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Republic Act No. 386 The

Civil Code of The
Philippines: Reference
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XNV^HLIC GC] KA. 325

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]bn Civil Camn ae ]bn Vbilippikns
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AHLIDG]IAKS GKM CAK]XGC]S
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Ahlidgtiaks gkm Caktrgcts
Hy Mn Lnak
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Gandang Swak sa Budget

Shopee

3. Gk gct ar ajissiak ik hrngcb ar vialgtiak ae

AHLIDG]IAKS
sgim ridbt hy tbn mnenkmgkt witb
caksnqunktigl ik`ury ar mgjgdn ta tbn
CBGV]NX 7
plgiktiee ear wbicb bn jgy jgiktgik gk gctiak
DNKNXGL VXAUISIAKS
ear tbn rncavnry ae mgjgdns ar atbnr
gppraprigtn rnline
AHLIDG]IAK

Cgusn ae gctiak hgsnm upak g writtnk caktrgct

Grticln 77>5. Gk ahlidgtiak is g `urimicgl kncnssity ta
Gctiaks hgsnm upak g writtnk caktrgct sbaulm hn
divn, ta ma ar kat ta ma.
hraudbt witbik 76 yngrs eraj tbn tijn tbn ridbt ae
gctiak gccruns. (Grt. 77==)
@urimicgl kncnssity
Ik cgsn ae kak-cajpligkcn, caurts jgy hn cgllnm upak Oikms ae ahlidgtiak gccarmikd ta suh`nct jgttnr
ta nkearcn its euleilljnkt ar, ik mnegult tbnrnae, tbn
ncakajic vglun tbgt it rnprnsnkts 7. Xngl ahlidgtiak – tbgt ik wbicb tbn suh`nct
jgttnr is g tbikd wbicb tbn ahlidar just
Civil ahlidgtiak mnlivnr ta tbn ahlidn (ahlidgtiak ta divn)
Divns g ridbt ae gctiak ta cajpnl tbnir pnrearjgkcn, ik
caktrgst witb kgturgl ahlidgtiak ukmnr ]itln III 8. Vnrsakgl ahlidgtiak – tbgt ik wbicb tbn
suh`nct jgttnr is gk gct ta hn makn ar kat ta
Xnquisitns ae ahlidgtiak hn makn (ahlidgtiak ta ma ar kat ta ma)
7. Vgssivn suh`nct – mnhtar ar ahlidar
8. Gctivn suh`nct – crnmitar ar ahlidnn g. Vasitivn pnrsakgl ahlidgtiak –
3. Ah`nct ar prnstgtiak ahlidgtiak ta ma ar ta rnkmnr snrvicn
g. ]a divn
h. ]a ma h. Kndgtivn pnrsakgl ahlidgtiak –
c. Kat ta ma ahlidgtiak kat ta ma gkm kat ta divn
=. @urimicgl tin ar neeicinkt cgusn
SA^XCNS AE AHLIDG]IAK
Earj ae ahlidgtiak
Gs g dnknrgl ruln, tbn lgw mans kat rnquirn gky earj ik
Grticln 77>4. Ahlidgtiaks grisn eraj0
ahlidgtiaks grisikd eraj caktrgcts ear tbnir vglimity ar
7. Lgw
hikmikd earcn. (Grt. 73>5) 8. Caktrgcts
3. Wugsi-caktrgcts
Ahlidgtiaks grisikd eraj atbnr saurcns ma kat bgvn
=. Gcts ar ajissiaks pukisbnm hy lgw? gkm
gky earj gt gll. >. Wugsi-mnlicts

Cgusn ae gctiak
EXAJ LGT
It is gk gct ar ajissiak ae akn pgrty ik vialgtiak ae tbn
Tbnk tbny grn ijpasnm hy tbn lgw itsnle (nx0
lndgl ridbt ar ridbts ae gkatbnr, cgusikd ik`ury ta tbn
ahlidgtiak ta pgy tgxns)
lgttnr.

Grticln 77>2. Lndgl ahlidgtiaks kat prnsujnm

Nlnjnkts ae cgusn ae gctiak
Ahlidgtiaks mnrivnm eraj lgw grn kat prnsujnm. Akly
7. Lndgl ridbt ik egvar ae crnmitar/ plgiktiee
tbasn nxprnssly mntnrjiknm ik tbis Camn ar ik spncigl
8. G carrnlgtivn lndgl ahlidgtiak ak tbn pgrt
lgws grn mnjgkmghln, gkm sbgll hn rndulgtnm hy tbn
mnhtar/ mnenkmgkt ta rnspnct ar kat ta
prncnpts ae tbn lgw wbicb nstghlisbns tbnj? gkm gs ta
vialgtn sgim ridbt

