Document 5 3 2024

SOCIAL SCIENCE
Class 7
Chapterwise Complete Solution

Copyright © Viva Education
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers.
Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to the best of their
knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of
this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use.
Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time of going to press
or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources of materials used, the publishers would
be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.
First Published 2020
Viva Education
a unit of Viva Books Private Limited
4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002

Tel. 011-42242200, Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net
76, Service Industries, Shirvane, Sector 1, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400 706
Tel. 022-27721273, 27721274, Email: vivamumbai@vivagroupindia.net
Megh Tower, Old No. 307, New No. 165, Poonamallee High Road, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600 095
Tel. 044-23780991, 23780992, 23780994, Email: vivachennai@vivagroupindia.net
92, Dr. Sundari Mohan Avenue, Kolkata 700 014
Tel. 033-40630234, Email: vivakolkata@vivagroupindia.net
194, First Floor, Subbarama Chetty Road, Near Nettkallappa Circle, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru 560 004
Tel. 080-26607409, Email: vivabangalore@vivagroupindia.net
101-102, Moghal Marc Apartments, 3-4-637 to 641, Narayanguda, Hyderabad 500 029
Tel. 040-27564481, Email: vivahyderabad@vivagroupindia.net
First Floor, Beevi Towers, SRM Road, Kaloor, Kochi 682 018
Tel. 0484-2403055, 2403056, Email: vivakochi@vivagroupindia.net
232, GNB Road, Beside UCO Bank, SilpDukhuri, Guwahati 781 003
Tel. 0361-2666386, Email: vivaguwahati@vivagroupindia.net
www.vivagroupindia.com
ISBN: 978-93-0000-00-0
Published by Vinod Vasishtha for Viva Education, a unit of Viva Books Private Limited
4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.
Printed and bound at
Contents
HISTORY 1–28
1. Tracing Changes through a Thousand Years 1
2. New Kings and Kingdoms 4
3. The Delhi Sultans 7
4. The Mughal Empire 10
5. Rulers and Buildings 13
6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons 15
7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities 17
8. Devotional Paths to the Divine 20
9. The Making of Regional Cultures 24
10. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations 27
GEOGRAPHY 29–56
1. Environment 29
2. Inside Our Earth 32
3. Our Changing Earth 35
4. Air 38
5. Water 41
6. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 44
7. Human Environment – Settlement, Transport and Communication 47
8. Human Environment Interactions (The Tropical and the Subtropical Region) 50
9. Life in the Deserts 54
CIVICS 57–68
1. On Equality 57
2. Role of the Government in Health 58
3. How the State Government Works 60
4. Growing up as Boys and Girls 61
5. Women Change the World 62
6. Understanding Media 64
7. Markets Around Us 65
8. A Shirt in the Market 66
9. Struggles for Equality 68
ANSWERS
History
CHAPTER 1: TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS

7. � Jatis were the sub-castes which were grouped
NCERT Textbook Answers on the basis of economic and social status.
� They were ranked as per their backgrounds and
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS occupations.
1. During the medieval period, this term was used � Ranks were not fixed but varied as per the power,
to refer to any stranger, who was not a part of a influence and resources controlled by members
particular society or culture. of the jatis.
2. (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False � Jatis had their own system of ruling.
3. Fill in the blanks. � The assembly of elders was called Jatis panchayat.
(a) Archives are places where Manuscripts are Jatis were also required to abide by the rules of
�
kept. their villages.
(b) Ziauddin Barani was a fourteenth-century 8. �
The term ‘pan-regional empire’ was used for
chronicler. areas of empires spanning diverse regions.
(c) Potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and coffee were � Cholas, Khaljis, Tughlaqs and Mughals extended
some of the new crops introduced into the their empires to reach pan regional limits.
subcontinent during this period.
The emergence of many distinct and shared
4. � The use of Persian wheel in irrigation
traditions in governance, the management of the
� The use of spinning wheel in weaving economy, elite cultures and languages were some
� The use of fire arms in combat of the factors that took place as a result of pan-
5. Significant regional developments took place in regional rules.
the Indian subcontinent. Some of these were as 9. �
The scribes used to copy manuscripts. Since
follows: copying many words or sentences were beyond
� The worship of new deities their understanding, they presented their
� Construction of temple by royalty version in their own way.
� Growing importance of Brahmanas � Later, it became difficult to recognise which one
� Emergence of the idea of the Bhakti was the original manuscripts.
6. The term ‘Hindustan’ was used for the first time by � Historians were forced to interpret the facts as
Minhaj–i–Siraj for the areas of Punjab, Haryana and per the manuscripts which they got.
the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. 10. � Time is not just days or years for historians, but it
In the 16th Century, Babur used this term for is the reflection of social, economic, cultural and
the geography, the fauna and the culture of the religions cheques that occur through the ages.
inhabitants of the subcontinent. � Division of the past into periods makes it easy
Amir Khusrau also used the term ‘Hindu’ in almost for the historians to describe the entire period as
the same way. one historical unit.
2 Viva Social Science Workbook for Class VII
9. A writing style
Answers to Practice Questions
10. Gauda
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Match the following. 1. � Worship of new deities and construction of
temples.
Column I Column II
� Impotence of Brahmanas and priests increased.
1. Minhaj-i-Siraj (c) Chronicler � Emergence of the idea of Bhakti.
2. Kanauj (a) Uttar Pradesh 2. � They were a learned class.
3. South India (e) Dravida � They had knowledge of Sanskrit texts.
4. Fire arms (b) Combat � They had support of their patrons.
5. Amir Khusrau (d) Poet 3. � The name ‘Rajput’ is derived from the Sanskrit
word ‘Rajputra’ which means sun of a ruler.
B. Fill in the blanks. � Between 8th and 14th centuries, a body of
1. Scribes copied manuscripts by hand. warriors who were Kshatriyas by caste were
termed as Rajputs.
2. In Hindi, the term Pardesi is used to describe a
foreigner. � Rajputs were not just rulers or chieftains, but
also soldiers and commanders who served in the
3. Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first chronicle in 1356.
armies of different monarchs.
4. Persian wheel was used in irrigation.
4. � Vegetables — Corn, Chillies, Potatoes
5. The knowledge of Sanskrit texts earned the
� Beverages — Tea and coffee
brahmanas a lot of respect.
� Technologies — Persian wheel, spinning wheel,
C. Give one word for the following. forewarns.
5. � British historians periodised Indian history into
1. A person who makes maps: Cartographer
Hindu, Muslim and British India.
2. A place where documents and manuscripts are
� The periodisation focussed on the religions of
stored: Archive
the rulers.
3. Small size paintings: Miniature paintings
� It rejected the rich diversity of the Indian sub-
4. It refers to the environment of a region and the continent.
social and economic life style of its residents:
Habitat LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
5. An influential wealthy individual who supports
another person: Patron 1. � Sources are important records of the past.
� They tell us about the historical events, traditions
and people of past times. Many of the sources
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
are scattered in many ancient Indian texts.
1. Karnataka � Historians use the various sources to learn and
2. Three write about the past.
3. Sanskrit 2. � In the 13th century, if a scholar wanted to copy a
4. A person who makes maps book, he did not have enough paper. So he had
to wash the writing off a manuscripts and dried
5. An Arabic geographer
paper to use it again.
6. Coins, inscriptions, accounts of travellers, pieces of
� In the 14th century, the situation would change
art and architecture
completely. So, if you bought some food in the
7. A place where documents and manuscripts are market, shopkeeper would wrap it for you in
stored some paper. This means paper was far more
8. France easily available.
Answers 3
3. � People from other countries came and settled � The two differ from each other but historians
here. People were grouped into Jatis or sub castes did not know about existence of the first version
on basis of their background end occupations.
until 1960. It remained lost in large library
�
Rajputs became most powerful and a chivalric collections.
code of conduct was developed.
5. Sindhi, Lahori, Kashmiri, Dvarsamduri (in southern
�
Marathas, Sikh, Jats, Ahons and Kayasthas also
became important. Karnataka), Telangani (Andhra Pradesh), Gujarati
4. � Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first chronicle in (Gujarat), Ma’bari (Tamil Nadu), Gauri (Bengal),
1356. Awadhi (eastern Uttar Pradesh) and Hindawi (the
� His second version was written in 1358. area around Delhi).
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
C.
CHAPTER 2: NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS

� In some areas wells were dug.
NCERT Textbook Answers
� In other places king tanks was constructed to
collect rainwater.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS
8. � Chola temples were the nuclei of settlements
1. Match the following. which grew around them.
� They were centres of craft production.
Column I Column II
� The produce of the land donated to the temples
1. Gurjara-Pratiharas (c) Gujarat and Rajasthan
were used to maintain the specialists associated
2. Rashtrakutas (a) Western Deccan with them like—priests, garland makers, cooks,
3. Palas (b) Bengal sweepers, musicians, dancers etc.
� Temples were not only places of worship but
4. Cholas (d) Tamil Nadu
hub of economic, social and cultural life as well.
2. Gurjara-pratiharas, Rashtrakutas, Palas
3. � He should be the owner of the land from which Answers to Practice Questions
land revenue is collected.
� He should have their own home.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
� He should be between 35 and 70 years of age. A. Match the following.
� He should have knowledge of the vedas. Column I Column II
�
He should be well versed in administrative 1. Land of non Brahmana (d) Vellanvagai
matters and honest. peasants
2. Land gifted to Brahmana (e) Brahmadeya
4. Delhi and Ajmer.
3. Land for the maintenance (b) Shalabhoga
5. �
The Rashtrakutas were subordinates of the of a school
Chalukyas. 4. Land gifted to temple (c) Devadana
� Dantidurga a Rashtrakutas chief over threw his 5. Land donated to Jaina (a) Pallichchhandam
chankya overland and performed a ritual hiranya institutions
garbha.
B. Fill in the blanks.
� When the ritual was performed, it was through
1. Dantidurga was a Rashtrakuta chief.
to lead to the rebuth of sacrifices as a Kshatriya.
2. Kalhana wrote the history of the kings of Kashmir.
6. �
The rulers of the new dynasties declared
them
selves to be Mahasamantas or 3. Sultan is an Arabic term.
Mahamandalshwara. 4. In the delta region, embankments were built.
� They adopted high sounding title like Maharaja- 5. Rajaraja and Rajendra were Chola rulers.
dhiraj and Tribhuvana Chakravartin.
C. Give one word for the following.
�
The deputed beahmanas to depict them as
valiant and victorious warriors in prashastis. 1. A scholar who wrote kitab-ul-Hind: Al-Biruni
�
They tried to demonstrate their power by 2. Land gifted to temples: Devadana
building large temples. 3. A peasant serving three kings: Muvendavelan
7. � In many cases it was necessary to water crops 4. The ruler of Kananj: Chakrayudha
artificially so a variety of methods were used for 5. The king who performed the ritual called Hiranya
immigration. garbha: Dantidurga
Answers 5
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �

The Chola kings gave some rich landowners
titles such as ‘murvendavelan’ and ‘araiyar’.
1. Nagabhata
�
Chola kings entrusted them with important
2. Dantidurga officers of the state at the centre.
3. Rajendra I
4. 1191 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
5. Kaveri 1. � Vellanvagai – Land of non-Brahmana peasant
6. Al-Biruni proprietors
7. China � Brahamadeya – Land gifted to Brahmanas
8. Rajendra I � Shalabhoga – Land for the maintenance of a

school
9. Harichandra
�
Devadana, tirunamattukkani – Land gifted to
10. In Gujarat
temples
�
Pallichchhandam – Land donated to Jaina
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
institutions
1. � Prithviraja III belonged to the Chauhan dynasty. 2. � Tang dynasty remained in power for about 300
� Chauhans ruled over the region around Delhi years in China.
and Ajmer. � The capital city was Xi’an which was one of the
� Prithviraja defeated Muhammad Ghori in 1191, largest cities in the world.
but lost to him the very next year, in 1192. �
The Tang empire was administered by a
2. � Rajaraja I was the most powerful Chola ruler. bureaucracy.
� He became king in 985 and expanded control �

The would be bureaucrats were recruited
over a large area. through an examination which was open to all.
� He re-energised the Chola administration. 3. � There were 400 terms for different kinds of taxes
mentioned in the inscriptions of the Cholas.
3. � Settlements of peasants was known as ur.
Vetti was tax taken in the form of forced labour.
�
� Groups of villagers formed larger units which
were called Nadu. Kadamai was the land revenue.
�
� Nadu performed several administrative functions � There were also taxes on thatching the house,
like dispensing Justice and collecting taxes. the use of a ladder to climb palm trees, and a
cress on succession to family property.
4. � A sluice gate is traditionally a wood or metal
barrier. 4. � It was written by Kalhana in the 12th century.
� It was used to control and regulate the outflow � It was a history of the kings of Kashmir.
of water from a tank into the channels that �
Kalhana used a variety of sources such as
irrigated the fields. inscriptions, documents, eye witness accounts
5. �
They exercised considerable control over the and earlier histories to write his book.
affairs of ‘nadu’ under the supervision of the � Unlike the writers of prashastis, he was critical
central Chola government. about rulers and their policies.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
Answers 7
CHAPTER 3: THE DELHI SULTANS
NCERT Textbook Answers Answers to Practice Questions
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Tomara Rajputs A. Match the following.

2. Persian
Column I Column II
3. Muhammad Tughluq
1. Coins (e) Delhiwal
4. Form Morocco, Africa
2. Alauddin (d) Khalji
5. � Peasantry was the backbone of the kingdom
3. Muhammad (b) Tughluq
and source of revenue.
4. Khizr Khan (c) Sayyid
� The soldiers were given salaries from this revenue
only. 5. Bahlul (a) Lodi
� It was necessary therefore to keep the peasantry

happy and prosperous because only then they
would be able to pay revenue. 1. Raziyya was Iltutmish’s daughter.
6. �
“Internal frontiers” meant Hinterland of the 2. During player, Muslims stand facing Mecca.
garrison town. 3. Special slaves were called bandagan in Persian.
�
External frontiers meant areas beyond the 4. Tax on cultivation was called kharaj.
hinterland of the garrison towns. 5. The idea of the three orders was first formulated in
France.
7. �
Accountants were appointed to check the
amount of revenue collected.
�
Care was taken to ensure that the muqties
1. A fortified settlement with soldiers: Garrison town
collected only the taxes prescribed by the state.
2. Someone who is under the protection of another
� Care was also taken to check that a mukti kept
person: Client
only the required number of soldiers.
3. Privileges claimed on account of birth: Birthright
� The muqties may have wanted to defy the orders
4. Reading of prayers by Muslims: Namaz
for the following reasons:
5. Delivering the sermon during the Friday prayers:
(a) Their appointment was not hereditary; Khutba.
(b) Job was transferable; and
(c) Conditions of services were severely imposed VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
on them which they did not like.
1. Muhammad Tughluq
8. � The rulers of the Delhi Sultanate raised a large
2. Khizr Khan
standing army.
3. Alauddin Khalji
�
Allauddin constructed a new garrison town
4. Muhammad Tughluq
named Siri for his soldiers, while Muhammad
Tughluq emptied residents and the soldiers 5. Begumpuri mosque
garrisoned there. 6. Muqtis
� To feed soldiers, harsh taxes were imposed on 7. Sikandar Lodi
the peasants. 8. Muhammad Tughluq
� The sultans started paying their soldiers in cash 9. Sikandar Lodi
rather than lqtas. 10. Alauddin Khalji
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2. �

His campaign into Kashmir was a disaster
after which he gave up his plans to invade
1. � Chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in Transoxiana.
rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in
� The shifting of capital from Delhi to Daulatabad
bamboo groves.
was a wrong decision.
�
They lived in forests which served them as
ramparts where they could keep their cattle and �
The raising of taxes in the famine-stricken
crops. Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion.
�
It was difficult to subdue them except by �
The token currency had to be recalled.
powerful armies with special instruments. 3. � Invasion of the Mongols took place under
2. � Due to long distance Genghis Khan in the north-east Iran in 1219.
� Rebellion of governors �
During the same time, Delhi was also raided.
� Challenge of Mongol inversion from Afghanistan. �
The rule of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad
3. � Delhi became the capital city in the 13 century.
th Tughluq saw many Mongol invasions.
� Important sources to study the history of Delhi �
Due to these invasions, the Delhi sultanate had
Sultanate are coins, inscriptions and architecture. to mobilise strengthen and their army.
� Histories (Tarikh in singular or Tawarikh in plural) 4. � The idea of the three orders was first formulated
written in Persian language are another very in France in the early 11th century.
important source.
�
It divided society into three classes: (a) those
4. � They collected revenues of their assignments as who prayed, (b) those who fought and (c) those
salary. who tilled the lend.
�
They maintained law and order in their iqtas. �
This division of society was supported by the
�
They kept soldiers and paid them from the Church.
revenue they collected.
�
This helped the emergence of a new warrior
5. �
Raziyya was the daughter of Iltutmish who group called Knights.
became the sultan of Delhi in 1236.
5. � It aimed at consolidating the hinterlands of the
� Minhaj-i-Siraj opposed her as sultana because of
garrison towns.
her gender.
�
During these campaigns, forests were cleared in
� She was dethroned because the nobles were not
the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Thus, hunter gatherers
ready to accept a woman as their ruler.
and pastoralists were expelled from their
habitats.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
�
These lands were given to peasants and
1. agriculture was encouraged.
Alauddin Khalji’s Muhammad Taghluq’s
�
New fortresses, garrison towns and towns
system system
were established to protect trade routes and to
1. His measures were His administrative
successful. measures were a promote regional trade.
failure. 6. � Token currency was somewhat like present-
2. Chroniclers praised and People resented the day paper currency, but they were made out of
efficient supplier of raising of taxes and cheap metals rather than gold or silver.
goods in the market. the shifting of capital
to Daulatabad. �
People did not trust these coins.
3. He successfully He had to recall his �
They saved their gold and silver coins and paid all
withstood the threat of scheme of taken their taxes to the state with this token currency.
the Mongol invasions. currency.
�
This currency could also be counterfeited easily.
Answers 9
MIND MAPS
CHAPTER 4: THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

7. The policy of peaceful coexistence adopted by
NCERT Textbook Answers Akbar is called ‘sulh-i-kul’.
8. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan constructed the Red
Fort in Delhi.
1. Match the following: 9. Qandahar was the bone of contention between
Column I Column II
the Mughals and the rulers of Persia (present-day
Iran).
1. Mansab (e) Rank
10. Timur captured Delhi in the year 1398.
2. Mongol (c) Uzbeg
11. This question demands the application of students’
3. Sisodiya Rajput (d) Mewar imaginative faculty, creative skill, perceptiveness
4. Rathor Rajput (a) Marwar and ability to compare different periods. Given that
an objective and formulated answer is very unlikely
5. Nur Jahan (f ) Jahangir
in this case, the teacher may assign this as a project.
6. Subadar (b) Governor She may give some basic instructions regarding
the key points which the students need to touch
2. Fill in the blanks: upon while comparing the two periods referred
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half- to in the question. She may also ask them to add
brother, was Kabul. tables and factsheets wherever they are required.
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Use of Internet is optional for searching relevant
Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and bits of information.
Golconda.
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and
salary, sawar indicated his horses.
(d) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counsellor,
helped him frame the idea of administration A. Match the following.
so that he could govern a society composed Column I Column II
of many religions, cultures and castes.
1. Babur (b) First Battle of Panipat
3. Panipat, Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Amber, 2. Humayun (d) Chausa
Ajmer, Fatehpur Sikri, Chittor, Ranthambhor and
3. Akbar (a) Bairam khan
Allahabad (now, Prayagraj).
4. Jahangir (e) Nur Jahan
4. � Mansabdars were people who joined Mughal 5. Shah-Jahan (c) Imprisoned for life
service. They received their salaries as revenue
assignments called Jagir. B. Fill in the blanks.
�
They only had rights to the revenue of their 1. Akbar was thirteen years old when he became
assignments. emperor.
2. Prince Khurram became the future emperor
�
The revenue was collected for them by their
Shah-Jahan.
servants, while the Mansabdars themselves
3. Babur defeated Rana Sanga at Khanua.
served in some other part of the country.
4. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Chausa and
5. Chittorgarh was the capital of Sisodiya Rajputs. Kanauj.
6. Fatehpur Sikri was constructed by the Mughal 5. Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji who escaped from
Emperor Akbar. Agra.
Answers 11
C. Give one word for the following. 4. � Abdul Fazl wrote a there volume history of
1. A statement declared as authoritative with the Akbar’s region which was titled Akbar Nama.
expectation that it would be followed without � The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors.
question: Dogma � The second volume record the events of Akbar’s
2. An Individual who is intolerant of another person’s region dealt with Akbar’s administration,
religious beliefs or culture: Bigot household, army the revenues and the
3. When the eldest son inherited his father’s estate: geography of his empire.
Primogeniture 5. � Babur ascended the throne of Ferghana in 1494,
4. Division of inheritance amongst all the sons: when he was only 12 years old.
Coparcenary � He was forced to leave his ancestral throne due
5. Individual who owns a mansab: Mansabdar to the invasion of another Mongol group, the
Uzbegs.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � After years of wandering, he seized Kabul in
1504.
1. Guardian of Akbar
2. The first Mughal emperor
3. The Marathas
4. It was the revenue collected on the basis of 1. � The ‘Mansabdar’ refers to an individual who
schedule of revenue rules for individuals crops. holds a mansab, meaning a position as rank.
5. Chittor � Mansabs were given to individuals on the basis of
6. Akbar a grading system which was used by the Mughals
7. Sulh-i-kul to fix rank, salary and military responsibilities of
8. Shah Jahan the nobles associated with them.
9. The Mughals and the Safavids � Rank and salary were determined by a numerical
10. 1398 value called zat.
� The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the
roble’s position in court and the larger his salary.
2. � In Akbar’s reign Jagirs were carefully assessed so
1. � The Mughals were descendants of two great that their revenues were equal to the salaries of
lineages of rulers. the mansabdars.
� From their mother’s side, they were descendants � During Aurangzeb’s reign, the actual revenue
of Genghis Khan, the Mongol ruler who ruled collected were often less than the granted sum.
over parts of China and Central Asia.
� There was a huge increase in the number of
� From their father’s side, they were the successors
mansabdars which meant a long wait before
of Timur the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day
they received a Jagir.
Turkey.
� As a result, many Jagirdars tried to extract as
2. � Akbar initiated the idea of sulh-ikul which meant
much revenue as possible while they had a Jagir.
universal peace.
� This idea of tolerance did not discriminate 3. � The Mughal empire was divided into provinces
between people of different religions. called subas. Each suba was governed by a
subedar who carried out both political and
� It focussed on the system of ethics–honesty,
justice, peace-that was universally applicable. military functions.
3. � The original name of Nur Jahan was Mehrunnisa. � The financial officer of each province was called
Diwan.
� She was extremely loyal and supportive of
Jahangir. � The military paymaster was called bakhshi and
� As a mark of honour, Jahangir struck silver coins minister in charge of religions and charitable
bearing his own titles on-one side and on the patronage was sadr.
other, the inscription “struck in the name of the �
The military commanders were called Faujdars
Queen Begum, Nur Jahan”. and the town police commander was kotwal.
4. � He captured Gwalior, Ajmer, Jaunpur and Malwa. 5. � Akbar used to hold discussions on religion at
He also captured the forts of Ranthambhor and ibadat khana.
� He introduced a policy of sulh-e-kul or universal
Chittor.
peace.
�
Miliary campaigns in Gujarat were followed by � Akbar’s liberal religious views and his marriage
campaigns in the east in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa with Rajput princess influenced has religious
(now Odisha). outlook.
� Akbar found that all regions thought similar
�
From 1595 to 1601, the Mughal forces remained ideas, so he incorporated the principles of all
busy in the annexation of Berar, Khandesh and the religions and founded a new faith called
parts of Ahmadnagar. Din-e-Illahi.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
Answers 13
CHAPTER 5: RULERS AND BUILDINGS

3. A central hall surrounded by eight rooms: Hasht
NCERT Textbook Answers bihisht
4. Formal gardens divided into four quarters: Chahar
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS baghs
1. � In the trabeate principle of architecture, roofs, 5. Spire like structures: Shikharas
doors and windows are made by placing a
horizontal beam across two vertical columns. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
� In the arcuate principle of architecture, the
1. Shrimara Shrivallabha
weight of the superstructure above the doors
and windows is carried by arches. 2. Taj Mahal
2. It is the topmost pointed portion of a temple. 3. A thatched Hut
3. Pietra dura refers to the coloured, hard stones 4. Mahmud of Ghazni
placed in depressions carved into marble or 5. Stepwells
sandstone creating beautiful ornate patterns. 6. Chandela dynasty
4. � Mughal chahar bagh consists of four gardens. 7. Sena II, the king of Sri Lanka
� These gardens are placed within rectangular 8. The direction in which Muslims offer players
walled enclosures and are divided into four
9. The tall gateway of Mughal monuments
quarters by artificial channels.
10. Sisodiya caln
11. Shamsuddin-Iltutmish
12. Vincent smith
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 13. Fatehpur Sikri
14. Curved and angular
A. Match the following.
15. Abad and abadi
Column I Column II
1. Sun pedestal (d) Chalukyas SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. Nandi statue (e) Eastern Chalukyas 1. � The construction of Akbar’s tomb was started by
3. Bhairav (c) Kalingas Akbar himself, but was completed by Jahangir.
4. Kali statue (b) Palas � The tomb is located in the centre of high garden
5. Shiva temple (a) Rajendra I and is square-shaped.
� It consists of five storeys.
� It has fresco done on the walls and the Qeran’s
1. The Kandariya Mahadeva temple is dedicated to verses engraved on stone tiles.
Shiva. 2. � Panch Mehal is a part of Fatehpur Sikri.
2. The main shrine of the temple was Garbhagriha. � It was built to enjoy fresh air and has five story
3. Charupallam means the “Village of the Incline”. buildings.
4. Shah Jahan’s early capital was Agra. � It has different temples with beautiful pillars in
5. Raniji ki baori is located in Bundi. several designs.
3. � The gateway of Fathepur Sikri is called Buland
C. Give one word for the following. Darwaja or the lofty gate.
1. Curved symmetrical structure: Arch � It was built to commemorate Akbar’s victory
2. Round ceiling forming the roof of the structure: over Gujarat.
Dome � The height of Buland Darwaza about 41 metres.
4. � Arches above does and windows. �

Shore temple (Mamallapuran), Meenakshi
� Use of cement temple (Madurai)
� Construction of large structures 3. � This style was used to build churhces from the
5. � Mixture of Persian, Timurid, Samarkand and twelfth century onwards.
Bukhara styles in Islamic architecture. � It was distinguished by high pointed arches, the
� Quli Qutub Shah’s Tomb is located at Golconda use of stained glass and flying buttresses.
in Deccan. � Tall spires and bell towers were added to the
� It is the biggest dome in India. church.
� Example of this architectural style is Notre dame
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS in Paris.
4. � Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Lord
1. � Humayun’s tomb was built by Humayun’s wife Shiva was constructed by the king Dhangadeva
Hamida Bano. of the Chandela dynasty.
� It was built in Persian style of construction.
� An ornamented gateway led to an entrance and
� The use of stone and marble shows Indian the main hall where dancers performed.
influence.
� The image of the chief deity was kept in the main
� Its construction started in 1564 A.D and took shrine.
eight years to be complected.
� In the main shrine worship was for the king, his
2. The three styles are family and priests.
(a) North Indian style or Nagara 5. � It was the laying out of formal gardens placed
(b) South Indian style or Dravida within rectangular walled enclosures.
(c) Amalgamation of north and south Indian style �
It was divided into four Quarters by artificial
called the Vesara. channels.
Examples � They were called chahar bagh because of their
� Kashi Vishvanath temple at Varanasi symmetrical division into four quarters.
�
Groups of temples at Khajuraho (MP) and �
Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan constructed
Bhubaneswar (Odisha) chahar baghs.
MIND MAPS
Answers 15
CHAPTER 6: TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS

1. Officials in-charge of trading activities of the
European trading companies: Factors
2. A place where goods from diverse production
1. Fill in the blanks: centres are bought and sold: Emporium
(a) The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in the 3. It is a note recording a deposit made by a person:
early 11th century. Hundi
(b) Ajmer is associated with the Sufi saint Khwaja 4. Towns which are centres of trade and commerce:
Muinuddin Chishti. Trading towns
(c) Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara 5. Travel to a place for religions purpose: Pilgrimage
Empire.
(d) The Dutch established a settlement at VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Masulipatnam in Andhra Pradesh. 1. Thanjavur 2. Kaikkolars
2. State whether True or False: 3. Weaving 4. Gujarat
(a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False 5. Ajmer 6. Qutb Shahi dynasty
3. Water supply for the city of Thanjavur came from 7. 1498 8. Mahanavami
wells and tanks. 9. Lost wax technique 10. Chauhans
4. Merchants, artisans, weavers, native traders and 11. Gold were the surat textiles famous for?
craftspersons lived in the Black Towns. 12. Linge 13. Bhillasvamin
5. The shrine of KhwajaMuinuddin Chishti is located 14. Andhra Pradesh 15. Krishna
in Ajmer (Rajasthan). 16. France 17. Krishnadev Raya
6. The ruling dynasty of Golconda was Qutb Shahi 18. Portuguese 19. Sarrafs
dynasty. 20. A French diamond merchant
7. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut in the year 1498. 21. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a 17th century French
8. The devadasis performed their dance on festive gem merchant and traveller who visited the court
and ceremonial occasions. of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
Answers to Practice Questions SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. � Rulers built temples to demonstrate their
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS devotion to God.
A. Match the following. � They gave grants of land and money to build
temples.
Column I Column II
1. Thanjavur (c) Cholas � Pilgrims also made donations.
2. Mandapas (d) Pavilions 2. � Ajmer was the capital of the Chauhan kings in
3. Saliya (e) Weavers the 12th century and later, it became the suba
4. Sthapatis (a) Sculptors headquarters under the mughals.
5. Somnath (b) Gujarat � It provides on excellent example of religions
B. Fill in the blanks. coexistence.
1. Hampi is located in the Krishna–Tungabhadra � There is a Dargah of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
basin. and Pushkar is a big Hindu pilgrimage.
2. Domingo Paes was a portuguese traveller. 3. � Administrative towns – Delhi, Agra, Lahore
3. The fort at Masulipatnam was built by the Dutch. � Commeical towns – Daultabad, Patna,
4. Fort St. William was built in Calcutta. Ahmadabad
5. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese sailor. � Pilgrim towns – Banaras, Kanchipuram, Mathura
4. � They usually had a mandapika to which villagers � Located on the delta of the Krishna river, this port
brought their produce to sell. town was a centre of intense activity, which both
the Dutch and English East India Companies
�
They had market streets called hatta lined with
tried to control. The Dutch built a fort here. The
shops. Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu
�
There were streets for different kinds of artisans Komati Chettis and European traders competed
such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, teddy with one another, which made the city populous
makers, smiths etc. and prosperous.
5. � Samantas or zamindars built a fortified palace in 4. � Surat was the emporium of western trade and
people in Surat traded with West Asia via the
or near towns.
Gulf of ormuz.
�
They levied taxes on traders and artisans. � Religions pilgrims used to set sail on ships to
�
Sometimes they donated the right to collect Mecca from Surat.
taxes to local temples. � The English and the Dutch had their factories
and warehouses at Surat.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � There were several retail and wholesale shops
selling textiles to the western traders in the city.
1. � Rajarajeshwara temple was built by king Rajaraja
� The Surat hundis were honoured in far off
Chola.
countries like Egypt, Iraq and Belgium.
� The architect of the temple was Kunjaramallan
5. � Several traders, especially horse traders, formed
Rajaraja Perunthachchan.
associations, with headmen, who hegotriated
� Inside the temple is a massive Shiva Linga.
on their behalf with warriors who bought horses.
� River Kaveri flows near the town of Thanjavur � There were also communities like the Chettiars
where this temple is located. and the Marwari Oswal who became the trading
2. � First an image was made of wax which was groups of the country.
covered with clay and allowed to dry. � Gujarat traders including the communities the
� Then it was heated and a triny hole was made in Hindu Baniyas and Muslim Bohras traded with
the clay cover. As a result, the molten wax was the ports of the Red sea, Persian Gulf, East Africa,
drained out through the hole. Southeast Asia and China.
3. � Masulipatnam was a port city and occupied a � The towns on the west coast were home to Arab,
great economic status in the times of Golconda Persian Chinese, Jewish and Syrian Christian
sultanate. traders.
MIND MAPS
Answers 17
CHAPTER 7: TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

