Lý thuyết process

To the right side of the road, in the bottom corner, the area demarcated for pagodas now allows
for an additional
building. Just above the pagodas, two homes have been cleared away and in the upper right corner, the town
built a secondary school to complement the primary school. It is also worth noting that in 2005, most homes
only possessed access to telephones but by 2015 satellite service had become common.
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UNIT 8: PROCESS/ DIAGRAM
Natural Process – Quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên:
Với dạng bài này, người viết phải miêu tả vòng đời (life cycle) của động vật/thực vật hoặc 1 chu kỳ, hiện tượng
thời tiết diễn ra trong tự nhiên (vòng tuần hoàn của nước, quá trình hình thành một cơn bão, v.v.). Do tính chất
trên nên các giai đoạn của một Nat- ural Process sẽ được miêu tả bằng ngôn ngữ chủ động. Tuy vậy, dạng bài
miêu tả quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên hầu như không xuất hiện trong kỳ thi nhiều năm trở lại đây nên sẽ
không được đề cập đến trong bài này.
Manufacturing Process - Quá trình sản xuất:
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Dạng bài này yêu cầu người viết miêu tả quá trình sản xuất của một nguyên liệu hoặc một sản phẩm cụ thể nào
đó. Vì vậy, các giai đoạn của một Manufacturing Pro- cess thường sẽ được miêu tả bằng ngôn ngữ bị động.
→ Thì hiện tại đơn là thì sẽ được sử dụng chủ yếu cho cả hai dạng bài trên.
1. Ngôn ngữ miêu tả quy trình
Một trong những điểm đặc trưng nhất của dạng bài Process là sự đa dạng về từ vựng. Mỗi một Process sẽ yêu
cầu một nhóm từ vựng riêng biệt và thường thì những khái niệm cụ thể, quan trọng và ‘lạ’ nhất sẽ được ưu tiên
ghi vào biểu đồ.
Ngoài ra, việc sử dụng thành thạo các sequencing language – ngôn ngữ mô tả trình tự - cũng cực kỳ quan trọng.
Khả năng vận dụng tốt các công cụ này sẽ có tác dụng lớn trong việc cải thiện không chỉ tiêu chí coherence &
cohesion mà còn với tiêu chí lexical resources.
Các sequencing language sử dụng với dạng Process được chia thành 2 loại:
Loại 1: Mô tả mối quan hệ Trước – Sau:
• First(ly) – Then – Next -....- Final(ly)
- At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected. - Then, some water is added and
the mixture is left for an hour.
- Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm place for at least 24 hours.
• After/Before
- Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the mixture is beaten for about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed.
- After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
- Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for an hour.
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
Lưu ý: afterwards (adv) chỉ được dùng ở cuối câu và có nghĩa tương tự ‘after that’. • Following/Followed
by:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. At the following stage, the pulp is
poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added. It is then mixed by hand.
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- At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added. This is followed
by a hand-mixing process.
Lưu ý: ‘followed by’ chỉ được sử dụng cùng một danh từ ở sau. Cần cân nhắc cẩn thận trước khi dùng.
• Once:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. Once it
is ready, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.
• Subsequent/Subsequently:
- The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is
formed.
- The mixture is soaked for an hour and is subsequently beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
- At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour.
• ‘Having + Verb participle’:
- Having mixed the pulp by hand, he uses a rolling pin to flatten the pulp. (chủ động)
- Having been poured into a shallow tray with some water, the pulp is then mixed by hand (bị động).
Loại 2: Mô tả mối quan hệ xảy ra đồng thời:
• During:
- During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater.
• Thereby:
- The rolling pin is used to flatten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive water.
• While/at the same time:
- While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals are added to create various colors.
- The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other chemicals are added to create various
colors.
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- Sand and soda are mixed and heated at the same time.
2. Quy trình sản xuất Ví dụ.
The diagram below shows the process of waste paper recycling.
Watse paper collection
From public paper banks and from businesses
Paper making machine
Machine manufacture of unable paper
Bước 1 - Phân tích tổng quan
Việc đầu tiên người viết cần làm là xác định số lượng các giai đoạn và trình tự sắp xếp của các giai đoạn đó.
• Giai đoạn 1: Thu thập giấy rác • Giai đoạn 2: Phân loại bằng tay • Giai đoạn 3: Vận chuyển
• Giai đoạn 4: Làm sạch

