Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Module 4:
Metamorphism and
Types of Igneous Rocks

AIRs - LM
LU_Earth and Life Science_Module4
 EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module 4: Metamorphism and Types of Igneous Rocks
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Reynaldo Dy Tabada Jr.

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Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046
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LU_Earth and Life Science_Module4

 Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Module 4:
Metamorphism and
Types of Igneous Rocks

LU_Earth and Life Science_Module4

 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed with completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for a better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
or facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Earth and Life Science_Module4

 Target

The origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks are
typically presented in a Rock Cycle. It shows a dynamic transformation among
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also includes processes like
lithification, weathering, melting, cooling and the presence of heat and pressure.

From your previous lesson, you described where the Earth’s internal heat
came from and the concept of magmatism.

This learning material will allow you with knowledge and activities that will
aid you expound the metamorphism and differentiate types of igneous rocks.

After undergoing this learning material, you are expected to:

1. describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks

due to changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism)
(S11/12ES-Ic-17); and
2. compare and contrast the formation of the different types of igneous
rocks (S11/12ES-Ic-18)

Learning Objectives:
1. identify the factors affecting metamorphism
2. classify metamorphic rocks in terms of metamorphic grade and
foliation
3. make use of a graphic organizer that will compare and contrast the
formation of the different types of igneous rocks
4. analyze igneous rocks in connection with composition and texture

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 METAMORPHISM AND TYPES
OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

Jumpstart

Activity 1: Concept Map

Directions: Understand and identify the processes of the Rock Cycle. Choose your
answers from the box. Use one short bond paper.

1.
2. Cooling
3. Heat and Pressure
4. Lithification
5. Melting
6. Weathering
7.
8.
9.

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 Discover

Factors that Affect Metamorphism

Metamorphic rocks came from an original rock known as protolith. Protoliths

are any type of rock that undergoes physical and chemical changes in texture and
mineralogy and this process is called metamorphism. These physical and chemical
changes are driven by burial, tectonic stress, magmatism, and interactions with
fluids. All of these activities are possible due to the following conditions:

1. Temperature
During the burial of rocks (collision or subduction), as it goes deeper
the temperature increases. Thus, higher temperature is expected during this
process.

2. Pressure
There are two types of stress due to the increase of pressure, uniform
stress, and differential stress. Uniform stress is also called hydrostatic stress
or confining stress because the pressure is equal from all directions while in
differential stress the pressure from all directions are not equal.

3. Fluid phase
Spaces between mineral grains in rocks may contain dissolved ions of
H2O that speeds up chemical change of a solid mineral into a new solid
mineral. This alteration process is known as metasomatism.

4. Time
Metamorphism is a slow process and grains (mineral size and shape)
increases with time. Coarse grain metamorphic rocks took longer time of
metamorphism.

Types of Igneous Rock Formation

Igneous rocks can be classified into types according to its formation. Extrusive
igneous rocks also known as Volcanic igneous rocks solidify at the surface. Intrusive
igneous rocks otherwise called Plutonic igneous rocks crystalizes at depth. Igneous
rocks are characterized in terms of texture (size, shape, and arrangement) and
composition (chemical makeup). The size of grain is relative to the rate of cooling.
Thus, slow rate of cooling will produce large crystals intrusively while rapid rate of
cooling will result small crystals extrusively.

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 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1: Picture Analysis

Differential stress can be classified as normal stress and shear stress. Normal
stress can be further classified into compressional stress and tensional stress.
During differential stress, round grains can be flattened or grow in its preferred
orientation.

Directions: Analyze the pictures and identify the depicted types of stress. Use
separate activity paper.

Compressional Stress Tensional Stress

Shear Stress Uniform Stress

1. 2.

3. 4.

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Assessment 1: Matching Type

Directions: Match Column A to Column B by choosing the letter that corresponds

with the correct answer. Continue using the activity paper for Enrichment Activity 1.

Column A Column B

1. stress equal from all directions A. Compressional Stress

2. stress not equal from all directions B. Differential Stress
3. compressed in the direction of maximum stress C. Shear Stress
4. extended in the direction of minimal stress D. Tensional Stress
5. smeared out in the direction of applied stress E. Uniform Stress

Enrichment Activity 2: Table Completion

Metamorphic Grade is the relative temperature and pressure conditions

necessary for the formation of metamorphic rocks.

