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Este material fue tomado de: 

Zorro Sánchez, Carlos (compilador). (2007). El desarrollo : perspectivas y


dimensiones : aportes interdisciplinarios. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes,
CIDER, Ediciones Uniandes : Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, Embajada del Reino de
los Países Bajos.

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