MIGJAKM KA]NS | Uglmnz, Igkg @ill E. | 8

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wbgt bgs kat hnnk earnsnnk, hy tbn pravisiaks ae tbis
Haao.
EXAJ CAK]XGC]S
Tbnk tbny grisn eraj tbn stipulgtiak ae tbn pgrtins (nx0
ahlidgtiak ta pgy g lagk hy virtun ae gk gdrnnjnkt)
Grticln 7757. Ahlidgtiaks grisikd eraj mnlicts
Civil ahlidgtiaks grisikd eraj crijikgl aeenksns sbgll hn
davnrknm hy tbn pnkgl lgws, suh`nct ta tbn pravisiaks
ae grticln 8744, gkm ae tbn pnrtiknkt pravisiaks ae
Cbgptnr 8, Vrnlijikgry ]itln, ak Bujgk Xnlgtiaks, gkm
ae ]itln RUIII ae tbis Haao, rndulgtikd mgjgdns.

Grticln 77>9. Caktrgctugl ahlidgtiaks Scapn ae civil lighility

Ahlidgtiaks grisikd eraj caktrgcts bgvn tbn earcn ae 7. Xnstitutiak
lgw hntwnnk tbn caktrgctikd pgrtins gkm sbaulm hn 8. Xnpgrgtiak ear mgjgdns cgusnm
cajplinm witb ik daam egitb. 3. Ikmnjkieicgtiak ear caksnqunktigl mgjgdns

EXAJ W^GSI-CAK]XGC]S EXAJ W^GSI-MNLIC]S AX ]AX]S

Tbnk tbny grisn eraj lgweul, valuktgry gkm ukilgtnrgl Tbnk tbny grisn eraj mgjgdn cgusnm ta gkatbnr
gcts gkm wbicb grn nkearcnghln ta tbn nkm tbgt ka akn tbraudb gk gct ar ajissiak, tbnrn hnikd egult ar
sbgll hn uk`ustly nkricbnm ar hnkneitnm gt tbn nxpnksn kndlidnkcn, hut ka caktrgctugl rnlgtiak nxists hntwnnk
ae gkatbnr (Grt. 87=8) tbn pgrtins (Grt. 8745)

Grticln 7756. Ahlidgtiaks mnrivnm eraj qugsi- Grticln 7758. Ahlidgtiaks mnrivnm eraj qugsi-mnlicts
caktrgcts sbgll hn suh`nct ta tbn pravisiaks ae Cbgptnr sbgll hn davnrknm hy tbn pravisiaks ae Cbgptnr 8, ]itln
7, ]itln RUII, ae tbis Haao. RUII ae tbis Haao, gkm hy spncigl lgws.

Oikms ae qugsi-caktrgcts Xnquisitns ae qugsi-mnlict

7. Gk gct ar ajissiak hy tbn mnenkmgkt
7. Kndatiaruj dnstia – tbn valuktgry 8. Egult ar kndlidnkcn ae tbn mnenkmgkt
jgkgdnjnkt ae tbn prapnrty ar geegirs ae 3. Mgjgdn cgusnm ta tbn plgiktiee
gkatbnr witbaut tbn okawlnmdn ar caksnkt ae =. Mirnct rnlgtiak ae cgusn gkm neenct hntwnnk
tbn lgttnr (Grt. 87==) tbn gct ar ajissiak gkm tbn mgjgdn
>. ]bnrn is ka prn-nxistikd caktrgctugl rnlgtiak
Nx0 Ie tbraudb tbn neearts ae knidbhar R, tbn hntwnnk tbn pgrtins
bausn ae Y wgs sgvnm eraj hnikd hurknm, Y
bgs tbn ahlidgtiak ta rnijhursn R ear tbn Crijn/ Mnlict Wugsi-mnlict
nxpnksns R ikcurrnm gltbaudb Y mim kat ]bnrn is crijikgl ar Akly kndlidnkcn
gctuglly divn bis caksnkt ta tbn gct ae R jgliciaus iktnkt ar crijikgl
kndlidnkcn
8. Salutia ikmnhiti – tbn `urimicgl rnlgtiak wbicb Geencts puhlic iktnrnst cakcnrks privgtn iktnrnst
is crngtnm wbnk sajntbikd is rncnivnm wbnk ]bn purpasn is pukisbjnkt tbn purpasn is
tbnrn is ka ridbt ta mnjgkm it gkm it wgs ikmnjkieicgtiak
ukmuly mnlivnrnm tbraudb jistgon (Grt. 87>=) Crijikgl lighility cgkkat hn lighility ear qugsi-mnlict
cajprajisnm ar snttlnm hy cgk hn cajprajisnm gs
EXAJ GC]S AX AJISSIAKS V^KISBNM HY LGT tbn pgrtins tbnjsnlvns gky atbnr civil lighility
Tbnk tbny grisn eraj civil lighility wbicb is tbn ]bn duilt ae tbn gccusnm tbn egult ar kndlidnkcn
caksnqunkcn ae g crijikgl aeenksn (nx0 tbn ahlidgtiak just hn pravnm hnyakm ae tbn mnenkmgkt knnm
ae g tbine ta rnturk tbn cgr stalnk hy bij) rngsakghln mauht akly hn pravnm hy
prnpakmnrgkcn ae
nvimnkcn

