Pump Theory and Characteristics

Pumps Theory and Characteristics
Chemical Tanker Advanced

Pumping principles:
The fundamental principle of the pumping of any kind of liquid falls into two
distinct phases:
• to move the liquid to the pump
• to induce energy into the liquid in order to move it to the required
destination.
The first phase, moving the liquid to the pump, depends solely on the natural
factors of liquid level above pump level and atmospheric pressure.
The second phase is a matter of mechanics depending of the technical properties
of the pump.
In tankers the basic requirements are a discharge pressure at designed throughput in
the range 6 - 15 bar (90 - 220 p.s.i. (g)) and good suction performance.
Relation of Pressure to Elevation:
Shore tank Shore tank
Ships tank Ships tank

Pumping principles:
• Static head - The hydraulic pressure at a point in a fluid when the liquid is at
rest.
• Friction head - The loss in pressure or energy due to frictional losses in flow.
• Discharge head - The outlet pressure of a pump in operation.
• Total head - The total pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of a
pump in operation.
• Suction head - The inlet pressure of a pump when above atmospheric pressure.
• Suction lift - The inlet pressure of a pump when below atmospheric pressure.

Cargo pumping systems: Different pumping systems are used in tankers.
There are known two general groups of cargo
pumping systems:
• Traditional or Linear pumping system –
where pumps are positioned in the special
compartment known as Cargo Pump Room.
• Deepwell or Submerged pump system –
where pumps are positioned individually in
each cargo tank with individual, dual or group
piping layout.
COMPANY

Individual pumping system Traditional pumping system
COMPANY

Cargo pumping systems:
Both pumping systems are used different types of pumps as cargo pumps.
Generally speaking these pumps may be divided into three different main
groups according to their working principle namely:
• Centrifugal pumps
• Displacement pumps
• Ejector pumps (eductors)
These three groups of pumps are working quite differently and should of
course be operated in a quite different manner.

Centrifugal cargo pumps:
Centrifugal cargo pumps are today the
most commonly used main cargo pumps in
tankers. They are very suitable for pumping
large quantities. The weight is small
compared to the performance and they are
not particularly sensitive to impurities and
smaller particles in the product they pump.
They are easily regulated and easy to drain
and clean.
COMPANY

In centrifugal pumps the motive force is
Centrifugal cargo pumps: provided by a rotating impeller which takes
suction at its centre and flings the pumped
liquid out into the casing from where it flows to
the pump discharge. The head so generated, is
dependent on the diameter, blade angle and
speed of rotation of the impeller. Flow rate is
affected by the pressure in the discharge
system.
Centrifugal pump always must be started
against closed discharge valve. This must be
COMPANY
done to build up effective pressure head before
attempting to move liquid via discharge pipe.
Net Positive Suction Head NPSH:
Since no pump can generate a total vacuum at
its suction inlet, only a proportion of the
atmospheric pressure can be usefully
employed. Therefore, before a pump can
operate satisfactorily a certain pressure must
exist at the pump suction and this is known as
Required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH.),
which is the minimum absolute pressure in
excess of liquid vapor pressure which must
COMPANY exist at the suction inlet of the pump to ensure
satisfactory operation.

Cavitation of centrifugal pumps:
If the pressure at the pump inlet is lower than

the NPSH plus the vapor pressure of the liquid
cavitation is the result.
Small vapor pockets are formed near the centre
of the pump as the liquid boils and these vapor
bubbles are moved with the liquid outwards to a
higher pressure where they implode very rapidly
and corrodes the metal of the impeller. This
COMPANY phenomenon known as cavitation erosion.

Cavitation of centrifugal pumps:
The best way to avoid cavitation is to use as short
and direct suction lines as possible, and to mount
the pump as low as possible. Submerged pumps in
each tank using the deep-well pump principle best
accomplish this.
If cavitation occurs, the pump speed should be
reduced immediately. This will reduce the friction
loss in the suction line as well as the NPSH.
If the pump speed cannot be reduced, flow should
COMPANY
be regulated by partly closing the discharge valve.

Pressure surge:
Surge pressures (water hammer) in piping
systems are generated by changes in the
velocity of flow in a system. These sudden
velocity changes can be caused by the
operation of valves and pumps, or by
expulsion of air from the piping system.
Surge events, particularly those caused by the
rapid expulsion of air are capable of damaging
almost any pipeline.
COMPANY

Pressure surge:
There are exist number of ways to reduce the
risk against Pressure Surge:
• Take proper precautions to avoid air
entrapment during initial filling and testing of
a pipeline
• Ensure proper sizing and placement of
combination air/vacuum release valves
• “RE” valve installed on a T-junction
downstream of the pump control or check
COMPANY
valves, protects the network and the pump
from dangerous pressure surges

Displacement cargo pumps:
Displacement cargo pumps move a certain
volume at each cycle, the centrifugal pump does
not, and this is the main difference between the
two pump types. The centrifugal pump makes a
certain pressure and the volume pumped is
mainly determined by the head at the discharge
side. The most well-known displacement pump is
the reciprocating piston pump, but also the screw
pump belongs to this category.
COMPANY