6. Interaction between the varna-based society and
NCERT Textbook Answers tribal people caused both to adapt and change.
Different tribes took up diverse livelihoods. While
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS some of them merged with caste based society
and endorsed orthodox Hinduism, others stayed
1. Match the following. away and kept their tribal identities intact and
Column I Column II unaffected. Some tribes established themselves as
1. Garh (b) Chaurasi extensive and powerful states. The Ahoms and the
Gonds were two such tribal states whose prosperity
2. Tanda (c) Caravan
brought them into conflict with larger kingdoms
3. Labourer (f ) Paik and empires.
4. Clan (a) Khel 7. The fundamental character of tribal societies
5. Sib Singh (e) Ahom state changed after being organised into state. Their
6. Durgawati (d) Garha Katanga basically equal society was gradually divided
into unequal social classes. Brahmanas received
2. Fill in the blanks: land grants from the rulers and became more
influential. The rulers themselves were helped
(a) The new castes emerging within varnas were
called Jatis. by the Brahmanas to be recognised as Rajputs
representing the ruling class as in the caste-based
(b) Buranjis were historical works written by the non-tribal society.
Ahoms.
(c) The Akbar Nama mentions that Garha Katanga
had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger,
they gave land grants to Poet and scholars.
3. State whether True or False: A. Match the following.
(a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False Column I Column II
4. Nomadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee, etc 1. Gaddis (d) Shepherd tribe
with settled agricultural communities for grain, 2. Peter Mundy (e) English traders
cloth, utensils and other products. 3. Banjaras (b) Trader-nomads
5. � The Ahom state depended on forced labour. 4. Gonds (a) Gondwana
People who were forced to work were called 5. Bhuiyans (c) Landlords
‘paiks’.
�
The rulers conducted a census of the population.
1. Aman Das assumed the title of Sangram Shah.
� By the first half of the seventeenth century, the
2. The Ahoms worshiped tribal Gods.
administration of the Ahom kingdom became
centralised. 3. The Coravan was called tanda.
� Almost all adult males served in the army 4. In the Himalayas live the shepherad tribe of the
during war. At other times, they were involved Gaddis.
in building dams, irrigation systems and other 5. Rathrakaras were chariot makers.
public facilities.
� Ahom society was divided into ‘khels’ each of
which controlled many villages. 1. Wandering or travelling around from place to
�
The peasant was given land by his village place: Itinerant
community. 2. Forested region where Gonds lived: Gondwana
3. Those forced to work for the state: Paiks �

Gond Kingdoms were consolidated by Gond
4. Pastoral and hunter gathers tribe which lived in kings.
Central Asia: Mongols �
Garh katanga was a rich and powerful Gond
5. He united the Mongol and trikish tribes into a state ruled by a strong rulers.
military force: Gengis Khan 4. �
Hunter gatherers: Moving between hunting
grounds.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � Pastoral Nomads: Moving between pastures.
1. Garha � Peripatetic nomads: Moving between customers.
2. Khokhar tribe 5. Mongols were the best-known pastoral and
3. North West hunter-gatherer tribe in history. They were
4. Shepherd originally from Mongolia, inhabiting the grasslands
5. The uncle of Bir Naraina, the son of Rani Durgawati of Central Asia and the forested areas further north.
Genghis Khan was the most famous leader of
6. Landlords
Mongols.
7. The tribal chief of Ahoms
8. Aurangzeb
9. Orissa (the present day Odisha)
10. Kamal Khan 1. � Tribal societies are united by kinship bonds.
11. Banjaras � There is no hierarchy among men and groups in
12. Caravan of Banjaras tribal societies.
13. The historical works written in the Ahom society �
Tribal societies have communitarian basis of
14. Shifting cultivation land holding.
15. Chandelas of Mahoba
2. � It weakened the clan identity.
16. Assam
�
There was a gradual division of Gond society into
17. 12
unequal social classes.
18. It earned wealth by trapping and exporting wild
elephants to other kingdoms �
Brahmamas became a dominant class as they
19. Garha received land grants from the Gond Rajas.
20. Salbahan �
The Gond Rajas desired to be recognised as
Rajputs.
�
They began forming marital relations with the
1. � The primary occupation of the Ahoms was Rajputs.
agriculture.
3. � Garha Katanga was a rich state.
� During wars most men served in the army.
�
It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting
� In normal situations, they built embankments,
irrigation systems and other public works. wild elephants to other kingdoms.
2. � The large Gond kingdom was divided into garhs. �
When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they
� Each garh was further divided into units of 84 captured huge booty, precious coins and
villages called chaurasi. elephants.
� The chaurasi was divided into barhots which �
They annexed part of the kingdom and granted
were made of 12 villages each. the rest to Chandra Shah, an uncle of Bir Narain.
3. � The Gonds were a tribal people who lived in a
vast forested area called Gondwana. 4. � Originally the Ahoms worshipped their own
� In the 14th century, Gonds were living in many
tribal Gods.
parts of central India. �
Gradually they adopted the Vaishanava faith.
Answers 19
�
In the reign of Sib Singh, Hinduism became the �
Pastoral tribes reared and sold animals such as
predominant religion. cattle and horses.
�
Ahom kings kept a harmonious balance and �
Different castes of petty pedlars made and sold
adopted Hinduism but also preserved their wares such as ropes, reeds, straw matting and
ancestral religions. coarse sacks.
5. � Nomadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee �
Mendicants acted as wandering merchants.
etc with settled agriculturalist for grain cloth, There were also castes of entertainers who
utensils. performed in different towns for earning a living.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
CHAPTER 8: DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE

compassionate towards all follow human beings.
NCERT Textbook Answers Strict monotheism or submission to one God was
at the core of all their teachings.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 6. The religious teachers of this period were opposed
to caste system, rituals and rites, and outward
1. Match the following.
display of piety. Almost all of them believed that
Column I Column II the traditional beliefs and practices had failed to
1. The Buddha (c) Questioned social end the social evils. In their opinion, the best way to
difference serve God was to serve the humanity without any
diserimination. That is why they rejected religious
2. Shankaradeva (a) Namghar
beliefs and practices.
3. Nizamuddin Auliya (d) Sufi saint 7. Baba Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of
4. Nayanars (e) Worship of Shiva the worship of one God. He insisted that caste,
5. Alvars (b) Worship of Vishnu creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining
liberation. His idea of liberation was not that of a
2. Fill in the blanks: state of inert bliss but rather the pursuit of active
life with a strong sense of social commitment.
(a) Shankara was an advocate of Advaita.
‘Nam’, ‘dan’ and ‘isnan’ are the three terms used
(b) Ramanuja was influenced by the Alvars. by him to express the essence of his teaching.
(c) Basavanna, Allama prabhu and Akkamahadevi These actually mean right worship, welfare of
were advocates of Virashaivism. others and purity of conduct. His teachings are
(d) Pandharpur was an important centre of the now remembered as ‘nam-japna’, ‘kirt-karna’ and
Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra. ‘vand-chhakna’, which underline the importance
of right belief and worship, honest living, and
3. � They advocated renunciation of the world.
helping others.
� They believed that the path to salvation lay
in mediation on the formless God and the
realisation of oneness with it.
� They advocated intense training of the mind
and body through practices like yogasanas,
breathing exercises and meditation. A. Match the following.
� They did not believe in the ritual and older Column I Column II
aspects of conventional religion and the social
order. 1. Tukaram (b) Maharashtra
4. Major ideas expressed by kabir are as follows: 2. Ramanuja (d) Tamil Nadu
� Rejection of major religious traditions. 3. Shankara (e) Kerala
� Criticism of all forms of external worship of both 4. Shankaradeva (a) Assam
Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam. 5. Nanak (c) Punjab
� Belief in a formless supreme God.
� Emplasis on Bhakti or devotion to achieve
salvation Kabir expressed his ideas in verses 1. Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi.
known as sakhis and pads. These were 2. Kabir was brought up in a Julaha family.
composed by him and sung by wandering
3. Hagiographies are religions biographies of the
bhajan singers.
Alvars and the Nayanars.
5. Sufis were muslim mystics who rejected outward
religiosity and laid emphasis on love and 4. Vitthala devoters gave rise to Varkari sect.
devotion to God. They asked their followers to be 5. Sufis were Muslim mystics.
Answers 21
C. Give one word for the following. �

Some people were considered high caste
because of birth.
1. A state of deep mental concentration: Meditation
�
Buddhism and jainism helped people to
2. A customary practice: Ritual
overcome the notion that high caste comes by
3. A prayer song: Bhajan birth.
4. A believes in things beyond this world: Mystic 3. � Sufis were Muslim mystics.
5. Worshippers of Lord Vishnu: Alvars �
They rejected outward religiosity and
emphasised have and devotion to God.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � They condemned the elaborate rituals and codes
1. Illusion of behavior demanded by Muslim religions
scholars.
2. Avadhi
4. �
Khanqals were like hospices where the sufi
3. Untouchables
masters had their assemblies.
4. Kabir
� Devotees of all descriptions including members
5. Madurai from the royal and noble groups and ordinary
6. Shariat people gathered there.
7. Chishti �
They discussed spiritual matters and were
8. Guru Angad blessed by the saints.
9. Persian 5. � The Sikh movement began to get politicised in
the 17th century.
10. Martin Luther
� This development culminated in the institution
11. Common kitchen
of the Khalsa Panth which came into existence as
12. Eighth century a political entity.
13. Pandharpur
14. Bijak LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
15. Gurdwara
1. � Kabir’s teaching ridiculed all forms of external
16. It is a sufi shrine built over the grave of sufi saint worship practised by both Brahmanical Hindusim
17. Basavanma and his companion like Allama prabhu and Islam, the pre-eminence of priestly class and
and Akkamahadevi the caste system.
18. Khalsa Community � Kabir believed in a formless supreme God and
19. Compilation of Songs preached that the only path to salvation was
through bhakti or devotion.
20. Assamese
� His teachings reflect the secular values of life. He
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS taught in spoken hindi which was understood
by ordinary people, but sometimes wed cryptic
1. �
They built elaborate temples around many language which was difficult to follow.
shrines. 2. � They focussed on the Vitthala (a form of Vishnu)
� Saint poets visited these shrines and sing song in the temple in Pandharpur and identified it
of Bhakti. with Lord Krishna.
�
It strengthened the links between the Bhakti � They stressed that personal God resides in the
tradition and temple worship. hearts of all people.
2. � They were not satisfied with the caste system � They condemned the idea of all forms of ritualism
prevailing in society. and social difference based on birth.
� They even rejected the idea of renunciation and � To achieve salvation, they advocated practices
preferred to live with their families and save like yogasanas.
human beings. � They became popular among low castes in North
3. �
Shankara was one of the greatest religions India.
philosophers of India born in Kerala. 5. �
One of the most important leaders of the
� He was the expounder of the concept of Advaita changes that took place within Christianity was
which is the doctrine of oneness of the individual Martin Luther.
soul and the supreme God. �
He felt that several practices in the Roman
� He considered the world to be Maya or illusion. Catholic Church were against the teachings of
�
He preached renunciation of the world and the Bible.
adoption of the path of knowledge. � He encouraged the use of the language of the
4. � They criticised the rituals and other aspects of ordinary people rather than Latin.
conventional religion. � He translated Bible into German.
�
They preached the social order using simple �
Luther was against the practice of giving
logical arguments. donations to the church so as to gain forgiveness
� They advocated renunciation of the world. from sins.
MIND MAPS
A.
Answers 23
B.
CHAPTER 9: THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES

3. Brihaddharma Purana is a Sanskrit text from Bengal.
4. The Naths were ascetics who engaged in yogic
practices.
5. Temples were usually built on a square platform.
Column I Column II
1. A Persian word meaning a spiritual guide: Pir
1. Anantavarman (c) Orissa
2. Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate
2. Jagannatha (e) Puri
objects and natural phenomena: Animism
3. Mahodayapuram (f ) Kerala
3. Immolation of widows on the funeral pyre of their
4. Lilatilakam (a) Kerala husbands: Sati
5. Mangalakavya (b) Bengal 4. Auspicious poems dealing with local deities:
6. Miniature (d) Kangra Mangal Kavya
5. A word used in Sanskrit for story: Katha
2. � Manipravalam was a language consisting of
Sanskrit and the regional langnuge Malayalam. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Lilatilakam is a text in Manipravalam.
�
1. In the ninth century in part of the present day
3. Mughal empire and the Nawabs of Lucknow Kerala
especially Wajid Ali Shah. 2. Kathaks were originally a caste of story-tellers in
4. The important features of temples in Bengal were the temples of North India.
double roof (dochala) and the four roof (chauchala). 3. 14th century
4. Grammar and poetics
Answers to Practice Questions 5. Bhanudatta
6. Wajid Ali Shah
7. Orissa
A. Match the following. 8. Lyrical treatment of themes
9. Ascetics
Column I Column II
10. Vaishnavite tradition
1. Kolu (c) Oil Pressers
11. Woman belonging to royal household
2. Kansari (e) Bell metal workers 12. Dhaka
3. Double roofed (b) Dochala 13. Tribal people
4. Four roofed (a) Chauchala 14. Anangabhima III
5. Viharas (d) Buddhist monasteries 15. Rasalila
16. Kathakali
B. Fill in the blanks. 17. Chaitanyadeva
1. Miniatures are small sized paintings. 18. Bhanudatta
2. The style of painting developed in Himachal 19. Sanskrit
Pradesh is Basohli. 20. Ninth century A.D.
Answers 25
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �

The earliest miniatures were drawn on palm
leaves or wood.
1. � Kathaks was originally a caste of story-tellers in
the temples of North India. �
Some of the most beautiful miniatures are
�
Under the Mughal emperors and their found in western India and are used to illustrate
nobles, Kathak was performed in the court. Buddhist and Jarna texts.
Subsequently, it developed into two traditions
� Themes of miniature paintings were from Indian
or gharanas.
epics like the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata,
� They were specialised in recounting metrological
besides Bhagwat Purana, Rasamanjari etc.
and moral tales from the sculptures and
embellished their recitals with hand gestures 2. � Due to the Decline of the Mughal empire, many
and facial expressions. painters moved to the courts of emerging
2. The term classical was introduced by Sangeat regional states.
Natak Acadamy to denote the Natya Shastra based � They got the inspiration from the vaishnavite
performing art styles. tradition.
Some of the classical dances and their states are– � The colours used were soft colours like blue and
Bharatutiyan — Tamil Nadu green.
Kathalkali — Kerala 3. �
Temples were constructed by individuals or
Odissi — Orissa groups to represent their power.
Kuchipauddi — Andhra Pradesh � Brick and terra cotta temples were built in Bengal
Manipuri — Manipur in this period.
3. �
In the region of Himachal pradesh by the � The temples were sometimes built by low social
late 17th century, a bold and intense style of groups like metal workers and oil pressers.
miniature painting called Basohli developed.
4. � Bengal is a riverine plain which produces plenty
� This style of painting is characterised by the use of rice and fish.
of soft colours including blue and green, and a
lyrical treatment of themes. � Fishing is an important occupation of the people
of Bengal.
4. � Dochala means two roofed.
� Bengali literature contains several references to
� Chauchala means four roofed.
fish.
� These where the terms used in the structure of
the thatched huts in Bengal. � Terracotta figures on the walls of temples and
5. � Rajput women were as brave as their menfolk. viharas depict scenes of fish being dressed and
taken to the market in baskets.
� They practised sati and Jauhar to protect there
houses. 5. � Kathak as we know of it today is the result of
the fusion between the Hindu and Muslim
�
The women who sacrificed their lives are
depicted as great heroines. cultures.
� The Persian and Muslim influence altered the
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS dance from a temple ritual to a means of royal
entertainment.
1. �
Miniature paintings are small in size and
generally are drawn in water colour on cloth or � It branched into two gharanas–one in the courts
paper. of Rajasthan and the other in Lucknow.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
Answers 27
CHAPTER 10: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS

1. Churaman was a Jat leader.
2. Under Suraj Mal the kingdom of Bharatpur became
a strong state.
1. Match the following. 3. Chauth was 25 percent of the land revenue which
was claimed by zamindars.
Column I Column II
4. Nizam-ul-Mulk was the founder of Hyderabad
1. Subadar (c) Provincial governor state.
2. Faujdar (e) A Mughal military commander 5. Sawai Raja Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur.
3. Ijaradar (a) A revenue farmer
4. Misl (f ) A band of Sikh warriors
1. Resolutions of the Guru: Gurumatas
5. Chauth (g) Tax levied by the Marathas
2. Peasant - Pastroalists: Kunbis
6. Kunbis (d) Maratha peasant warriors
3. Telugu warrior chiefs: Nayakar
7. Umara (b) A high noble
4. Protections to cultivators on the payment of a tax:
2. Fill in the blanks: Rakhi
5. A band of sikh warriors: Misl
(a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the
Deccan.
(b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful
sections of the Mughal administration. 1. Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the first Maharaja of the
Sikh empire.
(c) Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in 1724.
2. Kunbis
(d) The founder of the Awadh state was
3. Marathas
Burhan-ul-mulk-Sa’adat Khan.
4. 1761
3. State whether True or False: 5. Maratha peasant warriors
(a) False (b) False (c) True (d) False 6. Deputy to the governor of the province
4. He held the combined officers of Subedari, Diwani 7. Murshid Quli Khan
and Faujadari. 8. Dig
9. Iran
Answers to Practice Questions 10. Gaekwad
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. � States that were old Mughal provinces: Awadh
A. Match the following. and Hydarabad.
� States that enjoyed considerable independence
Column I Column II
under the Mughals as Watan Jagirs: Rajput
1. Sawai Jai Singh (d) Amber principalities.
2. Jantar Mantar (e) Jaipur � The last group included states under the control
3. Baolis (b) Stepwells of the Marathas, Sikhs and Jats.
4. Mehrangarh fort (c) Jodhpur 2. � Large states established by Mughal nobles were
suspicious of the administrative system that they
5. Warrior families (a) Deshmukh had inherited.
� They reduced the number of Jagirdars appointed �

The invasion of Nadir shah had demonstrated
by the Mughals. how weak the Mughal government was.
�
There emerged good relationship of these �
This invasion was followed by a series of attacks
regional states with rich bankers and merchants. by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali.
3. � Jatha in a Sikh tradition signifies a group of 3. � Sikhs became political community during the
volunteers coming forth to carry a specific task. seventeenth century.
� Earth Jatha has a Jatradar or a leader. �
The Khalsa sought to defend the Sikh community
from oppression by Mughal rulers.
� These Jathas were recognized into 11 misls.
�
Under Guru Gobind Singh, they fought several
4. � The word ‘Rakhi’ literally mans protection.
battles against Mughal rulers.
� It was a tribute received by the Dal Khalsa for
�
After the death of Guru Govind Singh, Banda
protection provided against external aggressin. Bahadur established the Sikh rule and
� The Sikhs of dal Khalsa for their protection. administration between Sutluj and Jamuna.
5. � He transferred all Mughal Jagirdars to Orissa. 4. � Marathas developed an effective administration
� He ordered a major reassessment of the revenues �
Maratha chiefs were known as sardars.
of Bangal. �
Land revenue was the main source of income.
�
Territories not under their direct control paid
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS chauth (1/4 revenue).
1. � Weak successors of Aurangzeb �
The territories that paid Sardeshmukhi (1/10 of
� Absence of definite law of royal succession land revenue) got protection.
5. � It is the counsel or restoration adopted by
� Deterioration of the army
the combined force of the Sikhs known as
�
Invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali Dal Khalsa.
�
Advent of the French and British �
It was taken at an assembly at Amritsar to take
2. � Nadir Shah took away immense amount of collective decisions.
wealth. The city of Delhi was looted. �
It was called resolutions of the Guru in the
�
Those who had been the masters were now in presence of Guru Granth Sahib.
terrible condition. � A Gurumata is binding upon all Sikhs.
MIND MAPS
ANSWERS
Geography
CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENT
2. Tick the correct answer
(i) (b) Aquarium
(ii) (a) Land
(iii) (c) Road
1. Answer the following questions. (iv) (b) Growing population
(i)
All plants, animals and human beings 3. Match the following.
depend on their immediate surroundings
Column I Column II
and are interdependent on each other.
1. Biosphere (e) Narrow zone where land,
This relation between the living organisms water and air interact
as well as between the organisms and their 2. Atmosphere (a) Blanket of air which
surroundings form an ecosystem. surrounds the earth
(ii) Natural environment consists of land, water, 3. Hydrosphere (b) Domain of water
air, plants and animals. It refers to both 4. Environment (d) Our surroundings
biotic and abiotic conditions that exist on 4. Give reasons.

the earth. (i) Man modifies his environment to fulfil his
(iii) The major components of the environment requirements which change and become
are classified into three categories—natural more varied with time. He adopts new ways
to use and change his environment.
(land, air, water), human made (buildings
(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other
parks, berger) and human (individual, family,
because they together make biosphere or
community etc). living zone of the earth where land, water
(iv) Four examples of human-made environment and air interact to support life.
are buildings, parks, bridges and roads.
(v) Lithosphere is the solid crust or hard top Answers to Practice Questions
layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and
minerals and covered by a thin layer of soil.
It is an irregular surface with various A. Match the following.
landforms such as mountains, plains, Column I Column II
plateaus, valleys, etc. 1. Air (b) Atmosphere
(vi) Plants and animals. 2. Water (e) Hydrosphere
(vii) It is the narrow zone of the earth where land, 3. Land (a) Lithosphere
water and air interact with each other to 4. Living things (d) Biosphere
support life. 5. Barter (c) Trade
B. Fill in the blanks. 2. � Equilibrium between physical environment and

biological environment is known as ecological
1. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the solid top layer
balance.
of the earth.
� Changes can disturb ecological balance.
2. Environment is a French word.
� To maintain it, we have to protect the ecological
3. Rivers, lakes, seas and oceans are water bodies.
balance from any kind of disturbance.
4. Environment means neighbourhood.
3. � Biosphere is the mallow zone where lithosphere,
5. Information revolution made communication hydrosphere and atmosphere meet and
speedy. Interact.
C. Give one word for the following. � It provides nutrients and resources to all.
1. Blanket of air which surrounds the earth: �

It provides suitable environment for the
Atmosphere sustenance of living beings.
2. Domain of water: Hydrosphere 4. � Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the
air.
3. Our surroundings: Environment
� Humans and animals take oxygen from the air.
4. Narrow zone where land, water and air interact:
Biosphere �
Green plants produce oxygen during photo
synthesis.
5. Planet where plants and animals exists: Earth
5. �
All the objects created by nature together
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS constitute natural environment.
� It includes both biotic and abiotic conditions
1. Gravitational Force
existing on earth.
2. Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and
� Lithospheres, hydrosphere, atmosphere are the
biosphere
domain of natural environment.
3. Hydrosphere
4. June 5 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
5. Man
1. � It is the solid crust or the solid top layer of the
6. Environment is dynamic because physical and
earth.
biological elements keep on changing with the
� It is made up of locks and minerals and covered
passage of time.
by thin layers of soil.
7. It is a trade in which goods are exchanged without
� It is an irregular surface with various landforms
the use of money.
such as mountains, plataeaus, plains, valleys,
8. Plants and animals.
etc.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � It is also a source of mineral wealth.
1. 2. � Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds

Natural Environment Human Environment
the earth.
1. Natural Environment Human Environment is
� The gravitational force of the earth holds the
consists of those created by man for his
elements that are better existence and atmosphere around it.
provided by nature. growth. � It protects us from the harmful rays and scorching
2. It includes reliefs, It includes human heat of the sun.
rocks, climate, soil, settlements, means
� It consists of a number of gases, dust and water
natural vegetation, of transport and
wildlife etc. communication and vapour.
development of all � Changes in the atmosphere produce changes in
other facilities. weather and climate.
Answers 31
3. � Burning of fossil fuels has led to pollution of the �
Lithosphere is the domain that provides us
environment. forests, grasslands, land for agricultural and
� Deforestation has resulted in soil erosion and human settlements.
flood. � It is also a source of mineral wealth.
� Excessive use of fertilizers has depleted the soil.
5. � Early humans learnt to grow crops and tame
� Smoke from vehicles has degraded the animals; and began a settled life.
environment and led to a number of respiratory
�
The wheel was invented, surplus food was
diseases among people.
produced and trade and commerce developed.
4. � Lithospheres is the solid crust that forms the top
layer of the earth. � Transportation became faster.
� It is found over the continents and also on the �
Information revolution made communication
ocean floors. easier and speedy.
MIND MAPS
CHAPTER 2: INSIDE OUR EARTH

4. Give reasons.
(i) To reach the centre of the earth, one will have
to dig a hole 6000 km deep on the ocean
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS floor, which is impossible so we cannot go
1. Answer the following questions. through the centre of the earth.
(i) Crust, mantle and core (ii) Rocks break down into small fragments
(ii) A rock is a natural mass of mineral matter known as sediments. These sediments are
that makes up the earth’s crust. transported and deposited by wind, water
etc. These loose sediments are compressed
(iii) Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
and hardened to form layers of rocks known
(iv) When the molten lava comes on the earth’s
as sedimentary rocks.
surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble because
solid. Rocks formed in this way on the crust
igneous and sedimentary rocks change into
are extrusive igneous rocks. Sometimes,
metamorphic rocks under great heat and
the molten magma cools down deep inside
pressure.
the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are
intrusive igneous rocks.
(v) One type of rock changes into another type Answers to Practice Questions
under certain conditions in a cyclic manner.
This process of transformation of rocks from
one form into another is known as rock A. Match the following.
cycle. Column I Column II
(vi) Hard rocks are used for making roads, houses 1. Ignis (c) Fire
2. Sedimentary (e) Settle down
and buildings.
3. Metamorphic (d) Change of form
(vii) When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are 4. Fossil (b) Remains of dead plants
subjected to heat and pressure, they change and animals
into metamorphic rocks. For example, clay 5. Core (a) Interior of the earth
changes into state.
2. Tick the correct answer. B. Fill in the blanks.
(i) (a) Igneous 1. When magma cools, it becomes soild.
(ii) (b) Core 2. Intrusive and extrusive rocks are two types of
(iii) (b) Minerals igneous rocks.
(iv) (a) Sedimentary rocks 3. Rocks can be of different colour, size, and texture.
(v) (a) Crust 4. Deccan plateau is made of basalt rocks.
3. Match the following. 5. The deepest mine is in South Africa.
Column I Column II
1. Core (e) Innermost layer
1. Uppermost layer of the earth’s surface: Crust
2. Minerals (d) Has definite chemical
composition 2. Innermost layer of the earth’s surface: Core
3. Rocks (b) Used for roads and buildings 3. Transformation of rock from one into another:
Rock cycle
4. Clay (f ) Change into slate
4. Rocks which contain fossils: Sedimentary rocks
5. Sial (c) Made of silicon and alumina
5. Remains of dead plants and animals: Fossils
Answers 33
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Any natural mass of mineral water that makes up 1. � The earth is divided into three layers — crust,
the earth’s crust is called a rock. mantle and metallic core.
2. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. �
Crust is the outermost layer of the earth. Its
3. Igneous rocks are called primary rocks because thickness varies from 35 km on the continental
they are believed to be the first rocks formed on masses to 5 km on the ocean floors.
the earth.
�
The next layer is mantle which extends to a
4. Heavy metals in particular are located in the core
depth of about 2900 km.
with abundance of nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). So it
is called Nife which combines the initial letters of � Below the mentle, there is a layer called metallic
these two elements. core around the centre of the earth in the form
5. � Crust or surface of a sphere of about 3500 km radius.
� Mantla or middle layer 2. � Rocks of one type get converted into the other
� Metallic core types.
6. Iron and aluminium �
Igneous rocks get eroded and weathered to
7. The remains of the dead plants and animals form sedimentary rocks which further get
trapped in the layers of the rocks are called fossils. transformed into metamorphic rocks.
8. Crust � Sedimentary rocks are also formed by weathering
9. 6371 km and erosion of metamorphic rocks.
10. Red sandstone 3. Due to excessive external pressure and internal
crust of the earth, partial or complete changes
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS occur in the structure and chemical properties
of rocks. The rocks thus formed are known as
1. � The innermost part of the earth is known as core.
metamorphic rocks.
�
The thickness of whole layer comprising the
outer and the inner core is 4671 km. �
This process takes place at a depth of about
� The outer core starts at the depth of 2900 km,
12 to 16 km below the earth’s surface where
and is rich in iron and nickel. temperature and pressure are very high.
�
Both sedimentary and igneous rocks can
2. Igneous — granite, basalt; undergo metamorphosis.
Metamorphic rocks — marble, slate, graphite; 4. � Rocks provide building materials like granite,
Sedimentary — limestone, sandstone. sandstone and marble.
3. Igneous — Latin — Meaning fire. �
They are source of metallic minerals, namely,
Sedimentary — Latin — Meaning settle down. iron, gold, copper and manganese.
Metamorphic — Greek — Meaning change of � We use rocks in many games.
form.
5. �
Minerals are naturally occurring substances
4. When morten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it
which have certain physical properties and
cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in
such a way on the crust are called extrusive rocks. definite chemical composition.
Example — basalt �
Some are used as fuels. Examples are coal,
5. Sometimes the morten nagma cools down deep natural gas and petroleum.
inside the earth’s surface or crust. Solid rocks so � They are also used in industries. Iron, aluminium
formed are called intensive igneous rocks. gold, etc. are such minerals.
Example — granite � They are also used in medicines as and fertilisers.
MIND MAPS
Answers 35
CHAPTER 3: OUR CHANGING EARTH
4. Give reasons.
(i) Mushroom rocks are formed when the winds
erode the lower section of a rock more than
the upper part.
1. (i) The plates move because of the movement (ii) Flood plains are formed as a result of the
of the motten magma inside the earth. depositional activity of rivers. Rivers carry
(ii) The force that work on the surface of the with them eroded materials like fine soil
earth are called as exogenic forces. The and sediments. When it overflows its banks,
forces which act in the interior of the earth it deposits the eroded material and causes
are called endogenic forces. flood plains to be formed. The deposited
(iii) Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape material makes the land fertile.
by different agents like water, wind and ice. (iii) Sea waves strike at the rocks. As a result,
(iv) During floods, layers of the fine soil and other cracks are formed on the rocks. Over time,
materials called sediments are deposited on these caves become larger and wider. These
the river bank. This leads to the formation of are called sea caves.
flat fertile flood plains.
These cavities become bigger and bigger
(v)
Sand dunes are low hill like structures and a time comes when only the roof of the
formed by the deposition of sand in the caves remain, forming sea arches.
deserts.
Further erosion breaks the roof and only
(vi) Beaches are formed when the sea waves
walls are left. These wall like features are
deposit sediments along the shores of the
called stacks. In this way, sea caves are
sea.
turned into stacks.
(vii) When the meander loop is cut off from the
(iv) �
Most of the buildings are not safe
main river, it forms a cut-off lake. As its shape
is like an ox bow, it is also known as ox-bow enough to resist the vibrations of the
lake. earthquakes.
2. Tick the correct answer. � They are not made earthquake (–) proof.
(i) (b) Beach � They collapse due to shallow foundation
(ii) (c) Moraine and lack of adequate earthquake-
resistant material in the interior design.
(iii) (a) Volcano
(iv) (a) Deserts
(v) (b) River valleys
Column I Column II
1. Glacier (c) River of ice A. Match the following.
2. Meanders (d) Rivers Column I Column II
1. Earthquake (d) Epicentre
3. Beach (a) Sea shore
2. Lougitudinal waves (a) P
4. Sand dunes (h) Deserts
3. Transverse waves (e) S
5. Waterfall (g) Hard bed rocks 4. Surface waves (b) L
6. Earthquake (e) Vibrations of earth 5. Niagara (c) Falls
B. Fill in the blanks. 10. When the grains of sand are carried over very long
distances and get deposited in large areas such a
1. Lithospheric plates consist of Continents and
deposit is called loess.
Oceans.
2. Niagara falls is located in North America.
3. Victoria falls is located in Africa.
4. The running water in the river erodes Landscape. 1. Some common earthquake prediction methods
adopted locally by people include studying animal
5. The erosion and deposition of the sea waves gives
behaviour, agitated state of fish in the pond add
rise to Coastal landforms. snakes coming to the surface.
2. � The magnitude of the earth is measured on the
Richter scale.
1. Flow of water in a channel: River � An earthquake of 2.0 or less can be feet a little.
2. Crescent shaped lake formed by meandering river: � An earthquake of 5.0 can cause damage from
Ox bow lake falling things.
3. Isolated mass of rising steep rock near a coastline: � An earthquake of 6.0 or higher magnitude is
Stack considered very strong.
4. Embankment on a river that keeps it in its channel: � An earthquake of 7.0 is classified as a major
Leaves earthquake.
5. Machine used to measure earthquake: 3. � The landscape is worn by the two processes-
Seismograph weathering and erosion.
� Weathering is the wearing away of the landscape
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS by different agents like water, wind and ice.
� The eroded material is carried away or
1. Millions of years ago, all the continents were joined
transported by water, wind etc and eventually
together to form a super continent which was
deposited.
called pangea.
� The processes of erosion and deposition create
2. The earth’s crust consists of large and small plates different landforms on the surface of the earth.
forming continents and ocean basins. These plates
4. � The highest waterfall is Angel falls of Venezuela
are called lithospheric plates.
in South America.
3. Seismology
� Niagarh Falls is located on the border between
4. � The Rockies of North America Canada and U. S. A. in North America.
� The Andes of South America � Victoria Falls is on the borders of Zamlona and
� The slopes of Europe Zimbabwe in Africa.
� The Himalayas of India 5. � Glaciers are rivers of ice.
5. Once the flood recedes, the material gets deposited � As the ice melts, they get filled up with water
along the sides of the meander to form fertile and become lakes in the mountains.
plateaus called flood plains. � The materials carried by the glacier such as rocks,
6. Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the sand and silt gets deposited and these deposits
earth’s surface. form glacial moraines.
7. Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by
different agents like water, wind and ice. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
8. When the river tumbles at steep angle over very 1. �
When the river tumbles down over rocks or
hard rocks or down a steep valley side, it forms a descends down steep slopes, it forms waterfall.
waterfall. � As the river descends to the plains, the speed
9. The highest waterfall is the Angel falls in Venezuela becomes slow resulting in large bends known as
(South America). meander.
Answers 37
�
When river gets flooded, the materials get �
The steep rocky coast rising almost vertically
deposited along the side of the meander to form above sea water is called sea cliff.
a fertile plain called flood plain. 3. � Wind is an active agent of erosion and deposition
� The raised banks are called levees. in the deserts.
� As the river moves towards the sea, it branches �
In deserts we see rocks in the shape of a
into distributaries and in between distributaries mushroom, called mushroom rocks.
sediments get deposited along the mouth of the
� Winds erode the lower section more than the
river to form a delta.
upper section. Such rocks have narrower base
2. � The erosion and deposition of the sea waves give and wider top. When the wind blows, it lifts
rise to coastal landforms. sand and transport it from one place to another.
� When sea waves strike at rocks, cracks develop. After it stops blowing, the sand falls and gets
They slowly become larger and wider to form deposited in low hill-like structures called sand
hollow like caves called see caves. dunes.
� When these cavities become bigger, only their � When the grains of the sand are very fine and
roofs remain, which are called sea arches. light, the wind carries it for long distances. When
� Erosion breaks the roof and only walls are left such sand is deposited in large areas. It is termed
which are termed as stacks. as loess.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
CHAPTER 4: AIR

