Ch. 14-Cellular Movement - Motility and Contractility

Hardin - 9th edition - Becker's World of the Cell
Ch. 14-Cellular Movement: Motility and Contractility
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CONCEPT: KINESINS AND DYNEINS
● Cells transport molecules, vesicles, and organelles throughout the cells on microtubules
□ There are two types of cellular ____________________
- Brownian movement is random thermal motions
- Salutatory movement is jerky, stepwise movement in a single direction
□ Motor proteins use energy from ATP hydrolysis to transport molecules across a microtubule in a single direction
- Kinesins move molecules towards the plus end (away from cell body)
- Over 14 families, but kinesin I is the one we will use as an example
- Dyneins move molecules towards the minus end (towards the cell body)
- Interacts with dynactin protein to move cargos over long distances
□ There are multiple ________________________ of motor proteins
- Each has a different speed of movement depending on the cell type in which it’s expressed
EXAMPLE: Kinesins and Dyneins
Dyneins Kinesins
- +
microtubule
● Motor proteins have a specific _____________________

□ They function as dimers with two globular heads and a single tail
- The two heads bind to microtubules in one orientation, and hydrolyze ATP to move along the microtubule
- The tail attaches to vesicles, cargo, or organelles
□ The heads go through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis to continually bind
- Processive movement is movement that occurs for long distances without falling off (motor proteins)
Page 1
EXAMPLE: Movement of kinesin along a microtubule
Page 2
PRACTICE:
1. True or False: Kinesins move molecules away from the cell body
a. True
b. False
2. Where do motor proteins get the energy to move molecules throughout the cell?
a. ATP
b. GTP
c. Breakdown of H2O
d. Breakdown of sugars
Page 3
3. Which of the following motor protein structures directly attaches to the cargo to transport it throughout the cell?
a. One globular head
b. Both globular heads together
c. The motor protein tail
d. The microtubule
Page 4
CONCEPT: CILIA AND FLAGELLA
● There are two main organelles responsible for _____________________ cell movement
□ Multiple cilia are found on the plasma membrane and beat back and forth
- Beating results in fluid movement or in propelling cells through fluid
□ A single flagellum is found on the plasma membrane, and movements in a wavelike beating pattern
- Results in propelling sperm or protozoa cells
EXAMPLE: Flagellum vs. Cilia
Flagellum Cilia
Spins like a propellar Beats back and forth
● Cilia and Flagella have a similar structure

□ Microtubules are arranged in a 9 +2 axoneme
- Outer doublets: There are 9 doublets, equally spaced around the outside
- Central pair: There are 2 doublets, placed in the center
- Axoneme includes the microtubules and all associated proteins
□ Each microtubule filament of each doublet is _____________________________
- A tubule has 13 microtubule protofilaments
- B tubule has 10 or 11 microtubule protofilaments and fuses to the A tubule
● Connecting each of the 9 doublets together occurs through a variety of structures

□ Interdoublet links connects two adjacent doublets together
- Nexin is the protein responsible for this connection
Page 5
EXAMPLE:
□ A basal body is the region out of which the microtubules grows
- Similar to a centriole
- Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
Movement
● The sliding microtubule model describes how cilia and flagella ___________________
□ Dynein is the motor protein responsible for this movement
- Dynein bind to B tubules with its head groups
- It move towards the minus end on B tubules with energy from ATP hydrolysis
- As it moves towards the minus end on the B tubule It slides the A tubule down (bending)
□ Sliding microtubule model is a model of movement based on core bending due to sliding microtubules
□ Intraflagellar transport is the movement of molecules to and from the tips of the flagella
Page 6
EXAMPLE: Sliding microtubule model
Dynein
Dynein
Page 7
PRACTICE:
1. Microtubules are arranged in which of the following arrays?
a. 9 + 3
b. 9 + 2
c. 8 +3
d. 8 +2
2. What is the name of the structure from which cilia and flagellum grow?
a. Outer doublet
b. Nexin
c. Basal Body
d. Central Pair
Page 8
3. The structure of the basal body differs from the structure of the cilia in which of the following ways?
a. It has a 9+3 structure instead of a 9+2 structure
b. It is composed of 9 triplets of microtubules instead of the 9+2 structure
c. It has an 8+2 structure instead of a 9+2 structure
d. It is composed of only A tubules
Page 9
CONCEPT: ACTIN BASED NON-MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
● There are three types of actin based non-muscle cellular movements

Type Definition
Cell crawling (protrusion) Cell drags itself forward by crawling over surfaces (Ex:
amoebas, white blood cells, neutrophils)
Chemotaxis Migrating cell respond to differing concentrations of a
diffusible chemical
Cytoplasmic streaming Cytosol streams back and forth within the cell (ex: slime
molds and plant cells)
● Cell crawling uses four steps to move cells across a surface

1. Protrusion: Cell pushes actin based protrusion out from it’s moving surface (driven by actin polymerization)
- Pseudopodia (amoeba)
- Lamelipodium is the dense leading portion which has filopedia protrusions at the leading edge
2. Attachment: Cellular protrusions attach to the surface
- Integrins are transmembrane proteins that adhere to the ECM or the surface on which the cell is crawling
3. Translocation: The cell drags itself forward using the attached areas an anchorage points
4. Detachment: The cells detach from the surface
EXAMPLE: Pseudopodia extensions from an amoeba
Page 10
PRACTICE:
1. True or False: Pseudopodia are used by ameobas for cell crawling.
a. True
b. False
2. Which of the following proteins are used so that the cell can attach to the surface on which it is crawling?
a. ECM proteins
b. Filaments
c. Filopedia
d. Integrins
Page 11
CONCEPT: ACTIN AND SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
● Skeletal muscle contractions depend on ___________________________________ between actin and myosin