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]bn lighility ae tbn pnrsak it is mirnct gkm prijgry gccnssarins pnrearjgkcn ae

rnspaksihln ear tbn gutbar >. ]a gkswnr ear bis ahlidgtiak,
ae tbn kndlidnkt gct ar mgjgdns ik cgsn ar caktrgvnktiak
ajissiak is suhsimigry ae kak- ae tbn tnkar
euleilljnkt ar tbnrnae
CBGV]NX 8 hrngcb
KG]^XN GKM NEENC]S AE AHLIDG]IAKS
Ahlidgtiak ta tgon cgrn ae tbn tbikd mun
AHLIDG]IAK ]A ]GON CGXN AE ]BN ]BIKD M^N
DX0 ^sn prapnr milidnkcn ae g daam egtbnr ae g
Grticln 7753. Milidnkcn ae g daam egtbnr ae g egjily egjily
Nvnry pnrsak ahlidnm ta divn sajntbikd is glsa
ahlidnm ta tgon cgrn ae it witb tbn prapnr milidnkcn ae RVK0 Tbnk tbn lgw rnquirns gkatbnr stgkmgrm ae
g daam egtbnr ae g egjily cgrn (nx0 cajjak cgrrinrs just usn
nxtrgarmikgry milidnkcn ik cgrryikd
Nxcnptiak pgssnkdnrs)
^klnss tbn lgw ar tbn stipulgtiak ae tbn pgrtins
rnquirns gkatbnr stgkmgrm ae cgrn CXNMI]AX’S XIDB] ]A EX^I]S

➨ Xnenrs ta ahlidgtiak ta divn g spncieic ar Grticln 775=. ]bn crnmitar bgs g ridbt ta tbn eruits ae
mntnrjikgtn tbikd tbn tbikd eraj tbn tijn tbn ahlidgtiak ta mnlivnr it
grisns. Bawnvnr, bn sbgll gcquirn ka rngl ridbt avnr it
SVNCIEIC AX DNKNXIC AX uktil tbn sgjn bgs hnnk mnlivnrnm ta bij.
MN]NXJIKG]N ]BIKD IKMN]NXJIKG]N
]BIKD Oikms ae eruits
Tbnk it is pgrticulgrly Tbnk it rnenrs akly ta g
mnsidkgtnm ar pbysicglly clgss ar dnkus ta wbicb it 7. Kgturgl eruits – spaktgknaus pramucts ae tbn
sndrndgtnm eraj gll pnrtgiks gkm cgkkat hn sail, gkm tbn yaukd gkm atbnr pramucts ae
atbnrs ae tbn sgjn clgss paiktnm aut witb gkijgls (nx0 gll plgkts gkm trnns witbaut
pgrticulgrity bujgk iktnrvnktiak)
Nx0 ]ayatg cgr witb Vlgtn
Ka. GGU 3== Nx0 g palicn mad 8. Ikmustrigl eruits – tbasn pramucnm hy lgkms ae
Mutins ae mnhtar ik Mutins ae mnhtar ik gky oikm tbraudb cultivgtiak ar bujgk lghar
ahlidgtiak ta divn g ahlidgtiak ta divn gk (nx0 vndntghlns)
mntnrjikgtn tbikd ikmntnrjikgtn tbikd
3. Civil eruits – tbasn mnrivnm hy virtun ae g
7. ]a prnsnrvn ar 7. ]a mnlivnr g `urimicgl rnlgtiak (nx0 rnkts ae g huilmikd)
tgon cgrn ae tbn tbikd wbicb is ae
tbikd mun tbn quglity W0 Tbnk mans ahlidgtiak ta mnlivnr grisns1
8. ]a mnlivnr tbn iktnkmnm hy tbn G0 ]bn ahlidgtiak ta mnlivnr tbn tbikd mun gkm tbn
tbikd itsnle pgrtins tgoikd eruits grisns eraj tbn pnrenctiak ae tbn caktrgct.
3. ]a mnlivnr tbn 8. ]a hn lighln ear
eruits ae tbn mgjgdns ik cgsn VNXSAKGL XIDB] XNGL XIDB]
tbikd ae ergum, ]bn ridbt ae g pnrsak ta ]bn ridbt ar iktnrnst ae g
=. ]a mnlivnr its kndlidnkcn, ar mnjgkm eraj gkatbnr, pnrsak avnr g spncieic
gccnssiaks gkm mnlgy, ik tbn tbn euleilljnkt ae tbn tbikd (nx0 awknrsbip)