• Giai đoạn 5: Khử mực
• Giai đoạn 6: Tái sản xuất
Bước 2 - Phân tích chi tiết và tổng hợp thông tin • Đoạn tổng quan:
Chỉ ra số lượng các giai đoạn và với điểm bắt đầu/kết thúc của quy trình cần miêu tả.
• Đoạn thân bài

Đoạn 1 miêu tả 3 giai đoạn (1), (2) và (3) (giấy được thu gom, phân loại và vận chuyển) Quá trình tái chế giấy
đã qua sử dụng bắt đầu bằng việc thu gom giấy rác từ ngân hàng công cộng và các công ty. Số giấy được thu
gom sau đó được phân loại bằng tay dựa theo cấp độ và trong quá trình này, những loại giấy không phù hợp sẽ
được loại bỏ. Ở bước tiếp theo, giấy đã phân loại được vận chuyển tới nhà máy giấy.
Đoạn 2 tập trung vào các giai đoạn (4), (5) và (6) (giấy được làm sạch, khử mực và tái sản xuất).
Sau khi được vận chuyển tới nhà máy, giấy được làm sạch và giã thành hỗn hợp bột. Tạp chất được loại bỏ
trong quá trình làm sạch này. Mực và keo dán cũng được khử ra khỏi giấy ở quá trình làm sạch tiếp theo. Cuối
cùng, hỗn hợp bột được xử lí trong máy sản xuất giấy và sản phẩm cuối cùng là giấy tái chế được hoàn thành.
Bước 3: Hoàn thiện bài viết

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The diagram illustrates the process by which waste paper is recycled.
Overall, it can be seen the process involves six main stages, starting with the collection of waste paper from
various sources and ending with the reproduction of usable paper.
The process of recycling used paper starts by collecting waste paper either from public paper banks or from
companies. This collected paper is then categorized by hand accord- ing to its grade and during this process,
unsuitable paper is removed. At the following stage, sorted paper is delivered to a paper mill.
After being transported to the mill, the paper is then cleaned and turned into a pulp mixture. Foreign matters
such as staples are taken out during this cleaning process. This is followed by another cleaning stage where ink
and glue are removed. Finally, the pulp is treated in a machine and the final product, usable paper, is made.
BÂY GIỜ CÙNG LUYỆN TẬP THÔI NÀO!
Exercise 1:
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Hoàn thiện bài viết
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Bài mẫu:
The process shows how sugar is made from the sugar cane plant. Looking from an overall perspective, it is
readily apparent that this natural and man-made process involves 3 main stages beginning with initial
harvesting, followed by a chemical transformation, and finally separation into the end product of sugar.
The first stage is natural and begins with sugar cane being grown over a 12 – 18 month period. The mature plant
is then harvested either by hand or large, industrial farming machinery. From that point, the stalks are crushed
in a grinder which results in raw sugar cane juice.
The juice is then run through a limestone filter and poured into an evaporator during which time it is heated,
reduced and becomes a syrup. The syrup is next separated from the sugar crystals using a centrifuge prior to
being dried and cooled in its final form as sugar.
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Exercise 2:
IELTS Essay Task 1: Recycled Bottles into Clothes Process

The diagram details the process of making clothes from plastic bottles. Summarise the information by
selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
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Phân tích:
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Bài mẫu:
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The diagram delineates the process by which plastic bottles can be reused in the manufacturing of clothing.
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that there are 3 main stages to this entirely man-made
process firstly involving the collection and sorting of bottles, followed by cleaning and processing, and finally
the actual production of clothes.
In the first step, plastic bottles of varying sizes are collected and transported to factories. In the factories, the
bottles are then sorted and placed in a machine to cut them into smaller pieces. The pieces must then be washed
and left in the sun to dry.
The transformative stages begin with boiling of the pieces of plastic which precedes straining. After having
been strained, the resulting byproduct becomes yarn which is then ready to be weaved into a fabric. Lastly, the
finished rolls of material are used in the fabrication of clothing.
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Exercise 3:
IELTS Essay Task 1: Wool

The diagram details the process of making wool. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
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Bài mẫu:
The picture shows the procedures by which wool is processed and transformed into a variety of products.
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that processing wool involves initial stages of
preparation of the raw source material, middle stages constituting the production of tufts, and the final stages
resulting in yarn and finished consumer products.
The process begins when sheep wool is sheared, cleaned and then dried. Subsequent to this the raw product is
spun and then either made into string (with some being recycled as byproduct) or turned into wool.
The wool is fashioned into tufts of wool and then stored. The last steps involve turning the tufts into balls of
yarn which can then be used for knitting or for fabrication of consumer retail items such as jackets and carpets.
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Exercise 4:
IELTS Essay Task 1: Pineapple Process

The process diagram details the steps by which pineapples are produced for sale.
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Bài mẫu:
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The process details the steps by which pineapple is produced and shipped for later retail. Looking from an
overall perspective, it is readily apparent that pineapple production involves both man-made and natural
processes beginning with the ripening of the fruit, its preparation and division into different sizes before final
processing. Smaller pineapples are used for juice, medium sized ones are canned and the largest ones are sold
whole.
The processing of all pineapple products begins in a tropical climates (28 °C to 30 °C) during which pineapples
are harvested at various sizes including 26cm, 28cm and 30cm (2kg) in total height. The pineapples are then
cleaned and divided into three groups with the smallest and medium sized ones both having their tops sliced off
and the rinds peeled. The smaller ones are then sent through a juice extractor, while the larger ones are sliced
and canned.
In contrast, the 30cm pineapples are simply washed, coated in wax, placed in crates and then shipped on
freights overseas.
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Exercise 5:
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IELTS Essay Task 1: Cocoa Beans and Chocolate Process Diagram
The process diagram details the steps by which liquid chocolcate is produced from cocoa beans.
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Bài mẫu:
The process illustrated above details how cocoa beans are harvested in order to produce liquid chocolate.
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that this combination of a man-made and natural
process involves 3 main stages beginning with the collection and initial treatment of the beans followed by
transportation and final processing in a factory.
The cacao tree is grown in South America, Africa and Indonesia and the pods are ripe for harvest when they
turn red. The pods are then split open and the white cocoa beans are fermented under leaves before being left in
the sun to dry. Subsequently, they are placed in large sacks and sent by either train or truck to factories for
further preparations.
In the factory, the beans are roasted at 350 °C prior to being crushed in a grinder so that the outer shell can be
separated out. The final step involves taking the inner part of the bean from the last step and pressing it into
liquid chocolate.
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Lý thuyết process

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Lý thuyết process

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To the right side of the road, in the bottom corner, the area demarcated for pagodas now allows

Phân tích bài mẫu:

UNIT 8: PROCESS/ DIAGRAM

Natural Process – Quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên:

Manufacturing Process - Quá trình sản xuất:

1. Ngôn ngữ miêu tả quy trình

Loại 1: Mô tả mối quan hệ Trước – Sau:

• First(ly) – Then – Next -....- Final(ly)

is ready, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.

• ‘Having + Verb participle’:

Loại 2: Mô tả mối quan hệ xảy ra đồng thời:

• While/at the same time:

2. Quy trình sản xuất Ví dụ.

The diagram below shows the process of waste paper recycling.

Watse paper collection

From public paper banks and from businesses

Paper making machine

Machine manufacture of unable paper

Bước 1 - Phân tích tổng quan

• Giai đoạn 4: Làm sạch

• Đoạn thân bài

Bước 3: Hoàn thiện bài viết

BÂY GIỜ CÙNG LUYỆN TẬP THÔI NÀO!

Hoàn thiện bài viết

Phân tích bài mẫu:

IELTS Essay Task 1: Recycled Bottles into Clothes Process

Hoàn thiện bài viết

Phân tích bài mẫu:

IELTS Essay Task 1: Wool

Hoàn thiện bài viết

Phân tích bài mẫu:

IELTS Essay Task 1: Pineapple Process

Hoàn thiện bài viết

Phân tích bài mẫu:

Hoàn thiện bài viết

Phân tích bài mẫu:

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