□ Myosin II are dimers with two globular ATPase heads and a long coiled-coil tail that extends outwards
- Myosin filaments are formed by clusters of myosin II
- Myosin filaments look like a double headed arrow
□ Two myosin filaments bind to each ____________________ filament
- Each binds in opposite orientations, moving them in opposite directions
EXAMPLE: Myosin
● Skeletal muscle has a distinct __________________________________ which allows for muscle contraction
□ Myofibrils are cylindrical bundles of myosin and actin
□ Sarcomeres are tiny contractile units that make up a myofibril
- A band (dark band): composed of myosin (thick filaments)
- H zone: lighter region of A band where myosin is not superimposed with actin
- M line: Disc in the middle of the sarcomere
- I band (light band): composed of actin (thin filaments), but no myosin
- Z line (disc): Ends of the sarcomere
EXAMPLE: Sarcomere
Page 12
Steps to a Contraction
● Skeletal muscle contraction is caused from the shortening of sarcomeres
1. Myosin heads bind to actin
2. ATP hydrolysis results in the myosin head binding tightly, undergoing a conformational change, and moving
- Tropomyosin is a protein that normally covers the actin binding site
- Calcium binding to troponin molecules alter the structure of tropomyosin revealing the binding site
3. Cross-bridge forms, which is an overlap between thin and thick filaments (actin and myosin)
- I band and H-zone shorten so the Z lines come closer together
- All the band lengths stay the same – actin just slides passed myosin to result in sarcomere shortening
4. ATP binds, which disassociates the cross bridge and it returns to its relaxed state
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE: Troponin and tropomyosin
Page 13
PRACTICE:
1. Which of the following is not a structure of the sarcomere?

a. A band
b. H zone
c. Z line
d. U zone
2. Which of the following structures is composed of actin, but no myosin?

a. A band
b. M line
c. I band
d. Z line
Page 14
3. When calcium binds to troponin, what happens to tropomyosin?

a. It binds and covers the actin binding site
b. It is removed from the actin binding site
c. It creates a crossbridge structure
d. It triggers ATP hydrolysis and myosin movement
4. True or False: When a cross-bridge structure is formed during a muscle contraction, the band lengths shorten and
contract.
a. True
b. False
Page 15

Ch. 14-Cellular Movement - Motility and Contractility

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Hardin - 9th edition - Becker's World of the Cell

Ch. 14-Cellular Movement: Motility and Contractility

CONCEPT: KINESINS AND DYNEINS

- Brownian movement is random thermal motions

- Salutatory movement is jerky, stepwise movement in a single direction

- Over 14 families, but kinesin I is the one we will use as an example

- Interacts with dynactin protein to move cargos over long distances

□ There are multiple ________________________ of motor proteins

EXAMPLE: Kinesins and Dyneins

● Motor proteins have a specific _____________________

- The tail attaches to vesicles, cargo, or organelles

□ The heads go through repeated cycles of ATP hydrolysis to continually bind

EXAMPLE: Movement of kinesin along a microtubule

CONCEPT: CILIA AND FLAGELLA

- Beating results in fluid movement or in propelling cells through fluid

- Results in propelling sperm or protozoa cells

EXAMPLE: Flagellum vs. Cilia

Spins like a propellar Beats back and forth

● Cilia and Flagella have a similar structure

- Central pair: There are 2 doublets, placed in the center

- Axoneme includes the microtubules and all associated proteins

□ Each microtubule filament of each doublet is _____________________________

- A tubule has 13 microtubule protofilaments

- B tubule has 10 or 11 microtubule protofilaments and fuses to the A tubule

● Connecting each of the 9 doublets together occurs through a variety of structures

- Nexin is the protein responsible for this connection

□ A basal body is the region out of which the microtubules grows

- Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

- Dynein bind to B tubules with its head groups

EXAMPLE: Sliding microtubule model

CONCEPT: ACTIN BASED NON-MUSCLE MOVEMENTS

● There are three types of actin based non-muscle cellular movements

● Cell crawling uses four steps to move cells across a surface

2. Attachment: Cellular protrusions attach to the surface

4. Detachment: The cells detach from the surface

EXAMPLE: Pseudopodia extensions from an amoeba

CONCEPT: ACTIN AND SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

● Skeletal muscle contractions depend on ___________________________________ between actin and myosin

- Myosin filaments are formed by clusters of myosin II

- Myosin filaments look like a double headed arrow

□ Two myosin filaments bind to each ____________________ filament

- Each binds in opposite orientations, moving them in opposite directions

□ Sarcomeres are tiny contractile units that make up a myofibril

- A band (dark band): composed of myosin (thick filaments)

- M line: Disc in the middle of the sarcomere

- I band (light band): composed of actin (thin filaments), but no myosin

- Z line (disc): Ends of the sarcomere

- Tropomyosin is a protein that normally covers the actin binding site

- I band and H-zone shorten so the Z lines come closer together

EXAMPLE: Troponin and tropomyosin

1. Which of the following is not a structure of the sarcomere?

2. Which of the following structures is composed of actin, but no myosin?

3. When calcium binds to troponin, what happens to tropomyosin?

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