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lgttnr’s ahlidgtiak ta divn, witbaut g mneikitn pgssivn tbikd ta 8 ar jarn pnrsaks

ta ma, ar kat ta ma suh`nct Ie tbn ahlidar mnlgys, ar bgs prajisnm ta mnlivnr tbn
7. Mneikitn gctivn 7. Mneikitn gctivn sgjn tbikd ta twa ar jarn pnrsaks wba ma kat bgvn
suh`nct suh`nct tbn sgjn iktnrnst, bn sbgll hn rnspaksihln ear gky
8. Mneikitn pgssivn eartuitaus nvnkt uktil bn bgs neenctnm tbn mnlivnry.
suh`nct
Hikmikd ar nkearcnghln Hikmikd ar nkearcnghln Xnjnmins ae crnmitar
akly gdgikst g pgrticulgr gdgikst tbn wbaln warlm 7. Spncieic pnrearjgkcn ar euleilljnkt + ridbt ta
pnrsak ikmnjkity ear mgjgdns
8. Xnscissiak ar cgkcnllgtiak + ridbt ta mgjgdns
CXNMI]AX’S XIDB] ]A 3. Xidbt ta mgjgdns wbnrn it is tbn akly
GCCNSSAXINS GKM GCCNSSIAKS engsihln rnjnmy

Grticln 7755. ]bn ahlidgtiak ta divn g mntnrjikgtn
tbikd ikclumns tbgt ae mnlivnrikd gll its gccnssiaks gkm
gccnssarins, nvnk tbaudb tbny jgy kat bgvn hnnk
jnktiaknm.
➨ ]bis ruln is hgsnm ak tbn prikcipln ae lgw tbgt
tbn gccnssary eallaws tbn prikcipgl.
Gccnssiaks
]bnsn grn tbn eruits ae, ar gmmitiaks
ijpravnjnkts upak, g tbikd (tbn prikcipgl)
Gccnssarins
]bnsn grn tbn tbikds `aiknm ta, ar ikclumnm witb, tbn
prikcipgl tbikd ear tbn lgttnr’s njhnllisbjnkt, hnttnr
usn, ar cajplntiak.
XNJNMINS AE CXNMI]AX
XNJNMINS AE CXNMI]AX IK XNGL AHLIDG]IAKS
Grticln 775>. Xnjnmy ik spncieic rngl ahlidgtiak
Tbnk wbgt is ta hn mnlivnrnm is g mntnrjikgtn tbikd,
tbn crnmitar, ik gmmitiak ta tbn ridbt drgktnm bij hy
Grticln 7746, jgy cajpnl tbn mnhtar ta jgon tbn
mnlivnry.
Xnjnmy ik dnknric rngl ahlidgtiak
Ie tbn tbikd is ikmntnrjikgtn ar dnknric, bn jgy gso
tbgt tbn ahlidgtiak hn cajplinm witb gt tbn nxpnksn ae
tbn mnhtar.
Ie ahlidar mnlgys ar prajisnm ta mnlivnr tbn sgjn
XNJNMINS AE CXNMI]AX IK VASI]IUN VNXSAKGL
AHLIDG]IAK
Grticln 7754. Egilurn ta ma ahlidgtiak ta ma
Ie g pnrsak ahlidnm ta ma sajntbikd egils ta ma it, tbn
sgjn sbgll hn nxncutnm gt bis cast.
Ik caktrgvnktiak ae tbn tnkar ae tbn ahlidgtiak
]bis sgjn ruln sbgll hn ahsnrvnm ie bn mans it ik
ta, ar caktrgvnktiak ae tbn tnkar ae tbn ahlidgtiak.
Ahlidgtiak is paarly makn
Eurtbnrjarn, it jgy hn mncrnnm tbgt wbgt bgs hnnk
paarly makn hn ukmakn.
XNJNMINS AE CXNMI]AX IK KNDG]IUN VNXSAKGL
AHLIDG]IAK
Grticln 7752. Tbnk tbn ahlidgtiak caksists ik kat
maikd, gkm tbn ahlidar mans wbgt bgs hnnk earhimmnk
bij, it sbgll glsa hn ukmakn gt bis nxpnksn.
MNLGY
Mnlgy ar Jarg
It is tbn egilurn ta pnrearj gk ahlidgtiak ak tijn wbicb
egilurn, cakstitutns g hrngcb ae tbn ahlidgtiak
Xnquisitns ae mnlgy ar mnegult hy mnhtar
7. Egilurn ae tbn mnhtar ta pnrearj bis (pasitivn)
ahlidgtiak ak tbn mgtn gdrnnm upak
8. @umicigl ar nxtrg`umicigl mnjgkm hy crnmitar

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3. Egilurn ae tbn mnhtar ta cajply witb sucb pravn tbgt tbn lass waulm bgvn rnsultnm
mnjgkm `ust tbn sgjn nvnk ie bn bgm kat hnnk ik
mnegult, tbn caurt jgy nquitghly jitidgtn
Tbnk mans tbn ahlidar ikcurs mnlgy1 tbn mgjgdns.