1. Low-grade metamorphism – abundant in hydrous minerals at

temperatures ranging from 200 to 320 ºC and a relatively low pressure.
Examples are Clay Minerals, Serpentine, and Chlorite.
2. High-grade metamorphism – non-hydrous minerals at temperatures
exceeding from 320 ºC and a relatively high pressure. Examples are Biotite,
Pyroxene, and Garnet.

There are two types of metamorphic rocks: foliated and non-foliated. Examples
of foliated metamorphic rock are Slate, Schist, and Gneiss while Amphibolite,
Quartzite and Marble are examples of non-foliated metamorphic rock because there
is no evident planar formation.

Slatey Cleavage Schistosity Gneissic Banding

Figure 1. Planar formation of Slate, Schist, and Gneiss

Directions: Classify accordingly the different examples from the box into the table
provided. Use separate activity paper.
Amphibolite Clay minerals Marble Schist
Biotite Garnet Pyroxene Serpentine
Chlorite Gneiss Quartzite Slate

Low-grade High-grade Foliated Non-foliated

• • • •

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 • • • •
• • • •

Assessment 2: Identification

Directions: Identify the following statements. Continue using the activity paper for
Enrichment Activity 2.

High-grade Low-grade Marble

Schist Slate

1. abundant in hydrous minerals

2. minerals at temperatures exceeding from 320 ºC

3. with slatey cleavage as planar formation

4. irregular planar formation known as schistosity

5. non-foliated metamorphic rock

Enrichment Activity 3: Analogy Graphic Organizer

Directions: Analyze the connection between the examples from Table 1 and 2.
Identify similar examples and write the answers using Table 3. Use separate activity
paper.

Table 1

Texture Examples of Igneous Rocks

1. Coarse-grained Diorite, Gabbro, Granite
2. Fine-grained Andesite, Basalt, Rhyolite

Table 2

Composition Examples of Igneous Rocks

• Light-colored Granite, Rhyolite
• Medium-colored Andesite, Diorite
• Dark-colored Basalt, Gabbro

Table 3

Coarse-grained Fine-grained
Light-colored
Medium-colored
Dark-colored

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Assessment 3: Modified True or False

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct otherwise change the underlined
word/s to make the statement correct. Continue using the activity paper for
Enrichment Activity 3.

1. Extrusive igneous rocks are also known as volcanic igneous rocks.

2. Intrusive igneous rock solidifies at the surface.
3. The size of grain is relative to the rate of cooling.
4. Granite, Diorite, and Gabbro are example of medium-grained
crystal.
5. In terms of composition, Diorite and Andesite are classified as
medium-colored.

Deepen

For this task, make a graphic organizer that will compare and contrast the
different types of igneous rocks in terms of formation, texture, color, rate of cooling,
and examples. In a separate sheet of bond paper, make a short statement expressing
the work with not more than five sentences. The scoring rubric will be used in
assessing your outputs.

What you need

• Short Bond Paper
• Pencil and Eraser
• Any Coloring Materials
• Markers and Writing Materials
Rubrics for Scoring the Outpu

RUBRICS 1 2 3 4 5
The work
The work Organization is The work The work
Organization is not is expressed organized is is very
organized minimally but organized organized
limited
Some
Lacks Originality Very
parts are Original
originality and creativity original
Creativity original and
and are expressed and
and creative
creativity minimally creative
creative
Content
Content is Content is Content Content is
Knowledge is clear
not clear expressed is clear very clear
and

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 and minimally factual and and
factual correct but factual factual
limited

Gauge

Directions: Read and understand each item. Write the letter of the best
answer in a separate sheet of bond paper.

