lhe Seed

fortibzahan develops into see ds,

"he (9vules ofter
^eed coat
made op of
"A Seed is

Embryo
made up of
The Embryo and
is
pluvule and
with adicte
one (as in wheat or mcáze) tboo cotyledons (as in
grom and pea)

Strctuye of a ccoty led onous Secd:

Cotyledon
Seedcoat Plumule

iom
Radic le
Hioopyle

Seed is the seed coat.

coving of
outeryost
coveirg the outer testa
. The Secd Coat has two loyena Gnd

the inner
tsgnen.
"Ihe hilum is Sca on the Seed coat thoog
ottached to the
which the
the develo ping Seeds wee
Small pore ca lle the
fauit. A bove the hilum is a

ioopyle.
embryo , consisting of
" Within the Seo l the
Coat fs

a n embryonal
oxis and two co tyledons
anl tfull of Meser ve
Ihe cotyledons e often fleshy
food oteria.

. At the to ends of the embryonal ais s

the plumule e e prebe nt.
Madiele and pBumule

Castor the
.In Some Seels Such a
of dloulole
endosprm
ferilization,
e for med as esult
is food storing fissue and called endospenmic
Seeds

plonts Guch os bean & pea the

In grom
endospm is not present in atwe Seccs ond
Such Seeds te called Mon- endosperoUs
b) Stuctuye of Honocotyledonoub Seed :

" Generally ono Cotyledonous Seeds e endespetmic

but Soe in orchic aje mon- endospermic.

Such as maize ) the Seed

" n the Seeds of Cejeals
Coat is yemloroneus ond qenerolly fused with the
ond stores food
foruit woll. The ehdospenm is boly

" lhe oUt Coveing of endospem Sepatotes the laye.

embryo by a poinous loyer call ocd ’ Alewtone

situoted
a groove at
in
and
"Ihe embryo 1s Small t Consi sts of one
endospenm.
one end of the Cotyledon Rnouwn as $cutellum and
and shield shoped
short axiswitha plumule and a radicle
enelosed in
enclosed in
Sheath called
sheath calle

Coleorhiza
tuetwne Coleoptle

Endospem

Embryo
See coat &
fuit -wall.
4Endaspe im
Aleurone.
laye
Scutellom

Coleoplile
-Plumule
Rodicle
Coleorhiza
#$emt - technical olescripton of
ftoueig Plant
feotues aye used to descrtbe
Various yorpho logical
flosering plant.
in Simple and
descxipton hos to be brlef ,
a

Ihe
ond presented in a Propen sequence.
scientife longuoge
"The plont is doscxibed beginning with iHs habit
chaocters o0t , stcm and leave
Vegetative floral chaacte^ inflores cenc& and flo wer
andthen
parts.

"After descibing pants of a plant , floral diaqrom

ancl a floral tormula e present ed.

USed In floral formula :

"Folleuing Sgbols
Bracteate = r
Ebrocteate = Ebr

Actinomorphic
Zygomorphic = % Or ) or Or
Unisexual mole. (staminate. ) = Þ
Unisexual female (Pisillote) = 9
Bisexual

Eptcoly x = Epi or Epik

k K n ’Paly sepalous conditon
Poly sepalous
Calyx =
Ken) Gamo Sepal our Condihon

Ch ’ Polypetalous Conditon
Corolla =

Ccnl ’ Gamopetalous ConditHon.

Pn ’ Poly phyllous / Polyte palous

Perianth = p Conditian

Pen) ’ Gamophyllous / Gams tepalow

ConditHon.

AFnPolyandrous Cond:
Condition
Ancsjoecinm s A
SAcn) ’ Cohesion Condition.

Gm
Gn Apocarpous Condi tion
Gynoecium = G
’Syn canpous Condition
 Hypogynous flowen = G
Suporior ovany =
flowen = G
Tnfoior ovay - Epiqynous
half in feior or Porigynous flowen - G
half supoior

Epiphyllous /Epttepaleus
Stayens
P A

Epipetalos Stayens
A G
Gy nan doous stanens

provides informaion aloout the

" A floral ciagrom
ports of a flowen) the ir orrangement
mo. of with one anothei.
ation they have
and the yelation

the Mother
mothe anis with Mespect to the
"(he posihon of
dot on top of the
flowen is hepre sented y
floral diagram.
drawn in
Calyx, Corolla , andioecium and AHnoecium ae
and
Success ive whorls olyx bein the Outomost
In 4he centre.
Gynoecium being
 albo show cohesion anl odhesion,
floral formula
Gnd beteen whorls.
within patts of whorls

ome impertant farniies :

# Description of

1. CRUCIPERAE LBRASSICA CEAE] = Mustard family

a Ploral chaactes

i) In flores cence ’ "lypical 1ace me .

Ex ustand, Radish et.