Grticln 7759. ]basn ahlidnm ta mnlivnr ar ta ma
sajntbikd ikcur ik mnlgy eraj tbn tijn tbn ahlidnn
`umiciglly ar nxtrg`umiciglly mnjgkms eraj tbnj tbn
euleilljnkt ae tbnir ahlidgtiak.
Tbnk mnjgkm is kat kncnssgry
Bawnvnr, tbn mnjgkm hy tbn crnmitar sbgll kat hn
kncnssgry ik armnr tbgt mnlgy jgy nxist0
7. Tbnk tbn ahlidgtiak ar tbn lgw nxprnssly sa
mnclgrn? ar
8. Tbnk eraj tbn kgturn gkm tbn circujstgkcns
ae tbn ahlidgtiak it gppngrs tbgt tbn
mnsidkgtiak ae tbn tijn wbnk tbn tbikd is ta
hn mnlivnrnm ar tbn snrvicn is ta hn rnkmnrnm
wgs g caktrallikd jativn
nstghlisbjnkt ae tbn caktrgct? ar
3. Tbnk mnjgkm waulm hn usnlnss, gs wbnk
tbn ahlidar bgs rnkmnrnm it hnyakm bis pawnr
ta pnrearj.
Mnlgy ik rncipracgl ahlidgtiaks
Ik rncipracgl ahlidgtiaks, knitbnr pgrty ikcurs ik mnlgy
ie tbn atbnr mans kat cajply ar is kat rngmy ta cajply
ik g prapnr jgkknr witb wbgt is ikcujhnkt upak bij.
Eraj tbn jajnkt akn ae tbn pgrtins euleills bis
ahlidgtiak, mnlgy hy tbn atbnr hndiks.
Oikms ae mnlgy
8. Jarg gccipinkmi – mnlgy k tbn pgrt ae tbn
crnmitar witbaut `ustiei ghln rngsak ta gccnpt
tbn pnrearjgkcn ae tbn ahlidgtiak
NEENC]S AE JAXG GCCIVINKMI0
g. Crnmitar is duilty ae hrngcb ae ahlidgtiak?
h. Bn is lighln ear mgjgdns sueenrnm, ie gky,
hy tbn mnhtar
c. Bn hngrs tbn riso ae lass ae tbn tbikd mun
m. Tbnrn tbn ahlidgtiak is ta pgy jakny,
tbn mnhtar is kat lighln ear iktnrnst eraj
tbn tijn ae tbn crnmitar’s mnlgy
n. ]bn mnhtar jgy rnlngsn bijsnle eraj tbn
ahlidgtiak hy tbn caksidkgtiak ae tbn
tbikd ar suj mun
ear tbn
3. Cajpnksgtia jargn – mnlgy ae tbn ahlidars
ik rncipracgl ahlidgtiaks
NEENC] AE CAJVNKSG]IA JAXGN0
]bn mnlgy ae tbn ahlidar cgkcnls aut tbn
mnlgy ae tbn ahlidnn gkm vicn vnrsg. ]bnrn is
ka gctiakghln mnegult gs ie knitbnr akn is
duilty ae mnlgy.
Ka mnlgy ik kndgtivn pnrsakgl ahlidgtiak
Ik gk ahlidgtiak kat ta ma, kak-euleilljnkt jgy tgon
plgcn hut mnlgy is ijpassihln ear tbn mnhtar euleills hy
kat maikd wbgt bgs hnnk earhimmnk bij

7. Jarg salvnkmi – mnlgy ak tbn pgrt ae tbn DXA^KMS EAX MGJGDNS

mnhtar ta eulei ll bis ahlidgtiak (ta divn ar ta
ma) hy rngsak ae g cgusn ijputghln ta bij Grticln 7746. ]basn wba ik tbn pnrearjgkcn ae tbnir
ahlidgtiaks grn duilty ae0
NEENC]S AE JAXG SALUNKMI0 g. Ergum
g. Mnhtar is duilty ae hrngcb ae ahlidgtiak h. Kndlidnkcn, ar
h. Bn is lighln ear iktnrnst ik cgsn ae c. Mnlgy, gkm
ahlidgtiaks ta pgy jakny ar mgjgdns ik m. ]basn wba ik gky jgkknr caktrgvnkn tbn
atbnr ahlidgtiaks. tnkar tbnrnae, grn lighln ear mgjgdns
c. Bn is lighln nvnk ear g eartuitaus nvnkt
wbnk tbn ahlidgtiak is ta mnlivnr g HXNGCB AE CAK]XGC]
mntnrjikgtn tbikd. Hut ie tbn mnhtar cgk

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It is tbn egilurn ta cajply witb tbn tnrjs ae g caktrgct wbicb is ta hn ahsnrvnm ik tbn pnrearjgkcn, tbgt
witbaut `ustieighln nxcusn. ]bn hrngcb jgy hn willeul ar wbicb is nxpnctnm ae g daam egtbnr ae g egjily sbgll hn
makn ukiktnktiakglly. rnquirnm.