1. What is the original rock that forms metamorphic rocks?

A. Megalith B. Monolith
C. Prolith D. Regolith
2. Which is NOT a driving force of change in metamorphism?
A. Burial B. Magmatism
C. Size of Grain D. Tectonic Stress
3. What is the type of stress when pressure is equal from all directions?
A. Confining B. Hydrostatic
C. Uniform D. All of the above
4. Which dissolve ion is present between mineral grains that speeds up
chemical change of mineral into new mineral?
A. 𝐶𝑂3 B. 𝐻2 𝑂
C. 𝑁𝐻4 D. 𝑁𝑂3
5. Which is true between the relationship of time and metamorphism?
A. Fine grain rocks took longer time to process.
B. Coarse grain rocks took longer time to process.
C. Coarse grain rocks took shorter time to process.
D. Medium grain rocks took shorter time to process.
6. What is the best definition for tensional stress?
A. Stress is not equal from all directions.
B. Extended in the direction of minimal stress.
C. Smeared out in the direction of applied stress.
D. Compressed in the direction of maximum stress.
7. What would happen if shear stress is applied?
A. Stress is not equal from all directions.
B. Minerals are extended in the direction of minimal stress.
C. Structure is smeared out in the direction of applied stress.
D. Grains are compressed in the direction of maximum stress.
8. What seems likely to happen with differential stress?
A. Stress equal from all directions.
B. Stress not equal from all directions.
C. Extended in the direction of minimal stress.
D. Compressed in the direction of maximum stress.

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9. What is the best statement that apply to low-grade metamorphism?
A. Relatively high pressure
B. Abundant in hydrous minerals
C. Temperature exceeding from 320 ºC
D. Examples are biotite, pyroxene, garnet
10. What would happen to rocks when there is no evident planar formation?
A. Foliated B. Non-foliated
C. With schistosity D. With slatey cleavage
11. Which is NOT a distinct example of high-grade metamorphism?
A. Biotite B. Chlorite
C. Garnet D. Pyroxene
12. What statement is relevant to the characteristics of igneous rocks in terms
of composition?
A. Arrangement B. Chemical makeup
C. Shape D. Size
13. Which among the following statements is considered true?
A. Intrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks that solidifies at the
depth.
B. Intrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks that solidifies at the
surface.
C. Extrusive rocks are also called plutonic rocks that solidifies at
the surface.
D. Extrusive rocks are also called volcanic rocks that solidifies at
the surface.
14. Which is valid and acceptable outcome from the statement “the size of
grain is relative to the rate of cooling”?
A. Rapid rate of cooling will result large crystals extrusively.
B. Slow rate of cooling will produce large crystal intrusively.
C. Rapid rate of cooling will result small crystals intrusively.
D. Slow rate of cooling will produce large crystal extrusively.
15. How would you identify if a rock is an igneous rock?
A. Color B. Grain
C. Grain D. All of the above

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LU_Earth and Life Science_Module4
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Activity 1: Concept Map.
1. Cooling 4. Heat and Pressure 7. Heat and Pressure
2. Weathering 5. Melting 8. Weathering
3. Lithification 6. Melting 9. Weathering
Enrichment Activity 1: Assessment 1: Matching Type
Picture Analysis 1. E
1. Uniform Stress 2. B
2. Compressional Stress 3. A
3. Tensional Stress 4. D
4. Shear Stress 5. C
Enrichment Activity 2: Table Completion
Low-grade High-grade Foliated Non-foliated
• Chlorite • Biotite • Gneiss • Amphibolite
• Clay Minerals • Garnet • Schist • Marble
• Serpentine • Pyroxene • Slate • Quartzite
Assessment 2: Identification
1. Low-grade
2. High-grade
3. Slate
4. Schist
5. marble
Enrichment Activity 3: Analogy Graphic Organizer
Table 3
Coarse-grained Fine-grained
Light-colored Granite Rhyolite
Medium-colored Diorite Andesite
Dark-colored Gabbro Basalt
Assessment 3: Modified True or False
1. True
2. Extrusive/Volcanic
3. True
4. coarse-grained
5. True
Gauge
1. C 4. B 7. C 10. B 13. D
2. C 5. B 8. B 11. B 14. B
3. D 6. B 9. B 12. B 15. D
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials
Religioso, Teresita F. et. al. (2016). Earth and Life Science. Quezon City,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Website
Prof. Stephen A. Nelson. (2017, September 25). Metamorphism and
Metamorphic Rocks Retrieved July 22, 2020 from
https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/metamorphic.htm

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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