and suit one's
reader what information is included in the research
skills, time and resources
and explain why the author chose that information
6. Be ethical
1. Scope
Elements of SOP
- a section of a research paper that explains what
information or subject is being analyzed 1. Main tasks

2. Delimitation 2. Main or major variables

- explanation why certain aspects of a subject were 3. Participants

chosen and why others were excluded 4. Specific setting
Indicating the scope and delimitations 5. Coverage date
Things to consider 6. For development research, the intended output
1. Major variable such as an intervention program, module, policies
among others
2. Sub variable
3. Indicators
Note. the scope of the study is determined by the
major variables of the study while sub variables
and their, attributes, or indicators serves as the
delimitation
Statement of the problem
- a brief piece of writing that usually comes at the
beginning of a report or proposal to explain the
problem or issue the document is addressing to the
reader