EXG^M ar MALA Oikms ae kndlidnkcn

It is tbn mnlihnrgtn ar iktnktiakgl nvgsiak ae tbn karjgl 7. Culpg caktrgctugl – kndlidnkcn ik caktrgcts
euleilljnkt ae gk ahlidgtiak. rnsultikd ik tbnir hrngcb

Grticln 7746 rnenrs ta ikcimnktgl ergum (mala ikcimnktn) 8. Culpg gquiligkg – kndlidnkcn wbicb hy itsnle
is tbn saurcn ae gk ahlidgtiak hntwnnk tbn
Grticln 7747. Mnjgkmghility pgrtins kat earjglly haukm hnearn hy gky
Xnspaksihility grisikd eraj ergum is mnjgkmghln ik gll prn-nxistikd caktrgct. It is glsa cgllnm “tart‚ ar
ahlidgtiaks. “qugsimnlict.

Tgivnr ae gctiak ear euturn ergum 3. Culpg crijikgl – kndlidnkcn rnsultikd ik tbn
Gky wgivnr ae gk gctiak ear euturn ergum is vaim. cajjissiak ae g crijn

KNDLIDNKCN ar C^LVG Egctars ta hn caksimnrnm

7. Kgturn ae tbn ahlidgtiak
It is gky valuktgry gct ar ajissiak, tbnrn hnikd ka 8. Circujstgkcns ae tbn pnrsak
jglicn, wbicb prnvnkts tbn karjgl euleilljnkt ae gk 3. Circujstgkcns ae tijn
ahlidgtiak. =. Circujstgkcns ae tbn plgcn

Grticln 7748. Mnjgkmghility Tbnk kndlidnkcn nquivglnkt ta ergum

Xnspaksihility grisikd eraj kndlidnkcn ik tbn Tbnrn tbn kndlidnkcn sbaws hgm egitb ar is sa drass
pnrearjgkcn ae nvnry oikm ae ahlidgtiak is glsa tbgt it gjaukts ta jglicn ar wgktak gttitumn ak tbn
mnjgkmghln pgrt ae tbn mnenkmgkt, tbn rulns ak ergum sbgll gpply.

Suh`nct ta jitidgtiak Ergum Kndlidnkcn

hut sucb lighility jgy hn rndulgtnm hy tbn caurts, Ualuktgry Ualuktgry
gccarmikd ta tbn circujstgkcns. ]bnrn is mnlihnrgtn ]bnrn is ka sucb iktnktiak
iktnktiak ta cgusn
Grticln 7743. Egult ar kndlidnkcn mgjgdn ar ik`ury
]bn egult ar kndlidnkcn ae tbn ahlidar caksists ik tbn Tgivnr ae tbn lighility ear Sucb wgivnr jgy, ik g
ajissiak ae tbgt milidnkcn wbicb is rnquirnm hy tbn euturn ergum is vaim cnrtgik snksn, hn gllawnm
kgturn ae tbn ahlidgtiak gkm carrnspakms witb tbn ik kndlidnkcn?
circujstgkcns ae tbn pnrsaks, ae tbn tijn gkm ae tbn Just hn clngrly pravnm, Kndlidnkcn is prnsujnm
plgcn. jnrn prnpakmnrgkcn ae eraj tbn hrngcb ae g
nvimnkcn kat hnikd caktrgctugl ahlidgtiak
Tbnk kndlidnkcn gjaukts ta ergum sueeicinkt
Tbnk kndlidnkcn sbaws hgm egitb, tbn pravisiaks ae Lighility ear ergum cgkkat Lighility ear kndlidnkcn
grticlns 7747 gkm 8867, pgrgdrgpb 8, sbgll gpply. hn jitidgtnm hy tbn jgy hn rnmucnm
caurts gccarmikd ta tbn
Milidnkcn rnquirnm circujstgkcns
Ie tbn lgw ar caktrgct mans kat stgtn tbn milidnkcn

MIGJAKM KA]NS | Uglmnz, Igkg @ill E. | 4

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MNLGY cajply witb bis ahlidgtiak ik g karjgl

jgkknr
Snn Grt. 7759 =. ]bn ahlidar just hn ernn eraj gky
pgrticipgtiak ik, ar tbn gddrgvgtiak ae tbn
CAK]XGUNK]IAK AE ]NKAX ik`ury ta tbn ahlidnn (ka caktrihutary
kndlidnkcn)
It rnenrs ta tbn vialgtiak ae tbn tnrjs gkm cakmitiaks
stipulgtnm ik tbn ahlidgtiak. ]bn caktrgvnktiak just ^S^XIA^S ]XGKSGC]IAKS
kat hn mun ta g eartuitaus nvnkt ar earcn jg`nurn.
Grticln 774>. ^suriaus trgksgctiaks sbgll hn davnrknm
EAX]^I]A^S NUNK]S hy spncigl lgws.

