Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Integration Procedures
Integration Procedures
College of Education
Mathematics and Science Department
CALCULUS 2
INTEGRATION PROCEDURES
Some integrals cannot be evaluated readily by direct application of the basic integration formulas. In line with this, there
are methods of integration that can be utilized to evaluate such integrals. These methods involves various techniques of
transforming the expression to be integrated into a form which can be evaluated by a standard formula.
The integral of the product of a sine and cosine can be reduced to an integral of a sum of two sines.
The integral of the product of two cosines can be reduced to an integral of a sum of two cosines.
The integral of the product of two sines can be reduced to an integral of a difference of two cosines.
���� � ���� � ��
Examples:
���� �
��� � ��� � �� = +�
�
���� �
��� � ���� � �� = − +�
�
���� �
���� � ��� � �� = +�
�
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Case I: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ���� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � − ���� �.
Case II: When m is any number and n is a positive odd integer, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � − ���� �.
���� � ���� � ��
Example:
���� � ���� �
���� � ���� � �� = − +�
� �
or
���� � ���� �
���� � ���� � �� = − +�
� �
Solution for the above problem is left to students as their ASSIGNMENT to be submitted next onsite class.
Case III: When m and n are BOTH even integers (either BOTH positive or one is positive and one is zero), we may
write
� �
���� � ���� � = ��� � � � ��� � � �
���� � ���� � ��
Example:
���� �
���� � ���� � �� = +�
�
Case I: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � + ���� �.
Case II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ����−� � ��� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.
Case III:When m is a positive odd (or even) integer and n is zero, we may write
���� � = ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.
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IV. Powers of Cotangents and Cosecants
Consider a trigonometric integral of the form
���� � ���� � ��
Example:
���� �
���� � ���� � �� =− +�
�
Case I: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � + ���� �.
Case II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ����−� � ��� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.
Case III:When m is a positive odd (or even) integer and n is zero, we may write
���� � = ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.
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V. Trigonometric Substitutions
The problem of evaluating certain types of integrals involving algebraic expressions may be transformed into a problem
of evaluating trigonometric integrals. The transformation is effected by appropriate trigonometric substitutions for the original
variable of integration. These trigonometric substitutions which lead to integrable form are given below
For simplicity, we assume that � is an acute angle, � is a differentiable function of x and a is any number
� �� = �(��) − � ��
or
� �� = �� − � ��
To apply integration by parts in any given case, the given differential must be separated into two factors, one
factor corresponding to � and the other corresponding to ��.
No general rule can be given. However, we emphasize that � ��� �� should be chosen in such a way as to make the
integral of �� easy to evaluate
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