Good example is Simplex single acting piston
pump. This 2 stroke pump discharges the volume of
cylinder on every second stroke. The forward stroke
discharges volume of the cylinder and back or
reverse stroke fills the cylinder with liquid. The
advantage of this displacement pump is that no any
prime needed, unlike with centrifugal pumps.
COMPANY

Screw displacement pump use other pumping
principal than piston displacement pump. Screw
pump passes liquid through rotating part named
power rotor, the volume delivered is proportional
to the number of revolutions. Screw pumps have a
very good suction ability and are even able to
pump air or gas. They are common on smaller
tankers and are especially suitable to highly
viscous products, such as molasses and asphalt.
COMPANY

Ejector cargo pumps:
Ejector pumps have no mechanical moving
parts, perform a good suction even when air
enters the suction line, and they are not
vulnerable to impurities and particles in the
liquid. The best performance is achieved with
no or at least very little head on the discharge
side. On board larger tankers they are often
used as stripping pumps.
COMPANY

Ejector cargo pumps:
Eductor or Ejector pumps are liquid jet pumps that are use water or other liquid
under pressure as feed to create vacuum at the suction part and perform pumping
action.
COMPANY

Different types of pump drives:
On tankers different types of pumps are use
different types of drives. In general, all drives
can be divided on to three types:
• Cargo pumps driven by steam or steam
driven pumps (steam turbines)
• Cargo pumps driven by electrical motor
or electrically driven pumps (Marflex)
• Cargo pumps driven by hydraulic system
COMPANY or hydraulically driven pumps (Framo)

Steam driven pumps:
Mostly, Steam driven pumps or turbines are
used on large tankers with Traditional or
Linear cargo pumping system. Turbines are
positioned in the cargo pump room, but the
steam drive itself mostly situated in the engine
room. By throttling the steam valve watch
engineer applies pressure on the cargo turbine
and this creates pumping action. Steam driven
cargo pump, like any other centrifugal pump,
COMPANY must be started against closed discharge valve.

Steam driven pumps:
COMPANY

Electrically driven pumps:
Electrical drive can be used on many types of

cargo pumps. Centrifugal pumps, displacement
pumps and deepwell pumps can be electrically
driven. We will focus on electrically driven
Deepwell pumps.
These types of cargo pumps are subject of
individual pumping system, typical system used
on chemical tankers engaged with multiparcel
COMPANY trade.

MarFlex deepwell elictrical driven pump:
The MarFlex deepwell pump can be driven by an
explosion-proof, class-approved electric motor.
Advantages of electric-drive deepwell pumps compared
with hydraulic-drive deepwell or submerged pumps:
• Total system efficiency approximately 20% higher
• Low noise level
• Easy to install, electrical wiring instead of a complicated
hydraulic piping system
COMPANY • Simple and robust AC motor, less maintenance

MarFlex deepwell electrical driven pump:
The design of the MarFlex deepwell pump is based on a driveshaft

that is separated from the cargo. The pump stack consists of two pipes:
one is the discharge pipe and the other is the enclosure for the
intermediate driveshaft, the shaft bearings and the lubricating oil.
The Pump shaft is made of steel, it is oil-lubricated rather than being
exposed to the cargo. The special seal arrangement is done to separate
the cargo from the lubricating oil and vice versa. Between the two seal
arrangements there is an atmospheric drainage chamber – cofferdam.
Any leakage occurred is collected in cofferdam. Regular blowing of
cofferdam to be done by Air or N2 to check condition of seals.
COMPANY

COMPANY

The MarFlex deepwell pump as well use combination

of centrifugal pump for unloading and displacement
pump for drainage of cargo.
Draining pump designed to completely drain the tank.
• Design: double acting
• Capacity: 7m3/hr
• Strokes: 13/min
COMPANY • Max.pressure: 10 bar

Electrically driven Deepwell pump system:
COMPANY

Electrically driven Deepwell pump system:
COMPANY

Hydraulically driven pumps:
There are two types of hydraulic circuits used for
cargo pumping systems:
• Open-loop hydraulic circuit – is one having
fluid flow, but no pressure in the system when
the actuating mechanisms are idle. The pump
circulates the fluid from the reservoir, through the
selector valves, and back to the reservoir.
• Closed-loop hydraulic circuit – where
hydraulic oil is operated under pressure, that is
COMPANY created by hydraulic power pack unit.

The Chemical carriers most widely use
Frank Mohn AS hydraulic system or
Framo Pumps of all hydraulically driven
pumps.
Framo gives opportunity to use hydraulic
system not only for cargo pumping, but as
well for ballast operations, tank cleaning
operations and even for ships handling and
maneuvering, like hydraulically driven
COMPANY Framo bowthruster unit.