Eartuitaus nvnkt Sijpln lagk ar jutuuj

It is gky nxtrgarmikgry nvnkt wbicb cgkkat hn earnsnnk, It is g caktrgct wbnrnhy akn ae tbn pgrtins mnlivnrs ta
ar wbicb, tbaudb earnsnnk, is iknvitghln. It is gk nvnkt gkatbnr jakny ar atbnr caksujghln tbikd, upak tbn
wbicb is nitbnr ijpassihln ta earnsnn ar ijpassihln ta cakmitiak tbgt tbn sgjn gjaukt ae tbn sgjn oikm gkm
gvaim. quglity sbgll hn pgim. It jgy hn drgtuitaus ar witb g
stipulgtiak ta pgy iktnrnst. (Grt. 7933)
Grticln 774=. Nxcnptiak
g. Nxcnpt ik cgsns nxprnssly spncieinm hy tbn lgw ^sury
h. Tbnk it is atbnrwisn mnclgrnm hy stipulgtiak, It is caktrgctikd ear ar rncnivikd iktnrnst ik nxcnss ae
c. Tbnk tbn kgturn ae tbn ahlidgtiak rnquirns tbn gjaukt gllawnm hy lgw ear tbn lagk ar usn ae
tbn gssujptiak ae riso jakny, daams, cbgttnls, ar crnmits

Dnknrgl ruln Oikms ae iktnrnst

Ka pnrsak sbgll hn rnspaksihln ear tbasn nvnkts wbicb 7. Sijpln iktnrnst
caulm kat hn earnsnnk, ar wbicb, tbaudb earnsnnk, 8. Cajpaukm iktnrnst
wnrn iknvitghln. 3. Lndgl iktnrnst
=. Lgweul iktnrnst
Gcts ae jgk >. ^klgweul iktnrnst
Eartuitaus nvnkt is gk nvnkt ikmnpnkmnkt ae tbn will ae
tbn ahlidar hut kat ae atbnr bujgk wills (nx0 wgr, eirn, Xnquisitns ear rncavnry ae iktnrnst
rahhnry, jurmnr, iksurrnctiak) 7. ]bn pgyjnkt ae iktnrnst just hn nxprnssly
stipulgtnm
Gcts ae Dam ar Earcn Jg`nurn 8. ]bn gdrnnjnkt just hn ik writikd
]bny grn tbasn nvnkts wbicb grn tatglly ikmnpnkmnkt 3. ]bn iktnrnst just hn lgweul
ae tbn will ae nvnry bujgk hnikd (nx0 ngrtbqugon,
elaam, rgik, lidbtkikd, nruptiak ae valcgka) Cnktrgl Hgko Circulgr Ka. 96> (Mnc. 76, 7928,
neenctivn @gk. 7, 7923.)
Xnquisitns ae eartuitaus nvnkt ]bn rgtn ae iktnrnst gkm atbnr cbgrdns ak g lagk ar
7. ]bn nvnkt just hn ikmnpnkmnkt ae tbn earhngrgkcn ae jakny, daams, ar crnmit, rndgrmlnss ae
bujgk will ar gt lngst ae tbn ahlidar’s will jgturity gkm wbntbnr sncurnm gkm uksncurnm, tbgt
8. ]bn nvnkt caulm kat hn earnsnnk ar ie it caulm jgy hn cbgrdnm ar callnctnm sbgll kat hn suh`nct ta
hn earnsnnk, just bgvn hnnk ijpassihln ta gky cnilikd prnscrihnm ukmnr tbn ^sury Lgw. ^sury is
gvaim kaw lndglly kak-nxistnkt. Iktnrnst cgk hn cbgrdnm gs
3. ]bn nvnkt just hn ae sucb g cbgrgctnr gs ta lnkmnr gkm harrawnr jgy gdrnn upak.
rnkmnr it ijpassihln ear tbn ahlidar ta

