ECE666: Winter 2024

Solution to Assignment-1

1. Given the cost function of a generator at bus-1,

𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.01𝑃𝑃12 + 5.2𝑃𝑃1 + 50 $/ℎ𝑟𝑟

a. When system marginal cost λ = 6.3 $/MWh, which includes the effect of losses, it is given that
the optimal dispatch is, 𝑃𝑃1∗ = 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. Accordingly, we can write,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 ) = 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1

=> (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 )(0.02𝑃𝑃1 + 5.2) = 6.3

=> 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 = 1.01613

Since the penalty factor 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 = 1.01613, we can find the Incremental Loss Factor at bus-1, as
follows:
1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿�𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1
=> �𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 1 − = 0.01587
1 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1

b. If losses were neglected and λ = 6.3 $/MWh, then, we have,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1
= 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1

0.02𝑃𝑃1 + 5.2 = 𝜆𝜆

𝑃𝑃1 = 55 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
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3. The following cost characteristics of the two generators are given:
$
𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.015𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 + 18𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 + 20
ℎ𝑟𝑟

$
𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 ) = 0.03𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃22 + 33𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 + 40
ℎ𝑟𝑟

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 ) = 𝛼𝛼1 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 + 𝛼𝛼2 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 + 𝛼𝛼3 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃22 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Since the load is connected at bus-2, therefore, Gen-2 will not contribute to the losses. Hence,
𝛼𝛼2 = 𝛼𝛼3 = 0. Thus,
𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 ) = 𝛼𝛼1 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Given that when 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 120 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 16.425 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. Then, from the above
relationship, we obtain,
𝛼𝛼1 = 0.001141

Therefore, the loss function can be expressed as,

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.001141𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Therefore, while the penalty factor for Generator-2, 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 = 1, for generator-1, 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1is given as,
1 1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 = =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 − 0.002282𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
1− �𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1

For economic dispatch, the conditions for optimality are as follows,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 ) 1 = 𝜆𝜆 => (0.03𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 + 18) = 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 1−0.002282𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 ) = 𝜆𝜆 => (1)(0.06𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 + 33) = 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2
$
For 𝜆𝜆 = 36 , we obtain from the above equations, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 160.5 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 and 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 50 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀.
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ
Accordingly, the total losses would be,

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.001141𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 = 0.001141(160.52 ) = 29.39 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Therefore the total load served by the two generators:

𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 160.5 + 50 − 29.39 = 181.11 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
5. For economic emission load dispatch we solve the following three equations:
𝑑𝑑𝐸𝐸1 (𝑃𝑃1 )
= 𝜆𝜆 => 0.055𝑃𝑃1 + 3.5 = 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1
𝑑𝑑𝐸𝐸1 (𝑃𝑃1 )
= 𝜆𝜆 => 0.13𝑃𝑃2 + 6.2 = 𝜆𝜆
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1
𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 = 900

We obtain the optimal solutions, 𝑃𝑃1∗ = 647.05 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑃𝑃2∗ = 252.95 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 which is the economic
emission load dispatch (EELD) solution. Since both generators operate within their limits, their
incremental emissions are equal, and represent the system marginal emissions (λ), where, 𝜆𝜆 =
39.088 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ, it denotes the increase in system emission (in kg) for a 1 MW increase in
demand.

The following table presents a comparison of the total emissions in case of joint dispatch, with
that when utilities operate independently.
Economic Emission Independent
Load Dispatch Operation
P1, MW 647.05 MW 575 MW
P2, MW 252.95 325 MW
Emission from Utility-1 13,803.2 kg 11,129.7 kg
Emission from Utility-2 5,775.2 kg 8928.6 kg
Total emission 19,578.4 kg 20,058.3 Kg
Emission Reduction from System 479.9 kg/h

Note that, through coordinated dispatch, the total system emissions can be reduced by 479.9 kg
for the given load condition, at an hour.
6. The incremental cost functions of the two generators are given as:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0.008𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 + 8; 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2 = 0.012𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 + 9
1 2

The system is on economic dispatch with 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 500 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 and incremental loss factor of Gen-
2 = 0.2. Hence the penalty factor of Gen-2, 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 is given by,
1 1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 = = = 1.25
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 − 0.2
1 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿�𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
2
Since the generators are on economic dispatch, therefore, we can state that,
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 )(0.008𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 + 8) = 𝜆𝜆 (1)
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 )(0.012𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 + 9) = 𝜆𝜆 (2)

From (2), where 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 = 1.25 and 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 500 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, we can determine, 𝜆𝜆 = 18.75 $/𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀ℎ. Using this
in (1), and for 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 500 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, we obtain, 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 = 1.5625.
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8. The incremental cost functions of the two generators are given as:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0.00643𝑃𝑃1 + 3.37; 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0.00364𝑃𝑃2 + 7.19
1 2

The transmission loss function is given by,

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.00011𝑃𝑃12 + 0.00006𝑃𝑃22 + 0.0045𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2

Hence, the penalty factors 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 and 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 can be expressed as,
1 1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 = =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 − 0.00022𝑃𝑃1
− 0.0045𝑃𝑃2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕1

1 1
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 = =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
1 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 − 0.00012𝑃𝑃2
− 0.0045𝑃𝑃1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕2

