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opinión servirá para ayudar a mejorar el Traductor de Google

Curso
Diseño de Jarcena
0RGXOR

 'LVHxRGHOMDUGtQREMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ
7HUUHQR\VXVDOUHGHGRUHVWDPDxRFDVD\
MDUGtQ3ODQHDPLHQWRGHOMDUGtQSULQFLSLRVHVWLOR
\HOHFFLyQGHSODQWDV2EMHWR\XWLOL]DFLyQGH
MDUGtQ'LIHUHQWHVHVWLORVGHMDUGtQ2UQDPHQWDO
+XHUWR)DPLOLD1DWXUDO)RUHVWDO&OiVLFR
,QIRUPDO([WURYHUWLGR6REULR5XUDO8UEDQR
3DUDQLxRV'HSRUWH\MXHJRVHQHOMDUGtQ
2EMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 (OMDUGtQIRUPDSDUWHGHODYLYLHQGDFRPR
SURORQJDFLyQGHpVWDDODLUHOLEUHFRPR
FXDOTXLHUKDELWDFLyQGHODFDVDKDGHVHUDOD
YH]DWUDFWLYR\IXQFLRQDO\VXFRPSRVLFLyQGHEH
VHUYLUGHUHFUHRDODYLVWD8QMDUGtQSXHGHVHU
XQSDLVDMHSULYDGRDSHTXHxDHVFDODFRQXQD
GLPHQVLyQGLVWLQWDGHODGHFXDOTXLHUKDELWDFLyQ
GHOLQWHULRUGHODFDVDODGHFDPELDU
FRQVWDQWHPHQWHGHDVSHFWRSRUODOX]HOWLHPSR
ODKRUDGHOGtDVODVHVWDFLRQHV(OGLVHxRRIUHFH
2EMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 /DRSRUWXQLGDGGHVDFDUHOPD\RSURYHFKRGHO
MDUGtQVLQJUDQSUHVXSXHVWR$OJXQRVMDUGLQHV
SDUHFHQHYROXFLRQDUFRQODVDxRVGHIRUPDFDVL
IRUWXLWD(PSLH]DQTXL]iVFRQXQFpVSHG\DOJ~Q
TXHRWURPDFL]RGHIORUHV$OFDERGHOWLHPSRVH
OHYDQDxDGLHQGRRWURVHOHPHQWRVURFDV
YHUGXUDVURVDOHVHVWDQTXHGHDJXDYDOODV
PXURVVHQGHURVFRQIRUPHORGLFWDHOJXVWRROR
LPSRQHQODVQHFHVLGDGHV(VWHVLVWHPDSXHGH
WHQHUp[LWRHQXQMDUGtQJUDQGHGRQHKD\D
2EMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 (VSDFLRVXILFLHQWHSDUDDFRPRGDUFDGD
LQQRYDFLyQ3HURHOMDUGtQQRGHEHVHUXQ
PXHVWUDULRGHFpVSHGHV\ERUGXUDVVLQRTXH
SUHFLVDFLHUWDXQLIRUPLGDGTXHVRORVHFRQVLJXH
DEDVHGHHVWXGLR$GHPiVORVMDUGLQHVPiV
UHGXFLGRVTXHVRQODPD\RUtDQRVHSXHGH
GHVSHUGLFLDUHVSDFLR\HOKHFKRGHHQIRFDUVX
HYROXFLyQSRUHOVLVWHPDPHQFLRQDGRSXHGH
OOHYDUDXQUHVXOWDGRSRFRVDWLVIDFWRULR\HQHO
SHRUGHORVFDVRVDXQDVHOYDFDyWLFD6H
2EMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 &RPSUHQGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOSODQHDPLHQWR(O
REMHWRGHORVMDUGLQHVFRQVLVWHHQHOGHVDKRJRD
ODFDVDSHUPLWLUTXHODWLHUUDVHH[SUHVHSDUD
ORJUDUXQPHMRUHIHFWR0HGLDQWHHOGLVHxR
FRKHUHQWHVHOHGDDOMDUGtQXQULWPRYLGDKH
LQWHUpV3DUDTXHODFRQWULEXFLyQGHiUEROHV
DUEXVWRV\RWUDVVHDSRVLWLYDHVSUHFLVRKDFHU
XQDFRUUHFWDHOHFFLyQSHQVDQGRHQHOMDUGtQ
FRPRXQFRQMXQWR7RGRVpVWRVHOHPHQWRV
SXHGHQXWLOL]DUVHSDUDPRGLILFDUODSHUVSHVWLYD
2EMHWRGHGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 <FUHDUXQDDWPyVIHUD\HVWLORFRQVLGHUDQGRVXV
SRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDRFXOWDU]RQDVDQWLHVWpWLFDV\
VXDYL]DUODGXUH]DGHDOJXQDVOtQHDV$XQTXH
PXFKRVMDUGLQHVERQLWRVDSDUHFHQUHERVDQWHV
GHSODQWDVQRKD\TXHROYLGDUTXHODSODQWDFLyQ
LQGLVFULPLQDGDFRQGXFHDOIUDFDVR3DUDH[WUDHU
HOPi[LPRGHSRVLELOLGDGHVGHFRUDWLYDVDOMDUGtQ
\DVHJXUDUHOp[LWRDWUDYpVGHORVDxRVHV
SUHFLVRHOHJLUSODQWDVFRQIRUPHDXQSODQ
HVWDEOHFLGR
2EMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 HOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQFRQWULEXLUiDDKRUUDUWLHPSR
\GLQHUR(VDFRQVHMDEOHSUHYHHUXQ
SUHVXSXHVWRHLUORGHVSOHJDQGRGXUDQWHXQD
WHPSRUDGD\DTXHODVGLVWLQWDVHWDSDVGHO
GLVHxRSXHGHQLQLFLDUVHRSRVSRQHUVHVHJ~QODV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDVGHHVWDIRUPDVHHYLWDUiHUURUHV
GHFRVWRV\VHWHQGUiODVHJXULGDGGHFRQVHJXLU
XQMDUGtQDFRUGHDODVQHFHVLGDGHV\FRQORV
FXLGDGRVTXHVHOHSLHQVDGHGLFDU
3ODQHDPLHQWRGHOMDUGTQ

 8QEXHQVLVWHPDSDUDLQLFLDUHOGLVHxRGHOQXHYR
MDUGtQFRQVLVWHHQUHDOL]DUXQSODQRVHQFLOOR(VWD
EDVHOHGDUiODRSRUWXQLGDGGHHVWXGLDUHOMDUGtQ
\GHIDPLOLDUL]DUVHFRQVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV\
GHWDOOHV$GHPiVGHODIRUPD\GLPHQVLRQHV
VHUiSUHFLVRDQRWDUODGLVSRVLFLyQGHODWLHUUD\OD
H[LVWHQFLDGHSRVLEOHVHVWUXFWXUDV\HOHPHQWRV
ILMRVHVWRVIDFWRUHVSXHGHQDOWHUDUHOUHVXOWDGR
ILQDO$QWHVGHHPSH]DUFXDOTXLHUGLVHxRVH
GHEHGHFLGLUODXWLOL]DFLyQTXHVHOHYD
3ODQHDPLHQWRGHOMDUGTQ

 $GDUDOMDUGtQHVWHSXHGHVHUGHFRUDWLYRRSUiFWLFR+D\
TXHGHFLGLUHQSULPHUOXJDUODRULHQWDFLyQTXHVHSLHQVD
GDUDOMDUGtQ\KDFHUVHJXLGDPHQWHXQDOLVWDGH
SULRULGDGHV$XQTXHHOWHUUHQRVHDSHTXHxRHYLWDQGR
ORVHOHPHQWRVJUDQGHVVHGHVFXEULUiTXHFXDOTXLHU
MDUGtQSXHGHVHUYLUDP~OWLSOHVIXQFLRQHV\SURSyVLWRV
8QDYH]WHUPLQDGDODOLVWDVHHVWXGLDUiODGLVSRVLFLyQGH
ORVGLYHUVRVHOHPHQWRVHQFRSLDVGHOSODQR6HKDUiQ
ERFHWRVTXHUHSUHVHQWHQORVGLVWLQWRVHOHPHQWRV\VHLUi
FDPELDQGRVXGLVWULEXFLyQFRQIRUPHSURJUHVHQODVLGHDV
$FWLYLGDG

 0DUFDVFRQXQDFUX]ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRUUHFWDVGHO
REMHWRGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 2IUHFHODRSRUWXQLGDGGHVDFDUPD\RUSURYHFKRDOMDUGtQ;
 6LHOMDUGtQHVSHTXHxRODVRSFLRQHVVRQFDVLQXODV
 3DUDPHMRUDUXQMDUGtQQRHVQHFHVDULRXQSODQSUHHVWDEOHFLGR
 /RVHOHPHQWRVGHGHOMDUGtQSXHGHQD\XGDUDFDPELDUHOHVWLORGHO
MDUGtQ;
 'LVHxDUHOMDUGtQQRDKRUUDWLHPSR\GLQHUR
 (OSODQSUHHVWDEOHFLGRD\XGDDHOHJLUODVSODQWDVGHOMDUGtQ;
3ULQFLSLRVGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGTQ

 (OVHQWLGRGHOHVSDFLRHVXQHOHPHQWR
LPSRUWDQWHHQHOGLVHxRGHXQMDUGtQ6LpVWHHV
GHJUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQHVKD\TXHGDUOHUHDOFHD
VXPDJQLWXGKDVWDPLPHWL]DUORFRQHOSDLVDMH
TXHORURGHD6LVHWUDWDGHXQMDUGtQSHTXHxR
JUDFLDVDOVHQWLGRGHOHVSDFLRVHFRQVHJXLUi
GDUOHVHQVDFLyQGHPD\RUDPSOLWXG/RPHMRUHV
OOHYDUORORPiVOHMRVSRVLEOHGHODFDVD3RU
FRQVLJXLHQWHKD\TXHFRPHQ]DUSRUGHGLFDUHO
SXQWRPiVGLVWDQWHD]RQDSDYLPHQWDGDR
3ULQFLSLRVGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGTQ

 3ODQWDGDGHFpVSHG(VWRFRQWULEXLUiD
GHVDKRJDUHOHVSDFLRGLVSRQLEOHSRUSHTXHxR
TXHVHD\DXQLILFDUHODVSHFWRJHQHUDOGHODV
GLYHUVDViUHDVGHOMDUGtQ'HVGHHOSXQWRGH
YLVWDSUiFWLFRHVWD]RQDSXHGHVHUODGHPD\RU
XWLOLGDGGHWRGRHOMDUGtQOXJDUGHUHXQLRQHV
WHUWXOLDVIHVWHMRV/DIXQFLRQDOLGDGGHHVWD]RQD
VHUiPD\RUVLVHVLW~DHQODSDUWHPiVDELHUWD
GHOFDPSRKD\WRGRHOHPHQWRFRPRPDFL]RV
WUDQVYHUVDOHVPDFHWDVSDUHGHVSDUDQR
3ULQFLSLRVGHGLVHxRGHOMDUGTQ

 (OLPLQDUHVDVHQVDFLyQGHDPSOLWXG/D
XWLOL]DFLyQGHODSHUVSHFWLYDD\XGDUiDFUHDUHVD
VHQVDFLyQGHHVSDFLRSHTXHxR/RVPDFL]RV\
ERUGXUDVGHOtQHDVGHWDPDxRSURSRUFLRQDGR
GLVSXHVWRVHQOD]RQDFHQWUDOFRQWULEXLUiQD
GDUOHIRUPD\SXHGHQVHUYLUSDUDGHVYLDUODYLVWD
KDFLDHOH[WHULRU1RKD\TXHROYLGDUQXQFDTXH
SDUDORJUDUXQDPELHQWHDJUDGDEOHHOMDUGtQ
GHEHUHVXOWDUVHQFLOORDODYLVWD+D\TXH
PDQWHQHUXQDUHODFLyQDUPRQLRVDHQWUHORV
3ULQFLSLRVGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 'LVWLQWRVHOHPHQWRVGHOMDUGtQ3DUDTXHODV
SURSRUFLRQHVVHDQFRUUHFWDVGHVGHHOSULQFLSLR
VHUiLPSUHVFLQGLEOHWUDEDMDUFRQXQERFHWR\XQD
HVFDODVHWHQGUiSUHVHQWHTXHODDQFKXUD\
ORQJLWXGGHOFpVSHGRSDWLRGHEHQVHU
SURSRUFLRQDGRVFRQUHVSHFWRDOWDPDxR\IRUPD
GHOFRQMXQWRGHOMDUGtQ4XHLJXDOPHQWHODV
ERUGXUDV\PDFL]RVGHEHQJXDUGDUSURSRUFLyQ
FRQODV]RQDVTXHURGHDQ\TXHODVHVWUXFWXUDV
YHUWLFDOHVFRPRWDSLDVSpUJRODVDUEXVWRV\
iUEROHVWLHQHQTXHHVWDUHQDUPRQtDFRQODV
3ULQFLSLRVGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 'LPHQVLRQHVWDQWRGHODFDVDFRPRGHOMDUGtQ
SDUDTXHQRGRPLQHQHQH[FHVR(VSUHFLVR
FRQVLGHUDUDVLPLVPRODSUDFWLFLGDGGHOWUDEDMRGH
MDUGLQHUtD+DGHKDEHUDFFHVRDWRGDVODV
]RQDVSUHYLHQGRHVSDFLRVSDUDHOPDQHMRGH
FDUUHWLOODV\VHJDGRUDVDVtFRPRSDUDORV
HOHPHQWRVGHVHUYLFLR6LQRVHGLVSRQHGHXQ
HVSDFLRVXILFLHQWHSDUDHVWD]RQDKDEUiTXH
SUHYHHUSDUDHOORVOXJDUHVIXHUDGHSDVR
DOUHGHGRUGHOMDUGtQ
3ULQFLSLRVGHOGLVHxRGHOMDUGtQ

 (VFRVWXPEUHGDUHQHOGLVHxREDVWDQWH
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FXDQGRODFDVDHVWiSHJDGDDXQDFDOOHR
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IURQWDOHVRODWHUDOHVGHODYLYLHQGD/RVMDUGLQHV
IURQWDOHVSODQWHDQHOSUREOHPDGHDFFHVRVL
WRGRHOMDUGtQGDDODFDOOHVHWHQGUi
HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQFXHQWDHQHOGLVHxR
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HVSUHFLVRFRQVLGHUDUYDULRVIDFWRUHV(QWUH
RWURVXQHVSDFLRDODEULJRGHOYLHQWR\TXHHVWp
SDUFLDOPHQWHUHVJXDUGDGRGHOFOLPDFDOXURVR(Q
FDVRGHYLYLUHQ]RQDVIUtDVOD]RQDGHMXHJRV
VHUiHOFHQWURGHOMDUGtQ(VSUHIHULEOHTXHORV
HOHPHQWRVLQIDQWLOHVFRPRFROXPSLRV\
WRERJDQHVQRHVWpQILMRVSDUDSRGHU
GHVSOD]DUORV
'HSRUWHV\MXHJRVHQHOMDUGtQ

 /RVGHSRUWHV\ORVMXHJRVQRVRORVRQSHQVDGRV
SDUDORVQLxRVVLQRSDUDHOGLVIUXWHGHWRGDOD
IDPLOLD6LELHQHVSRVLEOHSUDFWLFDUMXHJRVHQHO
FpVSHGGHXQMDUGtQGHWDPDxRPHGLRORSURSLR
HVTXHORVMDUGLQHVTXHYD\DQDVHUXWLOL]DGRV
FRQILQHVGHSRUWLYRVVHDQJUDQGHV/RVFDPSRV
GHGHSRUWHHVWiQPHMRUVLWXDGRVIXHUDGHOD
]RQDRUQDPHQWDO\FHUFDGRVQRVRORSRUTXHOD
PD\RUtDGHODVSUDFWLFDVGHSRUWLYDVRFXSDQ
PXFKRHVSDFLR
'HSRUWHV\MXHJRVHQHOMDUGtQ

 6LQRSRUTXHDGHPiVQRVXHOHQVHUDWUDFWLYRV
(QFDVRGHTXHH[LVWDHVSDFLRSDUDOD
RUQDPHQWDFLyQODVTXHVHSXHGHQGHQRPLQDU
]RQDVIXQFLRQDOHV(VDFRQVHMDEOHFUHDUXQ
SDWLRDGRUQDGRFRQXQDYDULHGDGGHSODQWDV
RUQDPHQWDOHVGHLPSRUWDQFLD(QWUHORVGHSRUWHV
TXHSXHGHQSUDFWLFDUVHHQHOMDUGtQVHFXHQWDQ
HOWHQLV(VWHGHSRUWHWLHQHODYHQWDMDTXHODUHG
HVGHVPRQWDEOH\SXHGHFRORFDUVHIiFLOPHQWH
FXDQGRVHGHVHHMXJDU/DVFDQFKDVGHWHQLV
 <RWURVMXHJRVGHSHORWDGHEHQDFRPRGDUVH
VRODPHQWHHQORVMDUGLQHVPiVJUDQGHGRQGH
ODVGLPHQVLRQHVORSHUPLWDQ2WURVGHSRUWHVVRQ
HOEpLVEROHOYROHLEROI~WERO/DV]RQDV
GHVWLQDGDVDHOORVSXHGHQVHUFDPXIODGDVFRQ
iUEROHV\DUEXVWRVDOWRVTXHFRPELQDUDQFRQHO
UHVWRGHOMDUGtQ
$FWLYLGDG

 0DUFDUFRQXQDFUX]ORVHOHPHQWRVTXHSHUWHQH]FDQDO
MDUGtQSDUDORVQLxRV

 =RQDGHFXOWLYRV
 7RERJDQHV\FROXPSLRV;
 0XFKRVHOHPHQWRVGHFRUDWLYRV
 3ODQWDVHVSLQRVDV
 =RQDVGHFpVSHGSDUDMXHJRV;
 *UDQGHVHVWDWXDV

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