Excepiow:
Hb Corymlo type of in fleresce nce i_ found in
lberis amara = Condytuft Cchand ani)
H The edible compound Corymb inflorescence
found in Caubflowen.
ii) Plocoen Ebroc teate, bi_exual or
) tetranerous .
heimephodite
Actinomorphic but Soyetmes Z8gmorphic
Tberis awara (Candy-tuft = Chandant)

it) Calyx Sepals - 4, po'ysrpalous , Sepals

A inn,
in tuo whorl ) outer
orrongd
imbricate destivation,

i) Corolla ’ Petalo 4, Poy petalous Valvate aestivation

nd cruciform /cross form.

$taen - 6, orrangededSmall
in two whors
and
in which two outen stayens e
inne four aye long. Tnis Condi t on fs known
s tetadynamous
Polyandnous Condithon is found
- Anthes 1e oi thecCeus
 v) Gynoe cium Bicanpellay Syncapous
but it
is Uniloculon
Tne oyo biloculan Dater
becomes
in the
beqinnig
the forma fion
olue to the

of a fage Septum reptom). Replom 1s developed the

from the thalawjus inplace of wall of

" Placentatiou is paic tal

Ploral
Diagrom.

vit) Prutt’ Usually 5i liqua

Ex- Hus tard
$titcula frtt is found in asp Capsella,
Thonis ( Chondani).
The Small , broad flat silqua thoit is knoon as
ilicula.

vi) Seed on- endospermic

1x) floral Fornula
Ebr
Ka2
2. fABACEAE Fomily:
wos eanlier called Paptlionol deae ,
suofanily ot foily Lgumir nosae

dlistibuted alu the worl

" T is

" Irecs, shubs ond herbs e found in this

"a Vegeta tive Chasyacters

Roots branched and tap root

Systcm 1s Present
gn root nodules, bacteia
Rhizo btum leguminas anum s present
iD Stem: Erect Or Cimbe

id Leaves : Stipulate , simple or pinnotely compound,

leof babe. polinate /pulvinus Venaton, etculate,
al tenate.

b) Ploral Chanoctens
1aceme CRacemose)
i) Plouwer : Brocteate , bisex ual hypoaYnous,.
Pentamenous ond 71gomorphe yne
<Ygomorphic Symme try is due to the presence of
dif fenent lodd) petals Cdissimilar pe talo d andnoecum)

n) Calyx: SepalsS, Gaosepalous , aes thva tionn

imbicate or valuate Cmainly valvate)
i) Corolla : This is the first main diagnostc charactern
for the Sub- famies of leguminosae .
Petals - s, papiionaCeous (buttenfly -shopeol ),
Dolypetalous, One petal is odd out of S- petals,
towayds the othen axis ie posterior in pocition.

the and outemort pe tal which is

Called
larget
tanalard OY vexillum.

" Belou the vexillum, tuo Smal trec lateral petalo

Present Rnown as or alae (lateral in
e
bWing Positio)

. Antorior tuoo petals ae fused togethah to form a

boat ske stucte - called Reel Or Caina which
encloseg the
essenha organs i:e. Stayens A pistil/
canpel.
Such tuype of destivation is called ’ vexillarg
ueze
Descending cate
Fmbicate
Papiionoceous Corolla

Veillum Standlad

kuing/
Alae
Keell
Carina.

Petals

) Floweing tuig e) L.s of

Carpel.
) Repradpaats
tie
 Plord drem

Andoe cium : tamen ’ lo,

Alauent of nine fta mers e fused toge ther

to form bunch while the
while Pos tenior one is frte

* Anthen clithe Co ub

vi) Gynoecium ? onocapellary , nilocular with

les,
ovules upenior ovang, Style single and
manginal placontation

vi) Aruit: equme pod

Soyetimes loyentum is also founol.
ej Arachis Caroundl nut)
vii) Seed ’ Mon- euolospermic ) one
to many
ix) Cloral Pormala +
K(s)
Economic importance ?
Many plants belong" to the
fomiy
Sowces of ’

(Gram, anhan ) Sem

Polses )
moorg gnron)
"Edible oil (Soyebear qround not)
oil
Dys CInd tqofena)
" Aores (Sunhemp)
" foddon (sesbanic , Tafolium)
)

Ormorentals (lupin ), sweet pea)

Medicine (ntott Nuliatht)

SoLA NA CEAE = Potato Pamily

distibutcd in trophics, Subtrophics
even temperate zones,

charoctens
Vegetative
Most of plants of this ae henbs
Soye e shulbs )
rarey Small rees.

stem in 1otato
Undogond
iD Root Tap root fs present

ii) Stem Stem hun baceawrarely oed

aeial I nect, Cyindical , branched , soid &o,
glabrous (Smooth).
hollow, hait
Bicollate ral vos cular bundles ae present in stem

i) Leof: Leaves ae simple ranely pinnaty

Compound and exstipulate , alternate venahon
1e ticulatc
 (b) (c) (d)

(a)
(e) (f)
Solanum nigrum (makoi) plant : (a) Flowering twig (b) Flower
(c) L.S. of flower (d) Stamens (e) Carpel (f) Floral diagram
bJ Ploral Chano ctors

Sottary axillary in Solonum.

Cymose inflereDCen ce as

Monochagical cyme is of too tyre.

b Helicoid cyme, Sp. of Solanum
Scorpioid cyme, Sp. ot Atropa plants
Eycepton Qoitary torminal înflores cence is
founal in Datuna.
ii) Plowen; flowers Ue oract eate. ebrocteate
biserual, Complete , hypogymous pentamenous ond
Qctinomorphic.

i) Calyz: Sepals 5, gamosepalous lonited),

Valvate cestvation & peistent (ea tomato,
brinja)
in) Corolla '. Petalo s amopetalous lonited)
e eotivathon alvote

Andyoecium ? Staens SS Polyandrous, epipetolo

Stamens.
 vi Giynoecium: Bicaypelarg > syncanpaus , ovag
bilocolan Ond oxile placenta tHen.
Supoior,
Swollen
: Sactaen placenta with m
ovules
and oblique septm.
nong
Ovanies arranged obiqey on thalamus,
Canpel Moves at Z 4So in clock- wise direction
Postenior Canpel tuns
tu on ght side and
antior Can pel tunns on le ft side.

viD Goit: Pleshg frit ’ bevy (tomato, brinja)

§ometimeb Cap sule (Datura)
viin) Seeda? any andl
endospemie. endospermous
i) Ploral formula ?
Br /Ebr © K C(s)
Cis As G(a)
Aconomic importare

plants to this family ae

belongng
Food (tomato brinjal
sowrce of

Spice (chtli)
" Medicine Cbella donna. ,
ashwogandha)
fmgeo Ctobocco)
eOrnautetals (petunia)
4) LILIACE AE = iy Family
distibuted worlel wide
Plants of this fonily ae

Honocot fomiy
Perianth is present in this Jt meas thee is
Corolla. 9
bte in blw Calyx
no diff erence btoe
in Colow. then it s s called
puianth is green in onion.
$epaloid as

3f peri anth is colowed, othen than green , thern it

iS Rnown as petaloid os in iy
Vegelative Chanactens

Perennial henbs with undenground bulbs /corms /

Mhizomes,

DRost: Usualliy odventithous tbrous

fascicola ted oots e founl in. (satawar)
i cm : Ihe aerial stem is present in fe plants .
LDraca ena. , Yucca , Swnilax ete
 )
ste m,
of the plont hove undenground
Hajority of follauaing tyesi
Onion , Ghanlic

Colehicum
CoRN.
i3 RHIZoME e Aloe

"Modifcation of stem
Ruscus
Cladode Aspanogus
id Leaves : basal ) lineau ) al tenote,
Hosty
xstipulate with parallel venaton.
e
reticulote venaton )s found in Smilay.
"Exceptionally
" The Stipule of Smilax and of Gleorl osa
leaf tip of
age modifeel into tendils.
 -Scape

(b) (c)
(d)

(a)
Allium cepa (onion) plant : (a) Plant (b) Inflorescence (c) Flower (d) Floral
 22
b Ploral Charocter

o Tn lore scence Solitary | Cymose >

0ften umbellote. clustens.

Scaplgerus umbel or Gymose umbel or Gmbellote

clusters Onion, aonlte .

the ais Called.

°ln this of nf lores cence ,
atises from the undergnound stem and on

Scape this bunch

its to p, clusten of flowers develop ,
of flower looks :ke
(clustor) of Dike an umbel. But,
its not Umbel.
trocy
The flowers in compoct fonchasi
ae
orranged
Monochosial Scorpioid. cyme order.

10 Plowe : Brocleate, bisexual , Complete

octinomor phic ) yogymous anl imeous.

nd Perianth: Tepals ’ 6, arranged in two whorls (3t3)

united {nto tube , Valvate aeAhva tien.
of ten
G stayens cpiphyllous Cepitepaleua),
i) Andyoe cium ;
(3+3)
in tuoo whorls pely androus.
orrongea
 VGynoecium: lrRcanpellarj yncanpou, supeior ovy
trloculan with many ovutes dzile plocentation,

Superior ev
vi) t: Capsule Coni on)
Rorcy bory Cely)
vi Seeds ’ Endosper mic. / Endospenmoud
Vi Poral fosmula

Br Ps+s) 3t3 Gc)

kiouonie Suportaneo ;
Hany plants be lorging
to thiS
fomily e

. Grood ornoyentalo (tulip glodosa)

" Sownce. of medicine CAloe)
Veqetab le (Arpanagu)
Colc hicine (Colehicum autumnale)