COMPANY

Hydraulically driven pumps: Framo Hydraulic system is Closed-loop
system. System is designed as a central
hydraulic ring line system. The Hydraulic
power unit (HPU) delivers oil to the main
pressure line and from this line it is
possible to run numbers of hydraulic
motors as long as the oil delivery
sufficient. In order to control the speed of
the motor and to prevent over-speed, a
control valve is fitted for each motor.
COMPANY Hydraulic oil in the system have certain
temperature limits – 20C-60C.
The pump is mounted to the pipestack with the compact
hydraulic motor located inside and supplied by high
pressure hydraulic oil. The motor is surrounded by low
pressure hydraulic oil. A short, independent shaft,
supported by bearings lubricated by hydraulic oil, is
connected to a singlestage, end-suction centrifugal pump.
The hydraulic section is surrounded by a cofferdam that
completely segregates the hydraulic oil from the cargo.
This seal arrangement consists of a mechanical oil seal,
single cofferdam lip seal and a double cargo lip seal. The
COMPANY cargo seal is exposed only to static head from the cargo.

COMPANY

Framo pump, like all centrifugal pumps,
must be started against closed discharge
valve. It will helps to create initial discharge
pressure above manifold pressure and to
avoid backflow.
The hydraulic system pressure should be
maximum 15 bar above the highest running
pump pressure in order to minimise energy
consumption, noise level, wear and tear.
COMPANY Otherwise, excessive hydraulic pressure will
be transformed into the temperature.
Parallel pumping:
Generally, Framo recommend to run as many pumps in
parallel as practical, at a reduced hydraulic pressure, rather
than just a few pumps at maximum hydraulic pressure.
4 cargo pumps at 50% capacity give same result as 2
cargo pumps at 100% capacity.
This operation must be done with special care to avoid
overpumping, when several cargo tanks with
homogeneous cargo assembled into one common group
for discharging.
COMPANY

Stripping procedure:
Stripping cargo tanks is carried out to ensure that as
much cargo as possible is discharged. Normally the vessel
will use stripping pumps and lines for this purpose as they
will reach the last drop of cargo that the bulk discharge
pumps cannot reach. This kind of stripping procedure
normally done with Linear cargo pumping system.
Stripping is an integral part of the discharge and if carried
out properly should cause little delay to the vessel.
COMPANY

Stripping procedure:
With Submerged or Deppwell pumps stripping procedure
looks different. First of all there is no need in any stripping
pump as separate unit. Stripping procedure can be performed
by pump itself. Additional piping layout for stripping allows
to pump cargo residues directly to the manifold.
With reduced hydraulic pressure and closed discharge valve,
air or inert gas to be supplied to the cargo discharge line.
After that, stripping line valve to be opened and cargo with
reduced pump speed to be stripped to the cargo line after
closed discharge valve or directly to the manifold.
COMPANY

Hydraulically driven Ballast pump:
Submerged Framo Ballast Pump
The Framo hydraulically driven submerged
ballast pump consists of five main parts:
• Pump casing/ air separator
• Pump head
• Pipe stack
• Top plate/Control valves
• Evacuating system
COMPANY

Hydraulically driven Portable Framo Pump:
The Framo Portable Pump and auxiliary
equipment, is an important back-up for
cargo pumping system.
Operational principle is absolutely the same as
submerged cargo pump or submerged ballast
pump.
Portable pump to be connected to both hydraulic
lines, operation can be done by means of Control
valve with both hydraulic lines attached.
COMPANY

COMPANY

Portable pump to be lowered into the cargo tank
via main or tank cleaning hatch. Standard tripod
to be used for lowering.
Portable pump cargo hose can be connected to
the cargo line by means of bar connection and
discharging to be carried out via cargo manifold
or there can be direct connection of portable
pump cargo hose to the shore facility.
COMPANY

Deepwell pump Submerged pump Now lets bring everything under line and
raise a question what is the difference
between Deepwell and Submerged
pumps?
Main difference is position of driving unit:
• Deepwell pump have driving unit on the
top of cargo tank
• Submerged pump have driving unit
inside of the cargo tank
COMPANY

Additional cargo pumping units:
In some cases, performance of deepwell or submerged

pump is low with certain cargoes like molasses or back
pressure in the cargo line during discharging is too high.
In this cases, to increase pumping capability, special
pumping unit to be used in the line with deepwell or
submerged pumps – Booster pump.
Booster pumps very often are centrifugal pumps driven
by electrical motor, in some cases by hydraulic system.
But there could be as well screw type pumps or other
displacement pump.
COMPANY

www.novikontas.lv

Pump Theory and Characteristics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pump Theory and Characteristics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pumps Theory and Characteristics

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Ships tank Ships tank

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Individual pumping system Traditional pumping system

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

If the pressure at the pump inlet is lower than

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Electrical drive can be used on many types of

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

The design of the MarFlex deepwell pump is based on a driveshaft

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

The MarFlex deepwell pump as well use combination

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

Chemical Tanker Advanced

In some cases, performance of deepwell or submerged

Chemical Tanker Advanced

You might also like