1. Answer the following questions. A. Match the following.
(i)
Atmosphere is a thin blanket of air that
surrounds the earth. It protects us from the Column I Column II
harmful rays of the sun. 1. Troposphere (c) Fog
(ii) Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%. 2. Stratosphere (b) Ozone
(iii) Carbon dioxide 3. Mesosphere (e) Meteorites
(iv) Weather is day to day, hour to hour condition
4. Thermosphere (a) Radio transmission
of the atmosphere.
(v)
Convectional rainfall, orographic rainfall, 5. Exosphere (d) Helium
cyclonic rainfall.
(vi) The pressure exacted by the weight of air on
the earth’s surface is known as air pressure. 1. Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air.
2. Tick the correct answer. 2. Green plants produce oxygen during
Photosynthesis.
(i) (c) Ozone (ii) (a) Troposphere
3. The degree of hotness and coldness of the air is
(iii) (b) Stratosphere (iv) (b) Decreases
known as temperature.
(v) (b) Rain 4. Wind blowing from the west is called Westerly.
3. Match the following. 5. Precipitation that comes down to the earth in
Column I Column II liquid form is called Rain.
1. Trade Winds (e) Permanent wind C. Give one word for the following.
2. Loo (f ) Local wind 1. The increasing temperature of the earth: Global
3. Monsoon (b) Seasonal wind warming
2. The lowest layer of atmosphere: Troposphere
4. Wind (c) Horizontal movement of air
3. The moisture in the air: Humidity
4. Give reasons. 4. The average weather condition for longer period of
(i)
On a humid day, the air is full of water time: Climate
vapour so evaporation is very slow. That is 5. Instrument used to measure rainfall: Rain gauge
why wet clothes take too much time to dry
on a humid day. Very Short Answer Type Question
(ii) Insolation comes through vertical rays on 1. 78%
equator it covers up less space but we feel
2. Nitrogen
more heat. When they go up from equator
3. It is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the
towards poles, the sun rays become slanting.
earth.
Slanting rays come on the earth covering
longer distances. Though these slanting rays 4. Barometer
heat up more space, the degree of hotness is 5. Wind vane
felt less. Therefore the amount of insolation 6. A wind is named after the direction from which it
decreases from equator towards poles. blows.
Answers 39
7. Celsius � Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas and oxygen is
8. Hot and dry local wind that blows in the northern the most plentiful gases. Humans and animals
plains of India is called loo. take oxygen from the are as they breathe.
9. 0°C � Carbondioxide is another important gas which
10. Convectional, orographic and cyclonic rainfall. green plants use to make their food and release
oxygen.
Carbondioxide, helium, ozone, argon and
hydrogen are found in lesser quantities.
1. � It causes the snow to melt in the coldest parts of
the world. 2. Our atmosphere is devided into five layers starting
from the earth’s surface.
� As a result of global warming the sea level rises,
causing floods in the coastal areas. Troposphere: It is the most important layer and its
� Drastic changes in the climate of a place due to
average height is 13 km. Rainfall, fog and hail storm
global warming leads to extinction of plants and occur in this layer.
animals. Stratosphere: It extends upto a height of 50 km. It
2. � Heated air expands, becomes lighter and goes up. is ideal for flying aeroplanes. It contains a layer of
� Cold air is heavy and dense due to which it tends ozone gas.
to sink down. Mesosphere: It lies above the Stratosphere.
� When hot air rises, cold air from surrounding Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering from
area rushes there to fill in the gap and the air the outer space.
circulation takes place. Troposphere: Temperature rises very rapidly here.
3. �
An important factor that influences the This layer helps in radio transmission.
distribution of temperature is insolation. Exosphere: This is the uppermost layer of the
�
The amount of insolation decreases from the atmosphere and has vary thin air. Helium and
equator towards the poles. Hydrogen float into the space from here.
� The temperature decreases in the same manner; 3. The movement of the air from high pressure area
therefore, the poles are covered with snow. to low pressure area is called wind.
4. � On the moon, there is no air and so no air
Permanent Winds: They blow constantly
pressure.
throughout the year in a particular direction.
�
Astronauts wear space suits filled with air
Examples — Westerlies and Easterlies.
because if they do not wear them, the counter
pressure exerted by the body of the astronaut Seasonal Winds: They change their direction in
would make the blood vessels bursts. different seasons.
� As a result, the astronaut would bleed. Example — Monsoons.
5. � Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by Local Winds: They blow only during particular
the weight of air on earth’s surface. period of the day or year in a small area.
� In areas where temperature is high, the air gets
Example — Land and Sea breeze.
heated and rises which creates low pressure.
� In areas having low temperature, the air is cold 4. � When water evaporates from land and different
and therefore heavy. So, it sinks and creates high bodies, it becomes water vapour.
pressure area. � As the air gets warmer, its capacity to hold water
vapour increases and so it becomes more and
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS more humid.
1. �
The atmosphere consists of many gases, but � When water vapour rises, it starts cooling and
oxygen and nitrogen are the two gases that when the water vapour condenses, it causes
make up the bulk of the atmosphere. formation of droplets of water.
� When these droplets become too heavy to float Relative humidity: The ratio between actual
in air, then they come down as precipitation. amount of water vapour present in the air at a
� Precipitation that comes down to the earth in
given temperature and the maximum amount
liquid form is called rain.
of water vapour that the atmosphere can
5. Absolute humidity: The total amount of water
vapour that is contained in the air at a given retain at that temperature is known as relative
temperature is known as absolute humidity. humidity.
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
Answers 41
CHAPTER 5: WATER
Column I Column II
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 1. Caspian Sea (a) Largest lake
1. Answer the following questions. 2. Tide (b) Periodic rise and fall of water
(i) Falling of moisture in the form of rain, snow 3. Tsunami (c) Strong seismic waves
or sleet is called precipitation. 4. Ocean currents (d) Streams of water moving

along definite paths
(ii)
A process by which continually changes
its form and circulates between oceans,
atmosphere and land. Answers to Practice Questions
(iii)
Winds, earthquakes, volcanic eruption or
under water landslides are the factors that OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
affect the height of the waves.
(iv)
Temperature, winds; gravitational pull of A. Match the following.
the sun, the earth and the moon; warm and Column I Column II
cold currents are the factors that affect the
1. Tsunami (d) Harbor waves
movement of ocean water.
2. Labrador ocean (e) Cold current
(v) �
Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of current
ocean water that occurs twice in a day.
3. Gulf stream (b) Warm current
�
The strong gravitational pull exerted
4. Indira point (a) Andaman and Nicobar
by the sun and the moon on the earth’s island
surface causes the tides. 5. World water day (c) March 22
(vi) Ocean currents are streams of water flowing
constantly on the ocean surface in definite B. Fill in the blanks.
directions. 1. The suns’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour.
2. Give reasons. 2. Dead sea in Israel has salinity of 340 grams.
(i) �
The water of the oceans is salty as it 3. Tsunami is a Japanese word.
contains large amount of dissolved salts.
4. The largest tsunami measured was 150 m high.
(ii) � It is because of industrial effluents and 5. The tsunami of 2004 caused damage in the coastal
untreated water of industries that get
areas of India.
mixed into streams and rivers.
� Sewage water also gets mixed into water C. Give one word for the following.
bodies. 1. The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a
3. Tick the correct answer. day: Tide
(i) (a) Water cycle 2. Huge tidal waves: Tsunami
(ii) (b) Equator 3. Artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants:
(iii) (a) Tide Terrarium
4. Water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls: LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Waves
5. Strains of water flowing constantly on the ocean 1. Tides are periodic rises and falls of large0 bodies
surface in definite directions: Ocean currents of water. Tides are caused by the gravitational
interaction between the Earth and the Moon.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS The gravitational attraction of the moon causes
1. Rivers, ponds, springs, and glaciers are the major the oceans to bulge out in the direction of the
sources of water. moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side,
2. Ocean water is salty because it contains large since the Earth is also being pulled toward the
amount of dissolved salt.
moon (and away from the water on the far side).
3. Sodium chloride.
Tides occur everyday with the earth’s rotation on
4. Salinity is the amount of salt in grams present in
its axis.
1000 grams of water.
5. Swimmers can float in the Dead Sea because the
High Tides Low Tides
increased salt content makes it dense.
6. Waves, tides and currents. 1. The water of the earth When the ocean water
closer to the moon gets drawn in diagonally
7. The Harbours get destroyed whenever their is
gets pulled under the opposite directions by
tsunami. influence of the moon’s the gravitational pull of
8. When water on the surface of the ocean rises and gravitational forces sun and earth resulting
falls alternately, its movements are called waves. causes high tides. in low tides.
9. The areas where the warm and cold currents meet 2. These tides are called These tides are called
provide the best fishing grounds in the world. spring tides. neap tides.
10. Japan and eastern coast of North America.
2. � High tides help in navigation. They raise the
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS water level close to the shores. This helps the
1. The process by which water continually changes its ships to arrive at the harbour more easily.
form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere
� The high tides also help in fishing. Fishes come
and land, is known as water cycle.
closer to the shore during the high tide. This
2. The wet sand on the beach, the breeze, the
seabirds, the smell of the salt in the air and music enables fisherman to get a plentiful catch.
of the waves make it magical. � The rise and fall of water due to tides is being
3. � The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in used to generate electricity in some places.
a day is called a tide.
� When water covers much of the shore by rising 3. Cold Current Warm Current
to its highest level, it is high tide.
� When water falls to its lowest level and records The cold currents carry It originates near the
from the shore, it is low tide. water from polar to equator and moves
tropical latitudes towards the poles.
4. � Waves are formed when gentle winds scrape
across the ocean surface. Example — Labrador Example — Gulf Stream
Ocean
� The stronger the wind blows, the bigger waves
become. Cold current bring cold Warm currents bring
� During a storm, the winds blowing at very high temperature over land about warm temperature
surface. over land surface.
speed form huge waves.
Answers 43
MIND MAPS
A.
B.
CHAPTER 6: NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

4. Give reasons.
(i) The polar region is the coldest part of the
earth. Animals of the polar region have to
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS live in extremely cold climatic conditions.
So, they have thick fur and thick skin.
1. Answer the following questions.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves
(i)
Temperature and Moisture are the two in the dry season so that they can save
factors on which the growth of vegetation water.
mostly depends. (iii) �
Temperature, moisture, slope and
(ii) Forest, grasslands and shrubs are the three thickness of soil determine the growth of
broad categories of natural vegetation. vegetation.
(iii) Rosewood and Mahogany. � All these factors change from place to
place. Therefore, the type and thickness
(iv) In large parts of India, Northern Australia of vegetation also varies from place to
and in central America. place.
(v)
Citrus fruits are cultivated in the region
marked for hot dry summer and mild rainy Answers to Practice Questions
winters.