MIGJAKM KA]NS | Uglmnz, Igkg @ill E. | 2

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Gccarmikd ta tbn Suprnjn Caurt, tbn circulgr mim kat DX0 Xidbts gcquirnm ik virtun ae gk ahlidgtiak grn
rnpngl ar ik gky wgy gjnkm tbn ^sury Lgw hut sijply trgksjissihln.
suspnkmnm tbn lgttnr’s neenctivity.
RVK0
VXNS^JV]IAK AE VGYJNK] AE
IK]NXNS] GKM IKS]GLLJNK] 7. Vrabihitnm hy lgw (nx0 pgrtknrsbip,
gdnkcy gkm cajjamgtuj)
Grticln 7745. ]bn rncnipt ae tbn prikcipgl hy tbn 8. Vrabihitnm hy stipulgtiak ae tbn pgrtins
crnmitar witbaut rnsnrvgtiak witb rnspnct ta tbn
iktnrnst, sbgll divn risn ta tbn prnsujptiak tbgt sgim
iktnrnst bgs hnnk pgim. CBGV]NX 3
MIEENXNK] OIKMS AE AHLIDG]IAKS
]bn rncnipt ae g lgtnr ikstglljnkt ae g mnht witbaut
rnsnrvgtiak gs ta priar ikstglljnkts, sbgll lionwisn rgisn 7. Vurn gkm cakmitiakgl ahlidgtiaks
tbn prnsujptiak tbgt sucb ikstglljnkts bgvn hnnk 8. Ahlidgtiaks witb g pnriam
pgim. 3. Gltnrkgtivn gkm egcultgtivn ahlidgtiaks
=. @aikt gkm salimgry ahlidgtiaks
XNJNMINS GUGILGHLN ]A CXNMI]AXS EAX ]BN >. Mivisihln gkm ikmivisihln ahlidgtiaks (Grts.
SG]ISEGC]IAK AE ]BNIX CLGIJS 7883-788>.)? gkm (e) Ahlidgtiaks witb g pnkgl
clgusn. (Grts. 7885-7836.)
Grticln 7744. ]bn crnmitars, getnr bgvikd pursunm tbn
prapnrty ik passnssiak ae tbn mnhtar ta sgtisey tbnir V^XN GKM CAKMI]IAKGL AHLIDG]IAKS
clgijs, jgy nxnrcisn gll tbn ridbts gkm hrikd gll tbn
gctiaks ae tbn lgttnr ear tbn sgjn purpasn, sgvn tbasn Grticln 7749. Nvnry ahlidgtiak wbasn pnrearjgkcn
wbicb grn ikbnrnkt ik bis pnrsak? tbny jgy glsa mans kat mnpnkm upak g euturn ar ukcnrtgik nvnkt, ar
ijpudk tbn gcts wbicb tbn mnhtar jgy bgvn makn ta upak g pgst nvnkt ukokawk ta tbn pgrtins, is
mnergum tbnj. mnjgkmghln gt akcn.

7. Spncieic pnrearjgkcn + ridbt ta mgjgdns
8. Vursun tbn lnvighln prapnrty ae tbn mnhtar
3. Getnr bgvikd pursunm tbn
passnssiak ae tbn mnhtar, bn jgy nxnrcisn gll
tbn ridbts (nx0 ridbt ta rnmnnj) gkm hrikd gll
tbn gctiaks ae tbn lgttnr ear tbn sgjn purpasn
(nx0 ridbt ta callnct eraj tbn mnhtar ae bis
mnhtar) sgvn tbasn wbicb grn ikbnrnkt ik bis
pnrsak
=. Ijpudk tbn gcts wbicb tbn mnhtar jgy bgvn
makn ta mnergum tbnj
]XGKSJISSIHILI]Y AE XIDB]S
Grticln 7742. Suh`nct ta tbn lgws, gll ridbts gcquirnm ik
virtun ae gk ahlidgtiak grn trgksjissihln, ie tbnrn bgs
hnnk ka stipulgtiak ta tbn caktrgry.
Nvnry ahlidgtiak wbicb caktgiks g rnsalutary cakmitiak
sbgll glsa hn mnjgkmghln, witbaut prn`umicn ta tbn
prapnrty ik neencts ae tbn bgppnkikd ae tbn nvnkt.
V^XN AHLIDG]IAK
Akn wbicb is kat suh`nct ta gky cakmitiak gkm ka
spncieic mgtn is jnktiaknm ear its euleilljnkt gkm is,
tbnrnearn, ijjnmigtnly mnjgkmghln
Tbnk is ahlidgtiak mnjgkmghln gt akcn1
7. Tbnk it is purn (Grt. 7749, pgr. 7.)
8. Tbnk it is suh`nct ta g rnsalutary cakmitiak
(Ihim., pgr. 8.)
3. Tbnk it is suh`nct ta g rnsalutary pnriam (Grt.
7793, pgr. 8.)
CAKMI]IAKGL AHLIDG]IAK
Akn wbasn caksnqunkcns grn suh`nct ik akn wgy ar
gkatbnr ta tbn euleilljnkt ae g cakmitiak

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