Given that the two generators are on economic dispatch, and λ=30 $/MWh, we can write,
(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝1 )(0.00643𝑃𝑃1 + 3.37) = 𝜆𝜆 (1)
1
=> � � (0.00643𝑃𝑃1 + 3.37) = 30
1 − 0.00022𝑃𝑃1 − 0.0045𝑃𝑃2

=> (0.00643𝑃𝑃1 + 3.37) = 30(1 − 0.00022𝑃𝑃1 − 0.0045𝑃𝑃2 )

=> 0.01303𝑃𝑃1 + 0.135𝑃𝑃2 = 26.63 (1𝑎𝑎)

(𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝2 )(0.00364𝑃𝑃2 + 7.19) = 𝜆𝜆 (2)

1
=> � � (0.00364𝑃𝑃2 + 7.19) = 30
1 − 0.00012𝑃𝑃2 − 0.0045𝑃𝑃1

=> (0.00364𝑃𝑃2 + 7.19) = 30(1 − 0.00012𝑃𝑃2 − 0.0045𝑃𝑃1 )

=> 0.135𝑃𝑃1 + 0.00724𝑃𝑃2 = 22.81 (2𝑎𝑎)

Solving (1a) and (2a), we obtain the optimal dispatches as follows:

𝑃𝑃1∗ = 159.1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀; 𝑃𝑃2∗ = 181.9 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
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Q.12
Q.11
The hydro-thermal scheduling problem is formulated as follows:
2
Min Cost= J = L 111 C(PSJ )
j-=I
Subject to the constraints:
PH} + PsJ = Poj 'r/j-1,2

f
J=I
n1q/PH1)= Qror
The Lagrangian is written as,
F =4C(Ps1)+4C(Ps2)+J1(725-PH1 -Ps1)+-t2(615-PH2 -Ps2)
+r(4q(PHt )+ 4q(PH2)- 75,000)
The coordination equations can be formulated from the above as follows:
�=4 dC( P5,) _A1 =0.0216Ps, +36--t, =0 (1)
8Ps 1 dPs,
aF = «'C(Psi) ,½ = . 2 l (2}
4 0 0 6Ps2 + 36 -,½ = 0
0Ps2 dPs2
fJF =--l +4 dq(PHI) -,l1 +r(0.06Pm +100)=0 (3)
oP m 1 r dP
m
4y q H2) -A2+r{0.06PH2+100)=0
d (P
(4)
0PH2 =-J..2 +
� tlPH2
8F
-=P (5)
m +P51 =725
0A1
oF (6)
a..ii =PH2 +Ps2 =615
-

iJF =4q(Pm )+4q(Pm)-Qro rAL =0 {7 )

ar
As stated in the problem, the initial guesses are as follows:
-ilt J..2 .,, 40$/ MWh, r = 0.35$1 .ere- ft

Page-14
 Outer y Inner Am Ps..,, P11..., E i,MW Dlsp'atch solution after 2 2
loop $/acre-ft Loop $/MWh MW MW convergence of inner L4q(PHm) E2 = L 4q(PHm )� 0-otal
Iteration Iteration loops m=l m=l
Count, k Count, m acre-ft acre-ft
1 0.35 1 40 185.2 238.1 -301.7 Psi=328.7 MW
42 277.8 333.3 -113.9 PH1 = 385.7 MW
43 324.1 381 -19.9 P52 =277.8 MW
43.1 328.7 385.7 -10.6 PH2 = 333.3 MW
2 40 185.2 238.1 -191.7 A1 = 43.1$/MWh
41 231.5 285.7 -97.8 A2 =42$/MWh
42 277.8 333.3 -3.9 44,233+37,863=82,096 +7,096
2 0.36 1 43.1 328.7 328.7 -92.6 Psi = 365. 7 MW
44 370.4 370.4 15.8 PH1 = 365.7 MW
43.9 365.7 365.7 6.4 Ps2 = 305.6 MW
2 42 277.8 277.8 -59.4 PH2 =305.6 MW
42.S 300.9 300.9 -13.2 ).1 ; 43.9 $/MWh
42.6 305.6 305.6 -3.8 Az = 42.6 $/MWh 41,782+34,562=76,344 +1,344
3 0.363 1 43.9 365.7 348.9 -10.4 P51 =370.4 MW
44 370.4 353.S -1.1 PH1 = 353.5 MW
2 42.6 305.6 289.3 -20.1 Ps2 = 314.8 MW
42.8 314.8 298.4 -1.8 PH2 = 298.4 MW
A1 =44$/MWh
A2 = 42.8$/MWh 40,299+33, 711=74,010 -990
&1 = Psm + PHm • PDm
Notes:
1. The above 'A-y iterative scheme follows from the flow chart presented in the lecture notes.
2. The algorithm is seen to be converging, but needs another iteration to reduce the error 62 further. Only three iterations are shown here.
3. First, y and Amcm•i.21 are assumed, and Ps.n are calculated from (1) and (2)
4. Once P5m are known, PHm are calculated from (3) and {4)
5. The convergence of the inner loop is arrived at, by ensuring that (S) and (6) are satisfied, i.e., 61 = Ps,,, +PH,.· PDm is sufficiently small.
6. Using the PHm values, calculate the 4*q(PHm) values from the hydro discharge characteristic.
.
2
7. The convergence of the outer loop is arrived at, by ensuring that (7) is satisfied, i.e., 62 = I: 4q(PH,n)- 0-ota/ ls sufficiently small.
m=l

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