(vi)
For making pulp which is used for OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
manufacturing paper and newsprint.
(vii) In the mid-latitudinal zones and the interior
part of the continents. Column I Column II
1. Tropical evergreen forests (b) Rosewood
2. Tick the correct answer.
2. Tropical deciduous forest (a) Shisham
(i) (c) Tundra vegetation
3. Temperate evergreen forest (e) Pine
(ii) (b) Hot and dry desertic climate 4. Temperate deciduous forests (d) Birch
(iii) (a) Monkey 5. Coniferous forest (c) Chir
(iv) (b) Pine
(v) (c) Central Asia
1. Anaconda is one of the world’s largest snakes found
in tropical rainforest.
Column I Column II 2. Ebony and rosewood are Mediterranean trees.
1. Walrus (c) A polar animal 3. Taiga means Pure in the Russion language.
2. Cedar (a) Soft wood tree 4. Savannah grasslands are in Africa.
5. The Temperate Evergreen forests are located in the
3. Olives (f ) A citrus fruit
mid-latitudinal coastal region.
4. Elephants (b) An animal of tropical
deciduous forest C. Give one word for the following.
5. Campos (g) Tropical grassland of 1. Tropical grasslands or savannas in Brazil: Compos
Brazil
2. Orchards of the world: Mediterranean
6. Downs (d) Temperate grassland in 3. The tall grass found in tropical grasslands: Elephant
Australia
grass
Answers 45
4. Trees which shed leaves during the dry season to LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
lessen water loss: Deciduous
1. Tropical evergreen forests
5. Forests that retain leaf cover throughout year:
Location: These forests occur in the regions near
Evergreen forests
the equator and close to the tropics.
Characteristics: Due to humid climate, these
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS forests have maximum number and variety of
1. Forests, grasslands and shrubs. plants.
2. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do Trees grow closer to each other. Therefore,
not shed their leaves altogether. sunlight cannot penetrate which results in the
absence of grass.
3. They are externally useful for making furniture.
Climate: These areas are hot and wet throughout
4. They adapt themselves with the help of their thick
the year, so it keeps the forest evergreen. There is
barks and wax coated leaves which help them no time for shedding leaves.
reduce transpiration.
2. Tropical Deciduous forests
5. Pheasants and Monals
Location: These forests are found in large parts of
6. Silver fox, mink and polar bear India. Northern Australia and Central America.
7. On either side of the equator extending till the Climate: Warm area and rainfall less than 200 cm
tropic.
Characteristics
8. The vegetation is found in the polar areas of Europe,
� The trees are deciduous as they shed leaves
Asia and North America.
during hot and dry season.
9. For their fruit cultivation
� These forests are less dense than rainforests.
10. Russian Therefore, commercial exploitation of these
forests is possible.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � Important trees are teak, sal, ebony, sandalwood
and neem.
1. The growth of vegetation depends on these factors:
Wildlife: Animals like elephants, rhinoceroses,
(a) Height of land;
tigers and langurs occur in these forests.
(b) Temperature; and
3. Temperate Deciduous forests
(c) Slope and thickness of soil.
Location: These forests are found in the north
2. � Forests grow where temperature and rainfall is eastern part of USA, China, New Zealand, Chile and
plentiful. also found in the coastal regions of western Europe.
� Grasslands are found in the region of moderate Climate: Rainfall is moderate and winters are cool.
rainfall.
Characteristics: They shed their leaves in the dry
� Shrubs grow in the dry region. season.
3. The polar region is covered with ice. The animals Important trees are beech, Oak, ash etc.
found here have thick fur and thick skin to protect
Wildlife: Animals like foxes, wolves, dear and birds
themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
like monals and pheasants are found here.
4. Tropical grasslands
4. Coniferous Forests
Location: They occur within the Tropical zones
Location: They are called taiga forests and found
between tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
in high latitudes between 50° N – 70° N and
Characteristics: Climate supports the growth of high mountains across Eurasia from the Atlantic
3 – 4 metre-tall grass, e.g. savanna grasslands. to the Pacific coast (Norway, Swedem, Finland,
Wildlife: Commonly found animals are lions, tigers, Russia), across north America (Canada) and in the
leopards, elephants, giraffes and zebras. Himalayan region in India.
5. The vegetation in the polar region is scarce. This is Climate: In these areas, summers are cool and
because of scanty rain and extreme cold. short, while winters are long and cold.
Characteristics � Trees are conical with needle shaped leaves.

� These forests consist of tall trees yielding soft � Chir, pine and cedar grown here are used for
wood. making paper.
� Limited species of trees are found. Wildlife: Due to cold climate, coniferous forests
� The trees are evergreen and grow apart from are rich in fur bearing animals, e.g. mink, silver fox,
each other. polar bear and lynx.
MIND MAPS
Answers 47
CHAPTER 7: HUMAN ENVIRONMENT – SETTLEMENT, TRANSPORT

AND COMMUNICATION

1. Answer the following questions. A. Match the following.
(i) Roadways, Airways, Waterways and Railways.
Column I Column II
(ii) Settlements are places where people build
their homes which can be permanent or 1. Roadways (d) Most common means of
temporary. transport
(iii) Agriculture, fishing, forestry, craft work and 2. Railways (a) Quick and cheep means of
transport
trading etc.
3. Waterways (b) Heavy and bulky goods
(iv) It can carry heavy goods and people over
long distances quickly. It is cheap, hence 4. Airways (c) Fastest means of transport
economical.
(v) Communication is the process of conveying B. Fill in the blanks.
message to others. 1. Invention of the wheel made transport easier.
(vi) The communication by which a large 2. In regions of heavy rainfall roofs are slanting.
number of audience can be reached at the 3. In places where water accumulates, the houses are
same time is called mass media. It consists constructed on a raised platform.
of newspaper, television, radio, etc.
4. Thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs are
2. Tick the correct answer. common in areas of hot climate.
(i) (c) Table (ii) (c) Subways
5. The golden quadrilateral connects Delhi, Mumbai,
(iii) (a) Ship (iv) (a) Cycle Chennai and Kolkata.
Column I Column II C. Give one word for the following.
1. Internet (e) a means of communication 1. Carrying of goods and people from one place to
another: Transport
2. Canal route (d) inland waterway
2. Exchanging of ides, skills and information:
3. Urban areas (a) areas where people are Communication
engaged in manufacturing,
trade and services 3. Roads built underground: Subways
4. Roads built over raised structure: Flyovers
4. Compact (b) closely built area of houses
settlement 5. The place where a building or a settlement
4. Give reasons. develops: Site
� Today’s world is shrinking because of
globalisation and improved means of transport VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
and communication.
1. Settlements are places where people build their
� Two persons can talk to or interact with each
homes.
other at any time by phones or internet even
while living in different parts of the world. 2. They lived on trees and caves.
� News reach all corners of the world. 3. It grew near the river valleys.
� We can reach anywhere due to improved means 4. With the development of trade, commerce and
of transportion. manufacturing, human settlement becomes larger.
5. Settlements which are occupied for a short time LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
are temporary settlements.
1. Merits of Airways
6. When people build a home to live in it is called
� It is the fastest means of transport.
permanent settlement.
� It is the only mode of transport to reach the most
7. The people living in deep forest, hot and cold
remote and distant areas.
deserts and mountains dwell in temporary
settlements. � Helicopters are used in inaccessible areas and
in times of calamities, for rescuing people and
8. It is a seasonal movement of people. distributing food, water and medicine.
9. Agricultural, fishing, forestry, craft work and Demerits of Airways
trading.
� It is the most expensive due to high cost of fuel.
10. Compact and scattered.
�
Air traffic is adversely affected by bad weather
conditions due to fog and storms.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2. � Roads can be either metalled or unmetalled.
1. Compact settlement � In India, roads have been built in terrains like
deserts, forests and even high mountains.
� A compact settlement is a closely built cluster of
�
Manali — Leh highway in the Himalayan
dwellings in an area.
mountains is one of the highest roadways in the
� It is found on flat lands. world.
Scattered settlement � We have underground loads called subways or
� In a scattered settlement, dwellings are spread underpaths.
over an extensive area. � Flyovers or roads over raised structure have also
�
This type of settlement is found in hilly tracts, been built.
thick forests wind regions of extreme climate. 3. � Waterways are the cheapest mode of transport
for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long
2. � The Railway network is well developed over the
distances.
plain area.
� They are of two types — Inland waterways and
�
The railways carry heavy goods and people over sea routes.
long distances quickly and cheap.
� Navigable rivers and lakes are used as inland
�
Indian railways network is well-developed and is waterways.
the largest in Asia. �
Sea routes and oceanic routes are used for
3. � In regions of heavy rainfall, they have slanting transporting goods from one country to another.
roofs. � These routes are connected with the ports.
�
Places where water accumulates in the rainy 4. �
Newspaper, radio and television are called
season the houses are constructed on a raised mass media because through them, we can
platform or stilts. communicate with large number of people.
� Satellites have helped in oil exploration, survey
�
Thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs
of forest underground water, mineral wealth,
are common in areas of hot climate.
weather forecast and disaster warning.
4. � Transport is the means by which people and �
We can also send electronic mails through
goods move. internet.
�
In our country, donkeys, mules, bullocks and �
Wireless telephonic communication through
camels are common. In the Andes mountains of cellular phones have become popular.
South America, llamas are used whereas people � Internet provides us with information and also
living in Tibet use yaks for this purpose. makes our life comfortable as we can book
� Aeroplanes have made travel faster. railway or cinema tickets from home
Answers 49
MIND MAPS
A
B.
CHAPTER 8: HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS

(THE TROPICAL AND THE SUBTROPICAL REGION)

Answers to NCERT Textbook
1. Kolkata is located on the river Hooghly.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 2. The rearing of silk worms is called Sericulture.
1. Answer the following questions. 3. Rohu and Hilsa are the variety of fish.
(i) South America 4. In the Brahmaputra plain, we find one horned
(ii) Food crops — Tapioca, pineapple, sweet rhinoceros.
potato, manioc 5. Bromeliads are special plants that store water in
Cash crops — Coffee, maize, cocoa. their leaves.
(iii) Toucans, humming birds, birds of paradise.
(iv) Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna C. Give one word for the following.
and Kolkata 1. The largest river basin in the world: Amazon basin
(v) In the Brahmaputra Plain (Assam)
2. Basin formed by the tributaries of river Ganga and
2. Tick the correct answer
Brahmaputra: Ganga Brahmaputra Basin
(i) (a) Birds (ii) (c) Amazon
3. Small rivers that join the main river: Tributaries
(iii) (b) Hooghly (iv) (a) Coniferous trees
(v) (b) Delta area 4. Large apartments like houses with a steeply
slanting roof: Maloca
5. Special plants that store water in their leaves:
Column I Column II
Bromeliads
1. Cotton textile (e) Ganga plain
2. Maloca (d) Slanting roof VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
3. Piranha (g) Fish
1. The place where a river flows into another body of
4. Silk worm (c) Sericulture
water is called the river’s mouth.
5. Kaziranga (a) Assam
2. Spanish explorers were attacked by local tribes
4. Give reasons. who used to wear headgears and grass skirts
(i) Rainforests are depleting due to the which reminded them of ancient Roman warriors
indiscriminate cutting of trees. called Amazons. So the name Amazon became
(ii) Paddy requires a lot of water. The Ganga- popular.
Brahmaputra plains receive heavy rainfall. 3. The main river along with all the tributaries that
Besides, it also has dense network of rivers drains an area forms a river basin or the catchment
which fulfill the requirement.
area.
4. They are special plants that store water in their
Answers to Practice Questions leaves.
OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS 5. It means the number of persons who live in

one sq. km of area.
6. Wheat, maize, sorghum, gram and millets.
Column I Column II
7. Terrace built on steep slopes to create flat surface.
1. Orchids (e) Plant parasites
2. Toucans (d) Bird 8. Susu.
3. Slota (b) Animal 9. It is an indication of the health of the river.
4. Anaconda (c) Snake 10. Local weeds that grow in the lake and is the food of
5. Piranha (a) Fish
the fish.
Answers 51

In parts of Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunchal
Pradesh, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and
1. � People grow most of their food in small areas
fir can be seen because the climate is cool and
after clearing some trees in the forest.
the slopes are steep.
� They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet
potato.
� They practise slash and burn agriculture.
1. � It is characterised by hot wet climate throughout
�
The staple food is manioc that grows
underground. the year.
� Cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also � Both days and nights are almost equally hot and
grown. humid.
2. � It is a way of cultivating land, where farmers clear � It rains almost everyday without much warning.
a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees �
The day temperature is high with very high
and bushes. humidity.
�
These are then burnt, which releases the
� At night, the temperature goes down but the
nutrients into the soil.
humidity remains high.
� Now crops are grown in this cleared field for a
few years. 2. � As it rains, heavily in this region, thick forests
grow.
� Then it is abandoned and soil fertility is restored.
� The forests are thick and the dense roof created
3. � It is estimated that large area of rainforest has
by leaves and branches do not allow the sunlight
been disappearing.
to reach the ground.
� This destruction has wider implications because
top-soil is washed away as rain falls. � The ground remains dark and damp.
�
The rainforest turns slowly into a barren � Only shade tolerant vegetation grow here.
landscape. � Orchids and bromeliads grow as plant parasites.
4. � The plains of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra, 3. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has a variety of
the mountains and the foothills of the Himalayas
wildlife. Some of the common animals found
and the Sunderbans delta are the main feature
here are elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys.
of this basin.
The one-horned rhinoceros is another striking
� Ox bow lakes dot the plain area.
feature of wildlife. In the delta area, Bengal tiger,
� The area is dominated by monsoon climate. crocodiles and alligators are found.
� The monsoon brings rain from mid-June to mid- 4. � Taj Mahal on the banks of river Yamuna at Agra is
September. an important tourist destination.
� The summers are hot and winters are cool.
�
Allahabad (now Prayagraj) stands tall on the
5. � In the Ganga and Brahmaputra plain, tropical confluence of the river Ganga and Yamuna.
deciduous trees grow, along with teak, sal and
peepal. � There are Buddist Stupas in Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar.
�
Thick bamboo groves are common in the
Brahmaputra plain. � Lucknow boasts of Imambara.
� The delta area is covered with the mangrove �

Assam has wildlife sanctuaries like Kaziranga
forests. and Manas.
MIND MAPS
A.
Answers 53
B.
CHAPTER 9: LIFE IN THE DESERTS

1. Answer the following questions. Column I Column II
(a) Hot desert and cold desert 1. Ladakh (d) Indus
(b) Africa. 2. Shahtoosh (e) Wool
3. Bats (b) Willow
(c) Cold and dry. 4. Leh (a) Capital
(d) To see gompas, meadows and glaciers. 5. Shey (c) Monastery
(e) Loose heavy robes to protect themselves
from hot winds and dust streams. B. Fill in the blanks.
(f )
Willows, poplars, apples, apricots and 1. Sahara is a hot desert.
walnuts. 2. The Ladakh desert is mainly inhibited by Buddhists
2. Tick the correct answer. and Muslims.
(i) (b) Northern 3. Ladakh is a cold desert.
(ii) (b) Hot 4. The National Highway connects Leh to Kashmir
valley through Zoji-la pass.
(iii) (b) Buddhists and Muslims
5. Gangri is a glacier.
(iv) (a) Scanty vegetation
(v) (c) Monastery C. Give one word for the following.
(vi) (c) Cotton 1. Local word for Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
3. Match the following. region: Gompas
2. A place where groundwater appears on land
Column I Column II
surface and helps in plant growth in desert: Oasis
1. Oasis (d) Depressions with water 3. World’s largest desert: Sahara desert
2. Bedouins (f ) Sahara 4. A cold desert where climate is extremely cold and
dry: Ladakh desert
3. Oil (a) Libya
5. Local name of Tibetan and endangered species:
4. Gangri (c) Glacier Chiru
5. Lamayuru (b) Monastery
4. Give Reasons.
1. It is an arid region characterised by extremely high
(i) This is due to extreme climatic conditions
or low temperatures and has scarce vegetation.
and lack of moisture.
2. Depressions are formed when the wind blows
(ii) They wear heavy robes to protect themselves away the sands.
from dust storms and hot winds. 3. Morocco.
Answers 55
4. ‘La’ means mountain pass and ‘Dak’ means country. � Tourists also visit ladakh to watch ceremonies
5. Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places on and festivities.
earth.
6. The word ‘Khapa-chan’ means ‘snow land’. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
7. Wool which is light in weight and extremely warm. 1. � The climate of the sahara desert is scorching hot
8. Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru and dry.
9. Rohtangla, Baralachala, Lungalachala, Tanglangla. � It has a short rainy season.
10. To make cheese and butter. � Days are hot and temperature my soar to as high
as 50°C.
�
The nights may be freezing cold with
1. Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, temperatures nearing zero degrees.
Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.
2. �
There are nomadic tribes like Bedouins and
2. � Sahara desert is covered with vast stretches of
Tuaregs.
sands.
� They bear live stocks such as goats, sheep, camel
�
These are also gravel plains and elevated
plateaus with bare rocky surface. and horses.
� These rocky surfaces may be more than 2500 m � These animals provide milk. Their hides are used
high at some places. to make leather for belts, shippers.
3. � Vegetation in the Sahara desert includes cactus, � Their hair is used for making mats, carpets and
date palms and acacia. blankets.
� In some places, there are oases – green islands
3. �
Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great
with data palms surrounding them.
Himalayas on the eastern side of Jammu and
� Camels, hyenas, Jackals, foxes, scorpions, snakes Kashmir.
and lizards are found here.
�
The Karakoram Range in the north and the
4. � The climate is extremely cold and dry.
Zanskar mountains in the south enclose it.
� The day temperature in summer is just below
zero degree and night temperatures well below � The rivers form deep valleys and gorges.
30°C. � Several glaciers are also found in Ladakh.
� It is freezing cold in the winters when temperate 4. � Groves of willows and poplars are seen in the
remains below 40°C most of the time. valleys.
� As it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas,
� Apples, apricots and walnuts are also grown.
their is little rainfall as low as 10 cm every year.
� It has birds like robins, Tibetan, snowcock, ravens,
5. �
The gompas are the most popular tourist
attraction in Ladakh. redstarts and hoopoes.
� There are also a number of meadows and glaciers � The animals of Ladakh are wild goats, wild sheep,
for the trekkers and nature lovers. yak and special kinds of dogs.
MIND MAPS
ANSWERS
CIVICS
CHAPTER 1: ON EQUALITY
1. When persons are treated unequally, their dignity
is violated.
2. Equality is the key feature of democracy.
1. The concept of universal adult franchise is 3. Joothan is an autobiography of Omprakash Valmiki.
important in democracy because it is based on
4. The Indian constitution recognizes every person as
equality which is the basis of any democracy in the equal.
world.
5. Dignity refers to thinking of other persons as
2. � Inequality in terms of access to shops, hotels and westing of respect.
places of public entertainment.
� The use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads etc. C. Give one word for the following.
by everyone irrespective of his/her caste. 1. A law which states that persons with disabilities
3. � In both cases, they were subjected to have equal rights: Disabilities Act
discrimination. 2. Document meant for government to follow:
� In both cases, the dignity of a person was Constitution
violated. 3. Meal served to children in government schools:
4. � It means that all have to obey the same laws. Mid-day meal
� No person can be discriminated against on the 4. Cornerstone of one democracy: Parliament
basis of religion or caste. 5. Key feature of democracy: Equality
� Equality is the soul of democracy which gives
equal importance and recognition to all. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. It is about his experiences of growing up as a Dalit
Answers to Practice Questions boy.
2. It means thinking of oneself and others as worthy
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS of self respect.
A. Match the following. 3. Dalit women.
Column I Column II 4. Tamil Nadu.
5. Inequality based on caste system and religion.
1. Rosa Parks (c) African-American
6. The change in the mindset and attitude of the
2. Om Prakash Valmiki (d) Dalit
people.
3. Parliament (a) Cornerstone of 7. Equality
Democracy
8. A famous Dalit writer.
4. Mid-day-meal scheme (e) Tamil Nadu
9. African-American women.
5. Civil Rights Movement (b) U.S.A.
10. In 1964.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � The mothers of these children do not have to
interrupt their work to feed their children at
1. Dalit is a term that the so-called lower castes use to home.
address themselves.
� This programme has also helped reduce caste
2. � He had to sit away on the floor. prejudice as all children eat this meal together.
� He was beaten without any reason. � It helps reduce the hunger of poor students
� He had to sweep the school and the playground. 2. � Rosa parks was an African-American woman.
3. � By picking on him and making him sweep the � She refused to give up her seat on a bus to a
school; white man.
� Making him feel less equal; � Her refusal started a huge agitation against the
� Making him do all that because of his caste. unequal ways in which African-American were
4. � Every person is equal before law. treated.
� No person can be discriminated against on the � This agitation led to civil rights movement.
basis of religion, race, caste. 3. � The civil right Act of 1964 prohibited
� Every person has access to all public places. discrimination on the basis of race, religion or
5. � Through laws; national origin.
� Through government programmes or schemes. � It also stated that all schools would be open to
African-American children.
� Despite this a majority of African-American
continue to be among the poorest in the country.
1. �
More children have begun enrolling and � Most of African-American children can only
regularly attending school. afford to attend government schools.
CHAPTER 2: ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH

1. ‘Living standard’ means the level of living of A. Match the following.

people.
Column I Column II
2. �
Increasing the number of hospitals and
1. Costa Rica (c) South America
healthcare centres;
2. Chikungunya (d) Mosquito
�
Organising free camps for the check-up of
3. Diarrhoea (e) Water borne
general public;
4. Anganwadis (a) Villages
� Organising pulse polio campaigns;
5. Khet Mazdoor Samiti (b) West Bengal
�
Spreading health awareness among common
people through different means.
3. Students will do this exercise as an assignment
1. India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in
based on their understanding of the chapter. the world.
4. �
Poor quality of water causes a lot of health 2. Most doctors settle in urban areas.
problems. 3. About five lakh people die form tuberculosis every
� Poor sanitation causes many epidemics giving year.
birth to insects and worms. 4. People in rural areas have to travel long distances
�
Dengue is caused by Aedes (mosquito) and to reach doctor.
malaria by a mosquito called anopheles. 5. Hepatitis is a water-borne disease.
Answers 59
C. Give one word for the following. 4. � It provides quality healthcare services either free
or at a low cost.
1. Diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis: Water-borne diseases
� It takes action to prevent the spread of diseases
2. Ability to remain free of illness and injuries: Health
such as tuberculosis, malaria and jaundice.
3. People who come from other countries for
� It is available in both rural and urban areas.
treatment: Medical tourists
5. � The court said that the difficulty that Hakim
4. Hospitals and health centres run by the
Sheikh had to face could have cost him his life.
government: Public Healthcare System
� It said that if was the duty of the government to
5. Activity or service that is organised by an individual provide the necessary health services.
or company for their own profit: Private Service
� As various government hospitals refused to
admit him, the state government was asked to
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION give Hakim Sheikh the money that he had spent
1. They expect that the government should work for on his treatment.
their welfare.
2. Registered medical practitioners. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
3. In rural areas. 1. � Adequate heath care system is not available to
4. It refers to the health of general public. all people in our country.
5. Government. � Private facilities are growing but public services
6. It refers to the quality of housing, material comfort are not growing in the same proportion.
and wealth of an individual. �
Medical expenses cause great hardship for the
7. Diseases that are spread form one person to poor.
another through water, food, air etc. �
Many tribal areas have very few health centres
8. Diseases, drinking water, food, sanitation, and most of them are not run properly.
environment and health.
2. � Public health services are run by the government,
9. Out Patient Department. while private health facilities are managed by
10. This is because women’s health concerns are individuals or companies.
considered to be less important than the health of
�
Public health services are either free or available
men in the family.
at a low cost, but private health services are run
for profit.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
�
Public health services are found both in rural
1. � Health is the ability of a person to remain free of and urban areas, but private health facilities are
illness and injuries. available in urban areas only.
� Safe drinking water and clean surroundings are 3. � Costa Rica is a country in North America.
essential for a good health. � The costa Rican government gives much
� Being active and in good spirits are also essential importance to the health of its citizens.
for good health. � It decided not to have an army, but utilised the
2. � India has a good number of doctors, clinics and funds on basic services and amenities.
hospitals. � It provides clean drinking water, sanitation,
� Healthcare facilities have grown substantially nutrition and housing.
over the years. 4. � It gave 40% of the state budget to panchayats.
� India is the fourth largest producer of medicine � This made it possible for a village to make sure
in the world. that proper planning was done for water, food,
3. � Rural people face the crisis of doctors. and education.
� About five lakh people die from tuberculosis � Due to it, working of schools and anganwadis
every year. was ensured.
� About two million cases of malaria are reported. � Health centres were also improved.
CHAPTER 3: HOW THE STATE GOVERNMENT WORKS

1. Every state in India has a Legislative assembly.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 2. The majority party is also called as ruling party.
1. Constituency is a particular area represented by a 3. Some MLAs have dual responsibilities.
person in a state legislative body when all voters 4. Members of the legislative assembly are elected by
living in that area elect. the people.
�
The person who gets maximum votes is declared 5. In a democracy, it is the people who have the main
elected as the MLA (Member of Legislative authority.
Assembly) from that area.
�
Each constituency elects one representative for C. Give one word for the following.
the legislative assembly.
1. Political organisation which contests election:
2. � The chief minister forms a ministry which
Political party
includes some members of his party as ministers.
2. A person who stands in an election: Candidate
�
All ministers are MLAs from different consti
tuencies. 3. A fight between various political parties and
3. � To discuss whether the decision is in the interest candidates: Elections
of the people; 4. A candidate who contests election without any
�
To know the cost; party’s support: Independent candidate
�
To know if it is objectionable for any community. 5. Distributing pamphlets and holding rallies:
4. Public meeting: Condemned the government and Campaigning
raised protest.
Legislative Assembly: Discussed and decided the VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
course of action.
1.
It is the organ of the government involved in
Press conference: Health minister presented the
making laws.
place of action.
Chief minister: Visited the village, announced 2. It is a place where the voters caste their votes.
compensation and clarified the future action plan. 3. The governor of a state is appoints by the central
government.
Answers to Practice Questions 4. A wallpaper is an activity through which research
can be done on a topic.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 5. People organise meetings to protest and voice
A. Match the following. their opinions against the government.
Column I Column II 6. These are local, state and national.
1. Head of the state (c) Governor 7. MLA stands for ‘Member of the legislative assembly‘.
2. Head of the executive (d) Chief Minister 8. A political party is said to be in majority if its
3. Working of the (e) Three levels MLAs have won more than half the number of
government constituencies in a state.
4. Patalpuram (b) Diarrhoea 9. Governor appoints the chief minister.
5. Discussion on current (a) Press conference 10. Health, railway, finance, eduction are some of the
issues
major departments of a state government.
Answers 61

The party which earns more than half of the
seats is said to be in majority.
1. � An MLA is a member of the legislative assembly.
�
The party with majority of seats is usually invited
� He is elected through a general election.
to form the government.
� He represents a particular constituency.
2. � It is termed as opposition party. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
� It keeps a watch over the functioning of the
1. � It is a gathering of journalists from media.
ruling party.
�
They are invited to hear and ask questions on
� It checks and protests any wrong action of the
various issues.
government.
�
They are expected to report about the same to
3. � He is the executive head of the government.
the larger public.
�
He is responsible for every action of the
2. � Opinions are expressed in the legislative
government. assembly.
�
He coordinates between the government at the �
Newspapers and TV channels also regularly talk
centre and at the state. about government.
4. � A general election is conducted. � Discussions are also done in press conferences.
CHAPTER 4: GROWING UP AS BOYS AND GIRLS

3. � Boys usually play with cars, and games such as
NCERT Textbook Answers cricket, football, hockey etc.
� Girls play with dolls. They play badminton, table
tennis etc.
1. (a) True The work boys do is given more � Boys are expected to do works which highlight
importance. their manly features but girls are expected to
(b) False From the very early age, boys are have feminine virtues.
taught to be tough and girls to be � These are the ways of telling children that they
mild and soft.
have specific roles to play when they grow up.
(c) False Women who stay at home cook food,
4. Students will be asked to do this as homework.
wash clothes, sweep floor etc.
(d) True It is assumed that the work women
do at home comes naturally to them. Answers to Practice Questions
2. (a) Invisible Housework mostly done by
women is overlooked and OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
therefore it remains invisible.
(b) Physically Carrying heavy headloads
demanding of firewood and fetching Column I Column II
water along with many other
domestic chores are tough and 1. Samoan (d) Pacific Ocean
difficult.
2. Hide and seek (e) Girls
These tasks demand a lot of
physical involvement. 3. Cricket (b) Boys
(c) Time Women's routine begins from 4. Girls school (a) Central courtyard
consuming early morning and continues up
late night. 5. Boys (c) Tough
B. Fill in the blanks. 9. Girls’ schools had a central courtyard where girls
1. Fishing was an important activity in the samoan played in total seclusion.
islands. 10. Washing clothes, cleaning , sweeping,cooking etc.
2. Girls are given dolls to play with.
3. Society devalues the work of women. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
4. The provision of creches helps women to take up 1. � Boys used the streets as a place to stand around
employment outside the home. idling.
5. Equality is an important principle of our � They played and tried out tricks with their
constitution. bicycles.
� They never reached home in time.
2. � They look after the family, children, elderly and
1. An important principle of our constitution: Equality sick members.
2. Child-care centres in villages: Anganwadis � They cook food.
3. Child-care centres in organisations: Creches � They wash clothes and maintain cleanliness.
4. Looking after children, elderly and sick: Care giving 3. � The government has set up anganwadis in
5. To work both at home and outside: Double burden villages.
� It has passed laws and has made it mandatory
for organisations to provide creche facilities.
4. More girls’ schools have been opened.
1. This is because domestic work does not have much
value. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. Fishing is the most important activity on the
Samoan Islands. 1. � Samoan children did not go to school.
3. This is because they are afraid of being teased or � They learnt from their elders how to take care of
attacked. children or do the housework.
4. It means that for the girls, the street was simply a � Young people learnt to undertake fishing
place to get straight home. expeditions.
5. In the southern part of the Pacific Ocean. � Both boys and girls used to look after their
6. They include taking proper and good care of younger siblings.
children,elderly and sick people in the family. 2. � House work is invisible.
7. When a person does not get recognition for the � It is unpaid work.
work done by him. � House work is physically demanding.
8. Equality � It is time consuming.
CHAPTER 5: WOMEN CHANGE THE WORLD

2. � After learning the alphabet, they could achieve
NCERT Textbook Answers their goals, fulfill their dreams and contribute to
society.
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 3. This statement is not true because
� Most families are poor and unable to bear the
1. � Due to stereotypes attached to them, women do
cost of education.
not get the support that they are entitled to.
� Educating boys is a preference.
�
This lack of support makes them weak. � No transport facilities are available.
�
This forces society to assign only certain tasks to 4. I would choose the method of raising awareness
women. because I think violence is not a justified method.
Answers 63
Answers to Practice Questions SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. � It is believed that women are more patient and
OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS gentle.
� Based on this belief, it is assumed that women
A. Match the following. make better nurses.
Column I Column II 2. � Laxmi Lakra belongs to a poor tribal family in
1. Laxmi Lakra (b) Engine driver Jharkhand.
2. Rokeya Hossain (c) Sultana’s dream � She is the first woman engine driver.
3. Ramabai (e) Pandita � She loves challenges.
3. � Boys are pressurised to think about getting a
4. Neeta Lal (a) Driving her train
lucrative job.
5. Khedgaon (d) Pune
� They are teased if they do not behave like other
boys.
4. � Daughters were not allowed to learn the
1. Women’s day is celebrated on 8 March. alphabet.
2. Laxmi Lakra belongs to Jharkhand. � Even in families where pottery, weaving and
3. 83.6% of women are engaged in agricultural work. craft were taught, the contribution of women
was seen as supportive.
4. Rokeya started a school for girls at Calcutta.
� As they were not allowed to operate the wheel,
5. Census is held after every ten years. they were not seen as potters.
1. First women engine driver: Laxmi Lakra
2. Not treating people equally: Discrimination 1. � Ramabai championed the cause of women’s
education.
3. law passed in 2006 for women: Protection of
� She was given the title of Pandita.
Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
� She set up a mission in khedgaon for widows.
4. Cases of young brides being murdered for dowry:
� She learnt to read and write from her parents.
Dowry deaths
2. � It led some women to question the situation of
5. Women’s collective struggle: Women’s movement women in society.
� They wrote stories and autobiographies.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � They wrote about inequalities.
1. The autobiography of Rashsundari Devi was Amar � They also imagined new ways of thinking.
Jiban. 3. � It was an imaginary place where women had the
2. She was given that title because she knew how to freedom to read and work.
read and write Sanskrit. � Women could fly air cars.
3. Census is the official count of the whole population � In Ladyland, men were sent into seclusion.
of the country. � The weapon of war used by men were defeated
4. Dowry deaths are the murder of young brides for by the brain power of women.
more dowry. 4. � In 1980s, women’s groups spoke out against
dowry deaths.
5. She started a school for girls in Kolkata.
� Women’s groups spoke out against the failures
6. She learnt to read and write, with the support of
to bring these cases to Justice.
her elder brother and an elder sister.
� Women did so by coming on to the streets,
7. It means ‘The life of a saint’.
approaching the court.
8. She is an active member of the women’s movement. � Eventually, this became a public issue and dowry
9. Planting, weeding, harvesting and threshing. laws were changed to punish families who seek
10. Laxmi Lakra loves challenges. dowry.
CHAPTER 6: UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

