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QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY

College of Education
Mathematics and Science Department
CALCULUS 2

INTEGRATION PROCEDURES

Some integrals cannot be evaluated readily by direct application of the basic integration formulas. In line with this, there
are methods of integration that can be utilized to evaluate such integrals. These methods involves various techniques of
transforming the expression to be integrated into a form which can be evaluated by a standard formula.

I. Product of Sines and Cosines


Trigonometric integrals are those whose integrands involve trigonometric functions. Some trigonometric integrals can
not be evaluated directly from their given forms. However, they can be reduced to standard forms by use of appropriate
trigonometric identities.

��� � ��� � �� = ��� � + � + ��� � − � ��


��� � ��� � �� = ��� � + � + ��� � − � ��


��� � ��� � �� = ��� � + � − ��� � − � ��

The integral of the product of a sine and cosine can be reduced to an integral of a sum of two sines.
The integral of the product of two cosines can be reduced to an integral of a sum of two cosines.
The integral of the product of two sines can be reduced to an integral of a difference of two cosines.

II. Powers of Sines and Cosines


Consider a trigonometric integral of the form

���� � ���� � ��

where � is a differentiable function of � and m, n are real numbers, if � = � = � �� � = �, � ≠ � �� � ≠ �, � = �, the integral


can be easily evaluated by the method of substitution as discussed in General Integration Rules.

Examples:
���� �
��� � ��� � �� = +�

���� �
��� � ���� � �� = − +�

���� �
���� � ��� � �� = +�

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Case I: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ���� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � − ���� �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ��� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Case II: When m is any number and n is a positive odd integer, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � − ���� �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ��� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Note that if m and n are BOTH positive odd integer, then

���� � ���� � ��

can be evaluated by the method used in Case I or Case II.

Example:
���� � ���� �
���� � ���� � �� = − +�
� �
or
���� � ���� �
���� � ���� � �� = − +�
� �

Solution for the above problem is left to students as their ASSIGNMENT to be submitted next onsite class.

Case III: When m and n are BOTH even integers (either BOTH positive or one is positive and one is zero), we may
write
� �
���� � ���� � = ��� � � � ��� � � �

and then use one or both of the trigonometric identities


� − ��� ��
��� � � =

� + ��� ��
��� � � =

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to reduce the given integral into integrable form.
The identities above are used repeatedly when m or n are greater than 2.

III. Powers of Tangents and Secants


Consider a trigonometric integral of the form

���� � ���� � ��

If � = � = �, we evaluate the integral using ��� � ��� � �� = ��� � + �


If m is any number and � = �, we evaluate the integral by method of substitution as discussed in General Integration
Rules.

Example:
���� �
���� � ���� � �� = +�

Case I: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � + ���� �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ���� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Case II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ����−� � ��� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ��� � ��� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Case III:When m is a positive odd (or even) integer and n is zero, we may write
���� � = ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.

to reduce the given integral into integrable form

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IV. Powers of Cotangents and Cosecants
Consider a trigonometric integral of the form

���� � ���� � ��

If � = � = �, we evaluate the integral using ��� � ��� � �� = − ��� � + �


If m is any number and � = �, we evaluate the integral by method of substitution as discussed in General Integration
Rules.

Example:
���� �
���� � ���� � �� =− +�

Case I: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2, we may write
���� � ���� � = ���� � ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = � + ���� �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ���� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Case II: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number, we may write
���� � ���� � = ����−� � ����−� � ��� � ��� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.

to reduce the given integral to the form

(��� �� ������ �� ��� �) ��� � ��� � ��

which is now integrable with � = ��� �

Case III:When m is a positive odd (or even) integer and n is zero, we may write
���� � = ����−� � ���� �
and then use the trigonometric identity ���� � = ���� � − �.

to reduce the given integral into integrable form

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V. Trigonometric Substitutions
The problem of evaluating certain types of integrals involving algebraic expressions may be transformed into a problem
of evaluating trigonometric integrals. The transformation is effected by appropriate trigonometric substitutions for the original
variable of integration. These trigonometric substitutions which lead to integrable form are given below

1. When the integrand contains �� − �� , use the substitution � = � ��� �


2. When the integrand contains �� + �� , use the substitution � = � ��� �
3. When the integrand contains �� − �� , use the substitution � = � ��� �

For simplicity, we assume that � is an acute angle, � is a differentiable function of x and a is any number

VI. Integration by Parts


Suppose � ��� � are differentiable functions of �, the differential formula
�(��) = � �� + � ��
maybe written into
� �� = �(��) − � ��
Integrating both sides, we get

� �� = �(��) − � ��

or

� �� = �� − � ��

The equation above is referred to as the formula for integrating by parts.


The integration by parts is specifically helpful when the integrand is a product of two kinds of function such as the following:

��� �� algebraic and exponential



� ��� � �� algebraic and trigonometric
�� ��� � �� exponential and trigonometric
� �� � �� algebraic and logarithmic

To apply integration by parts in any given case, the given differential must be separated into two factors, one
factor corresponding to � and the other corresponding to ��.
No general rule can be given. However, we emphasize that � ��� �� should be chosen in such a way as to make the
integral of �� easy to evaluate

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