Let's address your questions one by one:

1. Basic Logic Gates:

- AND Gate: A gate that produces a high output (1) only if all its inputs are high.

- Circuit Diagram:

```

A ---|AND|--- Output

B ---|

```

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Output

----------

0|0|0

0|1|0

1|0|0

1|1|1

```

- OR Gate: A gate that produces a high output (1) if any of its inputs are high.

- Circuit Diagram:

```

A ---|OR|--- Output

B ---|

```

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Output

----------

0|0|0

0|1|1
 1|0|1

1|1|1

```

- XOR Gate (Exclusive OR): A gate that produces a high output (1) only if the number of inputs that
are high is odd.

- Circuit Diagram:

```

A ---|XOR|--- Output

B ---|

```

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Output

----------

0|0|0

0|1|1

1|0|1

1|1|0

```

- XNOR Gate (Exclusive NOR): A gate that produces a high output (1) only if the number of inputs
that are high is even.

- Circuit Diagram:

```

A ---|XNOR|--- Output

B ---|

```

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Output

----------
 0|0|1

0|1|0

1|0|0

1|1|1

```

- NOT Gate (Inverter): A gate that produces the opposite logic state as its input.

- Circuit Diagram:

```

A ---|NOT|--- Output

```

- Truth Table:

```

A | Output

----------

0|1

1|0

```

2. Half Adder and Full Adder:

- Half Adder: A digital circuit that adds two single binary digits.

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Sum | Carry

-------------------

0|0|0 |0

0|1|1 |0

1|0|1 |0

1|1|0 |1

```

- Circuit Diagram:
 ```

A ----\

| AND---- Sum

B ----/

| OR---- Carry

|______

```

- Full Adder: A digital circuit that adds three binary digits, two operands, and a carry bit.

- Truth Table:

```

A | B | Cin | Sum | Cout

------------------------

0|0|0 |0 |0

0|0|1 |1 |0

0|1|0 |1 |0

0|1|1 |0 |1

1|0|0 |1 |0

1|0|1 |0 |1

1|1|0 |0 |1

1|1|1 |1 |1

```

- Circuit Diagram: Full adder can be implemented using two half adders and an OR gate.

3. IC Chip (Integrated Circuit):

- An IC chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin
substrate of semiconductor material.

- Different types include logic ICs, microprocessors, memory chips, etc.

- Pin diagrams vary greatly depending on the specific IC.

4. Number Systems:

- Radix/Base: The number of unique digits (including zero) used to represent numbers in a
positional numeral system.

- Binary (Base 2): Uses digits 0 and 1.

- Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0 through 9.

- Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0 through 7.

- Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0 through 9 and letters A to F (representing 10 to 15).

5. Conversion Systems:

- Conversion systems involve transforming a number from one base to another.

- There are specific algorithms for each conversion.

6. Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary Conversion:

- Binary to Gray: Each bit in the Gray code is the exclusive-OR of the corresponding bits in the
binary number.

- Gray to Binary: Gray code can be converted back to binary by taking the exclusive-OR of
consecutive bits.

7. Decoder:

- A decoder is a digital circuit that converts a binary code into a specific set of output lines, one of
which will be active based on the input code.

- The number of input lines determines the number of unique input codes that can be decoded.

- The number of output lines determines the number of different decoded outputs.

8. Use of Decoder:

- Decoders are used in various applications such as address decoding in memory systems,
demultiplexing, data routing, etc.

9. 3-to-8 Line Decoder:

- A 3-to-8 line decoder has 3 inputs and 8 outputs.

- It can decode 3 binary bits (000 to 111) into one of the eight outputs based on the input.

10. Multiplexer and Demultiplexer:

 - A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects one of many input lines and directs it to a
single output line.

- A demultiplexer performs the reverse operation, taking a single input and selecting one of many
output lines to route the input to.

11. Flip-Flops:

- Flip-flops are sequential circuits that can store one bit of information.

- Types include SR flip-flop, D flip-flop, JK flip-flop, and T flip-flop.

Circuit diagrams for each type of flip-flop can be quite complex and are better represented visually.