1. T.V., newspapers, internet: Media
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS 2. Media is the plural form of: Medium
3. The period between 1975-1977: Emergency
1. � It provides news covering a wide range of
4. Newspaper run by eight Dalit women: Khabar
information on different things happening
Lahriya
around the world.
� It criticises the unpopular policies and 5. Prohibiting from being published: Censorship
programmes.
� It forms public opinion. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
� It provides awareness among masses. 1. ‘Media’ includes all forms of communication like
2. Title: Media and Big Business house. radio, television, newspapers.
� Business houses attract people to promote 2. Community radio, documentary films and local
products. newspapers are different forms of local media.
� It is the cheapest means to reach people. 3. Television has enabled us to think of ourselves as
3. � Media can build up public opinion in favour of or men of a larger global world.
against any issue. 4. Mass media earns money by advertising.
� Unfortunately, it has diverted from its real 5. A report which discusses all points of view.
agenda. 6. Media can write a balanced report only when it is
� Instead of highlighting public issues that demand independent.
immediate attention, it now concentrates on
7. It means media will fail to give a balanced report.
diversionary agendas like fashion shows etc.
8. They have realised that main media is not interested
4. Mass media earns money from advertising.
in covering small issues.
9. Bundeli.
10. Electronic typewriter.
1. �
It has enabled us to think of ourselves as
Column I Column II
members of a larger global world.
1. Newspaper (b) Print Media
�
It allows us to view news and entertainment
2. Radio (d) Electronic media channels from other parts of the world.
3. Gutenberg (e) Bible � Television has brought the world closer to us.
4. Television (a) John L. Baird 2. � A TV studio has lights, cameras and recorders,
5. Khabar Lahriya (c) Chitrakoot which cost a lot of money.
� Newsreader and other people, who help put the
B. Fill in the blanks. broadcast together, have to be paid.
1. Media drew our attention to levels of pesticides in �
Technologies that mass media use keep
cola. changing. So, a lot of money is required to buy
2. The language of khabar Lahriya is Bundeli. them.
3. Chitrakoot district is in Uttar Pradesh. 3. � They disrupt traffic.
4. It is commonly said that the media sets the agenda. � They hamper the working of others.
5. Gutenberg invented the printing press. � They sometimes turn unruly.
Answers 65
4. � A media can truly claim independence when. � By starting a signature comparing.
� It is not controlled by anybody. �
By asking the government to rethink its
� There is no influence on its coverage of news. programme.
� No one dictates what to include and what to 3. � Media is the backbone of democracy.
exclude. � It exposes loopholes in the democratic system.
� It makes a system more accountable.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
� It also makes the government responsive and
1. � Government has a big control over media. citizen friendly.
� Business houses control media. 4. �
Several local groups have started their own
� It does not report against people who give them media.
advertising. � People use community radio to tell farmers about
� It tends to focus on that aspect of a story which the prices of crops, use of seeds and fertilizer.
makes it interesting. � They cover issues involving ordinary people.
2. � By writing litters to the concerned ministers. � They report on real life conditions faced by poor
� By organising a public protest. communities.
CHAPTER 7: MARKETS AROUND US

5. � One can make online purchases.
� We can place orders through the internet.
� In clinics and nursing homes, medical represen-
tatives sell medicines directly.
1. � A hawker provides door to door service, but a
shop owner runs his shop at one fixed place. Answers to Practice Questions
�
A hawker sells his goods at minimum profit,
whereas a shop owner sells it at costlier rates. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
2. Market Goods Price Sellers Buyers A. Match the following.
Weekly Vegetables, Cheap Hawkers and Low
Column I Column II
market groceries, small traders income
utensils group 1. Colgate (c) Toothpaste
Shopping Branded High Big Wealthly 2. Dove (d) Soap
complex items businessmen 3. Crack-jack (e) Biscuits
and traders
4. Sunflower (a) Oil
3. � Production is done at factories or farms. 5. Bisleri (b) Water
� A product is bought by wholesale traders.
� It is then sold to retailers. B. Fill in the blanks.
� Consumers buy it from retailers. 1. Weekly markets are not daily markets.
�
It maintains flow of money and promotes 2. Enclosed shopping space is a mall.
coordination in society. 3. Malls sell expensive and branded products.
4. Yes, it is true that everyone has equal right to visit 4. Wholesale treaders purchase in bulk.
any shop, but the capacity to buy from the store 5. People use their credit cards to make online
makes the right unequal. purchases.
C. Give one word for the following. 2. � He buys goods in large quantities.
1. Card used to make online purchases: Credit card � He then sells it to other leaders.
2. People in between the producer and the consumer: � He establishes a link between the producers and
Traders the consumers.
3. Trader who sells to the consumers: Retailer 3. �
Shop owners in a weekly market are small
4. Place where goods first reach and are then supplied traders while owner of shopping complex are
to other traders: Wholesale markets big parties.
5. Multi-storages air conditioned buildings: Malls �
Shop owners of a weekly market earn little
compared to the profit of a shop owner in a
shopping complex.
4. � Aftab is a wholesaler of vegetable.
1. This is because it is held on a specific day of the
� He buys vegetables in bulk.
week.
�
After that, he sells them to hawkers and
2. This is because there are many shops that sell the
shopkeepers.
same goods.
3. He is a small trader in the weekly market.
4. He buys clothes from a large trader and sells them
in six different markets in a week. 1. � We do not see equality in the market.
5. Vegetable hawker, fruit vender and mechanic. � Big business persons earn huge profit.
6. This is because the producer is not interested in � Small traders earn very little.
selling goods in small quantities. �
In the market, we also see different type of
7. A retailer is a small trader who buys goods from the buyers.
wholesale trader and sells it to the consumer. 2. � Hawkers do not have permanent shops.
8. This is where goods first reach and then supplied to �
They generally sell items like vegetables and
other traders. fruits.
9. He is a wholesaler in the city. � They are found more in weekly markets.
10. He purchases vegetables in bulk and sells them to � Their income level is less than that of a shop
hawkers and shopkeepers. owner.
3. � Traders supply goods from the produces to the
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS consumers.
1. � Malls are usually found in urban areas. � In wholesale markets, dealers buy the goods in
� They are large multi storeyed air conditioned bulk.
buildings. �
These dealers then sell the goods in weekly
� These sell both branded and non branded goods. markets to consumers.
CHAPTER 8: A SHIRT IN THE MARKET

promised that she would sell all her cotton to the
NCERT Textbook Answers trader only.
2. Conditions of employment:
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS � Workers have to work for long hours
� They are employed on temporary basis.
1. She had taken a loan on a high interest rate to � Wages are low and irregular.
buy seeds, pesticides, fertilizers etc and she had No, the workers do not get a fair deal.
Answers 67

1. � During cropping season, they take loan from the
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS local traders.
A. Match the following. � Whenever there is illness in the family, they seek
Column I Column II financial help form the local trader.
1. Swapna (b) A small farmer � During seasonal unemployment, they borrow
2. Kurnool (d) Andhra Pradesh money from them.
3. Erode (e) Cloth market 2. � Weavers form a group and take up activities
4. Exporter (a) One who sells goods abroad collectively.
5. Co-optex (c) Stores � They get yarn from the yarn dealer and distribute
B. Fill in the blanks. it among the weavers.
� The cooperative also does the marketing.
1. Buying and selling take place at every step in the
chain of market. 3. � The Impex garment factory mostly employs
2. Erode is a bi-weekly cloth market. women.
3. The foreign business persons make huge profits. � The workers work on temporary basis.
4. Tamil Nadu government runs a free school uniform � The wages are fixed according to their skills.
programme. 4. � He sells his shirts to people belonging to high
5. In a cooperative, people with common interest income.
come together and work for their mutual benefits. � He is able to sell a large number of shirts every
day.
� He gets work done by the garment exporter at
1. Weaver’s cooperative stores: Co-optex
the lowest possible price.
2. Mill which removes the seeds and presses the
cotton into bales: Ginning mill
3. Mill which spins the cotton into yarn: Spinning mill LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
4. Market which is held twice a week: bi-weekly 1. � They demand the lowest prices.
market � They set high standards for quality.
5. Those who make high profits in the market: � They ask for timely delivery.
Foreign business person
� Garment exporters agree to these demands as
they are still able to make huge profits even after
that.
1. No, the local trader paid her low price. 2. Advantages
2. They supply cloth on order to garment � Weavers do not have to spend their money on
manufacturers and exporters around the counter. the purchase of yarn.
3. They are dependent on cloth merchants for raw � They are also free from the tension of selling the
materials and markets. finished cloths.
4. For the benefit of those who are in want of capital.
Disadvantages
5. This is because women agree to work even at the
� Weavers become dependent on merchants for
lowest possible wages.
raw materials as well as markets.
6. It is an arrangement where the cloth merchants
� Weavers remain unaware of who they are
supply the raw material to the weavers and receive
the finished product garment factory. weaving the cloth for, and at what rice it will be
7. Thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging. sold.
8. On the condition that she would sell all her cotton 3. � Poor depend for loans and raw materials on the
to him. rich.
9. Swapna took loan from the local trader to buy � They are also dependent on rich for marketing of
seeds, fertilizers and pesticides for the cultivation their goods and for employment.
of cotton. � This dependence makes the poor miserable.
10. She was a small farmer who grew cotton. � They get low wages against hard labour.
CHAPTER 9: STRUGGLES FOR EQUALITY

9. Discrimination on the basis of person’s religion,
Answers to Practice Questions caste and gender are the factors responsible for
the unequal treatment muted out to them.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 10. This is because of the building of dams or forest
A. Match the following. areas being declared as sanctuaries.
Column I Column II
1. Bastis (d) Poor people
1. � Due to poverty
2. Sanctuaries (c) Animals
� Social discrimination
3. Omprakash Valmiki (a) Dalit
� Lack of good quality school
4. Tawa Mastya Sangh (b) Madhya Pradesh
2. � It was a cooperative formed in Madhya Pradesh.
B. Fill in the blanks. � It was for the welfare of fish workers.
� It is an example of people coming together to
1. A dam is built across a river.
fight for an issue.
2. River Tawa flows through Betul.
3. � People are forced to go and build new homes.
3. Tawa Mastsya Sangh was formed in Madhya Pradesh.
� They have to start new lives elsewhere.
4. Forest dwellers of the Satpura forest were displaced � The schooling of the children is disrupted.
in Madhya Pradesh.
4. � A dam is built across a river at sites where one
can collect a lot of water.
� This forms a reservoir.
1. To hold chakka Jam: Road blockade
� The wall of the dam across the river is high and
2. Central to democracy: Equality the water spreads over a large area.
3. Federation of fish workers cooperative: Tawa 5. � The government gave the rights for fishing in the
Mastsys Sangh Tawa reservoir to private contractors.
4. To earn a living: Livelihood � Contractors drove the local people and got
cheap labour from outside.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � Contractors bought hoodlums to treat the
villagers badly, so they decided to form Tawa
1. Poverty and lack of resources.
Mastsya Sangh.
2. He was discriminated against because he was a
Dalit.
3. Ansaris were not able to find apartment because of
their religion. 1. � They buy the catch at a fair price.
4. It was formed in Madhya Pradesh. � They arrange for transport.
5. Poor people live in bastis. � They also give lord for buying nets.
6. The purpose of the Tawa Matsya Sangh is to fight � They help to reserve the fish in the reservoir.
for the rights of the displaced forest dwellers of the 2. � Privatisation of health services.
Satpura Forest. � Increasing control that business houses exert on
7. It began to be built in 1958 and was completed in the media.
1978. � Low value given to women and their work.
8. In chindwara district. � Low earnings made by small farmers.

Document 5 3 2024

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document 5 3 2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Chapterwise Complete Solution

First Published 2020

4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002

CHAPTER 1: TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 2: NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � 

7. China � Brahamadeya – Land gifted to Brahmanas

8. Rajendra I � Shalabhoga – Land for the maintenance of a

� He became king in 985 and expanded control � 

CHAPTER 3: THE DELHI SULTANS

NCERT Textbook Answers Answers to Practice Questions

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Tomara Rajputs A. Match the following.

� It was necessary therefore to keep the peasantry

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2. � 

CHAPTER 4: THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

CHAPTER 5: RULERS AND BUILDINGS

4. � Arches above does and windows. � 

CHAPTER 6: TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS

Answers to Practice Questions SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 7: TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES

3. Those forced to work for the state: Paiks � 

CHAPTER 8: DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE

C. Give one word for the following. � 

CHAPTER 9: THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � 

CHAPTER 10: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

� They reduced the number of Jagirdars appointed � 

biotic and abiotic conditions that exist on 4. Give reasons.

B. Fill in the blanks. 2. � Equilibrium between physical environment and

1. Blanket of air which surrounds the earth: � 

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � It is also a source of mineral wealth.

1. 2. � Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds

CHAPTER 2: INSIDE OUR EARTH

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 3: OUR CHANGING EARTH

NCERT Textbook Answers Answers to Practice Questions

or sleet is called precipitation. 4. Ocean currents (d) Streams of water moving

CHAPTER 6: NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE

Characteristics � Trees are conical with needle shaped leaves.

CHAPTER 7: HUMAN ENVIRONMENT – SETTLEMENT, TRANSPORT

NCERT Textbook Answers Answers to Practice Questions

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER-END QUESTIONS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 8: HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS

B. Fill in the blanks.

OBJECTIVE TYPES QUESTIONS 5. It means the number of persons who live in

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � 

� The delta area is covered with the mangrove � 

CHAPTER 9: LIFE IN THE DESERTS

NCERT Textbook Answers Answers to Practice Questions

CHAPTER 2: ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN HEALTH

1. ‘Living standard’ means the level of living of A. Match the following.

CHAPTER 3: HOW THE STATE GOVERNMENT WORKS

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � 

CHAPTER 4: GROWING UP AS BOYS AND GIRLS

CHAPTER 5: WOMEN CHANGE THE WORLD

Answers to Practice Questions SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 6: UNDERSTANDING MEDIA

CHAPTER 7: MARKETS AROUND US

CHAPTER 8: A SHIRT IN THE MARKET

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �

8. Rajendra I � Shalabhoga – Land for the maintenance of a

� He became king in 985 and expanded control �

� It was necessary therefore to keep the peasantry

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 2. �

4. � Arches above does and windows. �

3. Those forced to work for the state: Paiks �

C. Give one word for the following. �

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �

� They reduced the number of Jagirdars appointed �

B. Fill in the blanks. 2. � Equilibrium between physical environment and

1. Blanket of air which surrounds the earth: �

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS � It is also a source of mineral wealth.

1. 2. � Atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds

Characteristics � Trees are conical with needle shaped leaves.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �

� The delta area is covered with the mangrove �

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS �