‫)‪(1‬‬

‫َﺍ َﺑﺮﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﭘﻨﺘﺎﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﻭ ﺗﺮﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻴﻞ؛ ﻳﻚ ﺍَﺑَﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻧﺼﺮﺁﺑﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻤﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻩﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﺲ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻻﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ (.‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ‪ 15ْ c‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ‪ -18ْ c‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪).‬ﻋﻠﻴﺰﺍﺩﻩ‪ (1381 ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﺯ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ ‪ CH4‬ﻭ ‪ NO2‬ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍ ً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ‪ CO2‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺬﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻗﻮﻳﺎً ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ CF3SF5 .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺶ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(3‬‬
‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ CF3SF5‬ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ‪ 18000‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﺖ)‪ ،(2‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮﺩﻭﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 800‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1000‬ﺳﺎﻝ )ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺎ ‪ 3200‬ﺳﺎﻝ( ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1960‬ﻭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪ 0/12‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/16‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ )‪ (PPT‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﻓﻌ ً‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ)ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ‪ 0/003‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ‪ 50‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍژﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ CF3SF5 :‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻩ‪ :1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪CF3SF5‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﺑﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪).‬ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ‪ (1388،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍَﺑَﺮﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻻﺗﻲ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ‪ F‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺟﺪّﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺆﺍﻻﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ CO۲‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ)‪ (www.Rsc.org‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟! ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻣﻮﺝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻘﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ )ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ( ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (4)(GWP‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﻴﺄﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ؟! )ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪(1383،‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ )‪ (IPCC,1995‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪c‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ 0/ْ5‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫‪ / 30‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‬

 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ :1‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1750‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ‬
‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2002‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2002‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫)ﺳﺎﻝ(‬
‫)‪(GWO CO2‬‬
‫)‪Concentration in parts per mollion (ppm‬‬
‫)‪Carbon dioxide(CO2‬‬ ‫‪280‬‬ ‫‪372،3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Variable4‬‬
‫)‪Concentration in parts per billion (ppb‬‬
‫)‪Methane (CH4‬‬ ‫‪730/688‬‬ ‫‪1843/1729‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫)‪Nitrous oxide(N2O‬‬ ‫‪270‬‬ ‫‪318/317‬‬ ‫‪296‬‬ ‫‪114‬‬
‫)‪Tropospheric ozone(O3‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪n.a‬‬ ‫‪Hours-Hays‬‬
‫)‪Concentration in parts per trillion (ppt‬‬
‫)‪CFC-11 (trichloroflouromethane) (CCI3F‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪258/255‬‬ ‫‪4،600‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫)‪CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) (CCI2F2‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪546/541‬‬ ‫‪10،600‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫)‪CFC-113 (dichlorodifluoromethane) (C2CI3F3‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪80/80‬‬ ‫‪6،000‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬
‫)‪Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪95/93‬‬ ‫‪1،800‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫)‪Methy chloroform (CH3CCI3‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪33/25‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪4،8‬‬
‫)‪HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) (CHCIF2‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪1700‬‬ ‫‪11،9‬‬
‫)‪HFC-23(Fluoroform)(CHF3‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪12،000‬‬ ‫‪260‬‬
‫)‪Perfluoroethane(C2F6‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪11،900‬‬ ‫‪10،000‬‬
‫)‪Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪4،7 to4،8‬‬ ‫‪22،200‬‬ ‫‪3،200‬‬
‫)‪(Trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride(SF5CF3‬‬ ‫‪Zero‬‬
‫‪0،12‬‬ ‫‪~18،000‬‬ ‫)؟(‪~3،200‬‬
‫*ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪ :‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪.1383 ،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪ CO۲‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪ CO۲‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻥ)‪ (23‬ﻭ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ ‪ 296‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ CF۳SF۵‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1300‬ﺗﺎ ‪700‬‬
‫ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ 60‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ‪800-1300‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ )ﻓﺮﻭﺳﺮﺥ( ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪) .‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‪ (1‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ :1‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪CF3SF5‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ‪ 0/57‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ )‪ (Wm-2 ppb-1‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ( ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ :2‬ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ‪ 0/6 ± 0/03‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬
‫‪SF6‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ (RSC,2000).‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪0،64‬‬
‫‪CF3SF5‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﺮ ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ )‪ (HFCs‬ﻭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ‬
‫‪0،57‬‬
‫)‪CFC11(CFCI3‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ )‪ (HFCs‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/02‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/26‬ﻭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪0،29‬‬
‫)‪HFC134a(CH2FCF3‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ‪ 25‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 30‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪0،17‬‬
‫)‪HFC152a(CH3CHF2‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻳﻦﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪0،11‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 18000‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ CO۲‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪Suen،2008:‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪31 /‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ‪ N+ (>150km) F‬ﻭ ‪ O+‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ )ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ( ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺩﺭ ‪ 300‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ F‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ‪ CF3SF5‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻬﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2001‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪ CF3 ,SF5-‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ‪7/7 ×10-8 Cm3/sec‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪100-250‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ )ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ F,E‬ﻳﻮﻧﻮﺳﻔﺮ( ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ‪ 104‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 106‬ﺫﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ‪ CF3SF5‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ‪ HF,SF4,CF3‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ‪ +SF۳,+CF۳‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﭙﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2005‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ‪ N2OH+,COH+,CO2H+‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ CF3SF5‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﻛﺎﻓﺖ )ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ(‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ CF3SF5‬ﻳﻮﻧﻮﺳﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ 60/000‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ 4050‬ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻼً ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻫﮕﺰﺍ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﻭ)‪ (SF۶‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ 1000‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 800‬ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ‪ 3200‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻓﻠﻮﺭﻳﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ )‪ (PFCs‬ﺭﺍ ‪ 50/000‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪) .‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪.(1383 ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ‪ SF6‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‪Cm3/sec‬‬
‫‪ 310 ×10-9‬ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ‪ SF6‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ‪ CO2‬و ‪ CFCs,NO2,CH4‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 150،10،100‬ﻭ ‪ 30-65‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪.(1377،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﺴﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2007‬ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮژﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ CF3SF5‬ﺑﺎ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﺳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﻛﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‪ 85‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ‪ O2‬ﻭ ‪ O3‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻻً ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ‪ OH‬ﻭ ‪) O3‬ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫ ًﺎ‬
‫‪ (NO3‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ CF3SF5 .‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭژﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ)‪ (5‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ‪ O3 ،‬ﻭ ‪ OH‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ‪ SF6‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ CF3SF5‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ‪ OH‬ﻭ ‪ O3‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ‪ OH‬ﻭ ‪ O3‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ 60/000‬ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪(Sun,2008).‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﺳﺘﻞ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2001‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﻌﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻭﺭﺍء ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭژﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﻛﺎﻓﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ 4050‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 290‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ )‪ (nm‬ﻣﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪(Sun,2008) .‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺳﭙﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ‪ 103‬ﺫﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ 60‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺰﻭﺳﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﻭﺳﻔﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻔﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻢﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻓﻮﺗﻮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ )ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ( )‪ (6‬ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻧﺴﻔﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ F,E,D‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪) .‬ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪(1373،‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‪ 100) D‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 60‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪O 2 .‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ 0/55 × 10 -9 Cm3/sec‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/36‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ‪ CF3SF5‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ 150) E‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ( ‪ NO +‬ﻭ ‪ O2+‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ CF3SF5‬ﻭ ﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻮﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2001‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ‪ O2+‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪CF۳+‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ SF3+‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ‪ 0/01 ×10-9 Cm3/sec‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ‪NO +‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ / 32‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ :3‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪/‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ‪CF3SF5‬‬
‫‪Type‬‬ ‫‪Reactants‬‬ ‫‪Products‬‬ ‫‪Reaction Rate‬‬ ‫‪Usual Atmospheric Region of‬‬ ‫‪Source‬‬
‫)‪(0/1-9cm3s-1‬‬ ‫‪Occurence‬‬
‫‪Oxidation‬‬ ‫‪OH,O2,O3‬‬ ‫‪No reaction‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫‪Troposphere and stratosphere‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪*Photoysis‬‬ ‫‪UV Photons‬‬ ‫‪No reaction‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫‪Stratosphere‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪O2-‬‬ ‫‪SF5,CF3,and‬‬ ‫‪0،36 0،55-‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (D region‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪**Anions‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪CO3,and NO3‬‬ ‫‪No reaction‬‬ ‫‪<0،006‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (D region‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫‪O2+‬‬ ‫‪CF3 and SF3‬‬ ‫‪0،01‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (E region‬‬ ‫‪14،13‬‬
‫‪+NO‬‬ ‫‪No reaction‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (E region‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪+N‬‬ ‫‪CF3+ and‬‬ ‫‪2،2‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (F region‬‬ ‫‪13،14‬‬
‫‪***Cation‬‬
‫‪SF3+‬‬
‫‪+O‬‬ ‫‪CF3+ and‬‬ ‫‪1،9‬‬ ‫‪(Ionosphere (F region‬‬ ‫‪13،14‬‬
‫‪SF3+‬‬
‫‪Electron Attachment‬‬ ‫‪Electrons‬‬ ‫‪SF5- and CF3‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪Ionosphere‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪Protons‬‬ ‫‪CF3,‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪****Protonation‬‬ ‫‪SF4,HF,SF3+,‬‬
‫‪and CF3+‬‬

‫ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪Suen ،2008:‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫* ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ْ‪ 2000‬ﺗﺎ ْ‪ 8000‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫** ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫*** ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‪ [NH4]+‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫**** ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ H2O‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻥﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪ [H2O]+CI-‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪) .‬ﻳﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪(1381،‬‬
‫)‪(RSC,2008‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ 2537‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2000‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ SF6‬ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻚ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ‪ SF6‬ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻀﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ‪ Dome concorordia‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1960‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1950‬ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1990‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ 0/18‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/12‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻥ )‪ (PPT‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 6‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ‪ ±10‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‪(2‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺄﺧﺬ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺲ ﭘﻼﻧﻚ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 100‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ‪ :2‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺦ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ‪ 1a‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ )‪ 0/01 (PPT‬ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ‪ 1b‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ )‪ 0/1 (PPT‬ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﻥ ‪ 1800‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮﺑﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ)‪ (PPb‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ ‪ 318‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ )‪) (PPb‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪ (1383 ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺮﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ 1960‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻡﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ‪0/003‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺍ ً ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‪ 2000‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪33 /‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺽ؛ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻴﺪﺭﺿﺎ؛ ﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ‪ SF6‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.1377 ،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﺗﺮﺍﺵﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻳﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎپ ﺳﻮﻡ‪.1381 ،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪7- Carrier, William, Jamieson, Coreys, Kaiser, Ralfi, Mechanistic studies on the‬‬
‫‪formation of SF5CF3- a Greenhouse gas, Department of chemistry, University of‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ‪ SF6‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪ SF6‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫‪Hawaii, inorg. Chem.,2007.‬‬
‫‪8 - Suen, Martin, CF3SF5: A review of the recently discovered super green house‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯ ‪ SF6‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪gas in the atmospheric the open atmospheric science journal,2008, volume2.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺫﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺶﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫‪9- www.Mpg.Oom‬‬
‫‪10- www. Rsc.Org‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻲﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪1- Super greenhouse gas‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪2- Photolysis‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫‪ ،Radiative forcing -3‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ)ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﮔﺎﻫ ًﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻻ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ( ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﻢ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗ ًﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ SF۶‬ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﺘﺎژ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ )‪ (W/m2‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪).‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪(1383 ،‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻭﻗﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ )‪ (Greenhouse Potential‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (Global Warming Potential GWP‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫)‪.(RSC,2008‬‬
‫‪5- double‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﺭﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪6- Photoionization‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻨﻔﺮﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺗﻲ؛‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﭙﺎﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ)ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪-‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﺠﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪.1388‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎپ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻮﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪.1383‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻠﻴﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻣﻴﻦ؛ ﻛﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻣﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ،65-66‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪.81‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ؛ ﻋﻠﻴﺠﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‪.1373‬‬

‫‪ / 34‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻢ‬