1.

System of Construction:
Refers to the organized and methodical approach used in building structures. It includes the
materials, techniques, and principles employed in the construction process.
2. Prominent Features:
Notable and easily noticeable characteristics or elements that stand out and define the
appearance or design of a structure.
3. Monolith/Megaliths:
Monolith: A single, large, and typically unbroken block or piece of stone used in construction.
Megalith: A large and often monumental stone used in prehistoric construction, usually for
creating structures like tombs or monuments.
4. Distinct Structures:
Unique and easily distinguishable buildings or architectural elements that have clear and separate
characteristics.
5. Era Phases:
Different periods or stages in the history of architecture, often characterized by distinct styles,
techniques, and cultural influences.
6. Columnar:
Relating to or characterized by columns, which are vertical structural elements used for support or
decoration in architecture.
7. Trabeated:
Refers to an architectural style where horizontal beams (lintels) are used to span between vertical
supports (columns) in a post-and-lintel construction system.
8. Monumentality:
The quality of being massive, impressive, and having a monumental or enduring presence, often
associated with grand and significant structures.
9. Massiveness:
The quality of being massive or having great physical bulk and weight, often used to describe
structures that convey a sense of strength and solidity.
10. Mastabas:
Rectangular, flat-roofed tombs with sloping sides, often associated with ancient Egyptian
architecture.
11. Pylon Gate:
A monumental gateway, often with towers, forming the entrance to an ancient Egyptian temple
complex.
12. Vast Scope:
Refers to the extensive range or broad coverage of a project or architectural endeavor.
13. Sargon Palace:
A reference to the palace associated with Sargon of Akkad, a ruler in ancient Mesopotamia.
Specific details would depend on the historical context.
14. Post and Lintel:
A structural system where horizontal beams (lintels) are supported by vertical posts or columns,
commonly used in ancient architecture.
15. Marble:
A metamorphic rock often used in architecture for its aesthetic qualities. It is prized for its smooth
texture and the ability to take on a high polish.
16. Parthenon:
An ancient Greek temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens. It is
a classic example of Doric architecture.
17. Purity of Lines:
Refers to the simplicity and clarity of design, often avoiding unnecessary ornamentation.
18. Perfection of Proportion:
Achieving a harmonious and balanced relationship between different elements in architectural
design.
19. Columnar Arches:
Arches that are supported by columns, combining the structural elements of columns and arches in
architectural design.
20. Vaults:
Arched structures used to create a ceiling or roof, distributing weight and providing architectural
support.
21. Concrete:
A building material composed of cement, water, and aggregates. It hardens over time to form a
strong and durable structure.
22. Colosseum:
An ancient Roman amphitheater known for its elliptical shape and grand scale, used for gladiatorial
contests and public spectacles.
23. Ostentatious:
Displaying a showy and extravagant style, often to attract attention or impress others.
24. Ornately:
Elaborately or intricately decorated, often with detailed and decorative elements.
25. Vastness:
The quality of being extremely large or extensive in size.
26. Magnificence:
Grandeur and splendor, often associated with impressive and majestic architectural structures.
27. Precast Construction:
A construction method where building components are cast and cured in a controlled environment
before being transported and assembled on-site.
28. Reinforced Concrete:
Concrete that is strengthened by the incorporation of steel bars or mesh to enhance its tensile
strength.
29. Arctuales:
This term does not appear to have a standard architectural meaning. It might be a specific or
specialized term not covered in general architectural discourse.
30. Trabeated:
As mentioned earlier, it refers to an architectural style where horizontal beams (lintels) are used to
span between vertical supports (columns) in a post-and-lintel construction system.
 31. Remnant of Roman:
Architectural elements or styles that bear traces of Roman influence or design, often found in
buildings that have retained or incorporated features from ancient Roman architecture.
32. Coarness in Execution:
Refers to a lack of finesse or refinement in the execution of architectural details, suggesting a
rough or unpolished appearance.
33. Compound Dome:
A dome with a complex or multipart design, possibly incorporating multiple layers, ribs, or different
geometric shapes.
34. Pointed Horseshoe Arch:
An arch with a pointed or elongated horseshoe shape, often associated with Moorish and Islamic
architecture.
35. Squinch:
A construction element used to transition from a square base to a circular dome or arch, typically
in the corners of a room.
36. Foliage Motifs:
Ornamental designs in architecture that incorporate leaf or plant-like patterns.
37. Rib Vault:
A vaulted ceiling construction where ribs or arches are used to support and define the structure.
38. Horizontal Expansion:
The enlargement or extension of a structure in a horizontal direction, increasing its footprint.
39. Sober Architecture:
Architecture characterized by a restrained and serious design, often devoid of excessive
ornamentation.
40. Dignified Architecture:
Architecture that conveys a sense of respect, gravity, and formality in its design.
41. Flying Buttresses:
External arches or supports that counteract the outward thrust of a vault or roof, commonly found
in Gothic architecture.
42. Spires:
Tall, pointed structures often found on the top of buildings or towers, contributing to their vertical
emphasis.
43. Vertical Expansion:
The enlargement or extension of a structure in a vertical direction, increasing its height.
44. Stone:
A natural building material often used in construction for its durability, strength, and aesthetic
qualities.
45. Timber:
Wood used in construction, often in the form of beams, columns, or structural elements.
46. Lofty and Aspiring Quality:
A characteristic of architecture that imparts a sense of height, grandeur, and aspiration.
47. Economy of Materials:
Efficient and judicious use of building materials to achieve cost-effectiveness and sustainability in
construction.
 48. Column-Beam:
The structural system where columns support horizontal beams, commonly used in various
architectural styles.
49. Flat Ceiling:
A ceiling that does not have vaulted or domed features, creating a level and even surface.
50. Remnant of Classic Style:
Architectural elements or features that harken back to the classical styles of ancient Greece and
Rome.
51. Symmetry and Space Dignity:
The use of balanced and harmonious arrangements in architectural design, creating a dignified
spatial composition.
52. Formality of Art Expression:
The deliberate and controlled expression of artistic elements in architecture, often adhering to
established conventions or styles.
53. Iron and Steel:
Metals used in construction for their strength and durability, often employed in structural
frameworks.
54. Massive Columns:
Columns with significant bulk and thickness, conveying a sense of strength and solidity.
55. Imposing Porticos:
Grand and impressive covered entrances or porches supported by columns, typically found in
monumental architecture.
56. High-Rise Building:
A tall building, often characterized by multiple floors or stories, exceeding typical building heights.

ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGIES
Agricultural Buildings

Barn: A large building typically used to store farm equipment, grain, and sometimes livestock.

Chicken Coop or Chickenhouse: A small building used to house chickens or other poultry.

Greenhouse: A structure with a glass or plastic roof and walls used to grow plants, especially in
colder climates or for specialized crops.

Silo: A tall cylindrical building used to store bulk materials, typically grain or silage, often found on
farms.

Stable: A building where horses or other livestock are kept and cared for.

Storm Cellar: An underground shelter designed to protect people and property from severe
weather, particularly tornadoes.

Tide Mill: A type of water mill powered by tidal currents, historically used for grinding grain.
Root Cellar: An underground storage area used to preserve fruits, vegetables, and other perishable
foods.

Hayloft: An upper story or loft in a barn used for storing hay.

Farmhouse: The primary residence on a farm, typically where the farmer and their family live.

Well House: A small building constructed to protect a well or pump, often found on farms.

Shed: A small, simple structure used for storage or as a workshop, often found on farms.

Granary: A building used to store harvested grain.

Watermill: A mill powered by water, typically used to grind grain or generate electricity.

Windmill: A mill that converts wind energy into rotational energy to mill grain or pump water.

Horse Mill: A mill powered by horses walking in a circular path, used for tasks such as grinding
grain.

Pigpen or Sty: An enclosure or small building where pigs are kept.

Commercial Buildings

Bank: A financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit.

Bar: An establishment where alcoholic beverages are served.

Pub: A place where people can drink and socialize, often serving alcoholic beverages and
sometimes food.

Brothel: An establishment where prostitutes are available for hire.

Casino: A facility where gambling activities take place.

Coffee House: An establishment where coffee and other refreshments are served, often providing
a social gathering place.

Convention Center: A large facility designed to host conventions, conferences, and other large
events.

Forum: A public space used for open discussion and gatherings, often in ancient Roman contexts.

Gas Station: A facility that sells gasoline and other automotive fuels, as well as offering services
such as vehicle maintenance.

Grocery Store: A retail store that sells food and household goods.

Hotel: An establishment providing accommodations, meals, and other services for travelers and
tourists.

Motel: A roadside hotel designed primarily for motorists, typically with rooms that open directly
onto a parking area.
Market: A public gathering place where goods are bought and sold, often featuring stalls or
temporary structures.

Nightclub: An entertainment venue that operates late into the night, offering music, dancing, and
often alcoholic beverages.

Jazz Club: A nightclub or other establishment that specializes in jazz music.

Office Building: A building used primarily for offices and administrative purposes.

Restaurant: An establishment where meals are served to customers.

Skyscraper: A very tall building, typically found in urban areas, consisting of many stories and used
for various purposes.

Shop: A retail establishment where goods are sold to customers.

Retail Store: A store that sells goods to the public.

Shopping Mall: A large indoor shopping center with multiple stores and amenities.

Stock Exchange: A marketplace where securities, such as stocks and bonds, are bought and sold.

Supermarket: A large self-service grocery store offering a wide variety of food and household
products.

Warehouse: A large building used for storing goods, typically before they are distributed for sale.

Residential Buildings

Apartment Block: A large building divided into multiple apartments or flats for residential use.

Asylum: A facility providing care and treatment for people with mental illnesses.

Condominium: A building or complex of buildings containing individually owned apartments or

units.

Dormitory: A building or part of a building with sleeping quarters for a large number of people,
typically students.

Duplex: A house divided into two separate residences.

House: A building used as a dwelling, typically for one family.

Educational Buildings

College: An institution of higher education offering undergraduate and, in some cases, graduate
degrees.

Classroom Building: A building containing multiple classrooms for educational purposes.

Gymnasium: A large room or building equipped for sports and other physical activities.
Students' Union: A building or organization representing the interests of students at a university or
college.

School: An institution for educating children or adolescents.

Library: A building or room containing collections of books and other materials for reading, study,
or reference.

Museum: A building or institution dedicated to the collection, preservation, and exhibition of

objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance.

Art Gallery: A space or building where works of art are displayed.

Theater: A building or outdoor area where plays, movies, and other dramatic performances are
presented.

Amphitheater: An outdoor venue with tiered seating, typically used for concerts, performances, or
public gatherings.

Concert Hall: A building designed for concerts and other musical performances.

Cinema: A theater where movies are shown to an audience.

Opera House: A theater specifically designed for the performance of operas.

Symphony: A building where symphony orchestras perform.

University

Government Buildings

Capitol: The building in which a state legislative body meets.

City Hall: The administrative headquarters of a city or town.

Consulate: A diplomatic office or mission in a foreign country, typically providing services to

citizens of the home country.

Courthouse: A building where legal proceedings take place, typically involving trials or hearings.

Embassy: The official residence or offices of an ambassador in a foreign country.

Fire Station: A facility where firefighters and equipment are based to respond to fires and other
emergencies.

Palace: The official residence of a sovereign, such as a king, queen, or other reigning monarch.

Parliament: The building where a legislative body meets, such as the British Parliament.

Police Station: A facility where police officers work and where people can report crimes or seek
assistance.
Post Office: A facility where mail is processed and distributed, and postal services are provided to
the public.

Prison: A facility where individuals are forcibly confined and deprived of a range of personal
freedoms as punishment for committing crimes.

Industrial Buildings

Brewery: A facility where beer is produced commercially.

Factory: A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled.

Foundry: A factory where metal is melted and poured into molds to produce castings.

Mining: Structures associated with the extraction of minerals or other geological materials from
the earth.

Power Plant: A facility that generates electricity.

Refinery: A facility where crude oil or other raw materials are processed to produce fuels or other
products.

Mill: A building where raw materials such as grain are ground or processed.

Oil Rig: A structure used for drilling for oil and gas offshore or on land.

Military Buildings

Barracks: A building or group of buildings where soldiers live.

Bunker: A reinforced shelter, often underground, designed to protect against enemy attacks.

Blockhouse: A small fort or defensive structure.

Castle: A large fortified building or complex, typically with thick walls and towers, historically used
as a residence for nobility or a defensive stronghold.

Citadel: A fortress in a commanding position in or near a city.

City Gate: A fortified entrance to a city.

Defensive Wall: A barrier built to protect a city or settlement from attack.

Fort: A fortified military installation.

Fortification: A defensive structure or system of structures.

Tower: A tall structure, often part of a castle or fortification, used for defense or observation.

Religious Buildings

Church: A building used for Christian religious activities, such as worship services and ceremonies.
Basilica: A large, important church with certain privileges granted by the Pope.

Cathedral: The principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's throne.

Duomo: An Italian term for a cathedral.

Chapel: A small building or room used for Christian worship.

Oratory: A small chapel or place of prayer.

Martyrium: A church built over the grave of a martyr.

Mosque: A building used for Islamic worship and prayer.

Mihrab: A niche in a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca.

Surau: A small Islamic prayer hall.

Imambargah: A congregation hall for Shia Muslims.

Monastery: A building or complex of buildings where monks or nuns live and work.

Mithraeum: A temple dedicated to the worship of the god Mithras.

Fire Temple: A place of worship for Zoroastrians.

Pyramid: An ancient monumental structure with a square or triangular base and four triangular
faces meeting at a point.

Shrine: A place of worship or devotion, often containing relics or associated with a particular deity
or saint.

Synagogue: A building used for Jewish worship and religious study.

Temple: A building used for religious worship, typically in non-Christian religions.

Pagoda: A tiered tower with multiple eaves, common in East Asia and used as a Buddhist temple.

Gurdwara: A Sikh place of worship.

Transit Stations

Airport Terminal: A building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground

transportation and aircraft.

Bus Station: A facility where buses pick up and drop off passengers.

Ferry Slip: A structure where ferries load and unload passengers and vehicles.

Metro (Subway, Underground) Station: A station on a rapid transit system, such as a subway or
metro.

Taxi Station: A designated area where taxis wait for passengers.

Train Station: A facility where trains pick up and drop off passengers and freight.

Signal Box: A building housing the equipment for controlling railway signals and switches.

Other

Aqueduct: A bridge-like structure that carries water over long distances.

Bakery: A place where bread and other baked goods are made and sold.

Bookstore or Bookshop: A retail establishment specializing in the sale of books.

Community Hall: A building used by a community for meetings, social events, and other activities.

Cow-shed: A building where cows are kept.

Department Store: A large retail establishment offering a wide range of merchandise organized
into departments.

Eatery: A casual dining establishment.

Fast-Food Restaurant: A restaurant that specializes in quickly prepared and served food.

Floristry: A shop specializing in the sale of flowers and plants.

Folly: A decorative structure with no practical purpose.

Food Court: A plaza or section of a mall with multiple food vendors.

Bathhouse: A building with facilities for bathing, often including steam rooms and saunas.

Hospital: A facility where medical treatment and care are provided to the sick or injured.

Clinic: A facility where patients receive medical treatment or advice without being admitted to a
hospital.

Hut: A small, simple building or shelter.

Hypermarket: A large retail store offering a wide range of products, including groceries and general
merchandise.

Low-Energy Buildings: Buildings designed to minimize energy consumption.

Plant Nursery: A facility where plants are grown for sale or transplantation.

Stadium: A large sports arena or facility.

Arena: A sports or entertainment venue, typically with tiered seating.

Stall: A small market stand or booth.

Marina: A harbor or basin with facilities for docking and servicing boats and yachts.

Mini Market: A small grocery store.

Triumphal Arch: A large, decorative arch commemorating a military victory or other significant
event.

Sport Club: A facility or organization dedicated to sports and recreation.

Wet Market: An open-air market selling fresh meat, fish, produce, and other perishable goods.

Workshop: A room or building where work, especially manual or industrial work, is carried out.

World Trade Centre: A complex of buildings designed for international trade and commerce.

Public Spaces

Parks: Areas of open space for recreational use, often featuring natural elements like grass, trees,
and playgrounds.

Town Square: An open public space in the heart of a town, often used for gatherings and events.

Large City Parks: Extensive green spaces within urban areas, offering recreational opportunities
and natural habitats.

Pleasure Grounds: Landscaped areas designed for leisure activities, often featuring gardens, paths,
and attractions.

Cultural Parks: Parks dedicated to showcasing cultural heritage, often featuring monuments,
sculptures, and historical exhibits.

Pocket Parks: Small, landscaped areas within urban environments, providing green space and
recreational opportunities in densely populated areas.

Neighborhood Parks: Parks serving local communities, providing space for recreation and
socializing.

Streets: Public thoroughfares for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Sidewalks: Paths for pedestrians alongside roads or streets.

Footpaths: Trails or paths for pedestrians, often found in natural or rural settings.

Beaches: Coastal areas consisting of sand,