Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Application of
Remainder and NCS Mathematics
Factor Theorems DVD Series
Outcomes for this Lesson
In this lesson we will :
Formulate the Remainder and Factor Theorems.
Determine at least one linear factor for a cubic
expression by means of the Factor Theorem.
Determine the quadratic quotient when a cubic
expression is divided by a linear factor by means of :
Long Division or
Inspection.
Utilize Factor Theorem and Quotient strategies
to Factorize Cubic Expressions.
Remainder by means of long Division
and Division Terminology
2x 2 1
x2
2 x3 4 x 2 x 5
2x 4x
3 2
x 5
x2 Remainder
3 3
Furthermore g x 2 x3 4 x 2 x 5 2 x 2 1 x 2 3
R f b a
Factor Theorem
If x p is a factor of f x , then
Remainder R f p 0
Example: Prove that 2 x 3; x 3 and 3x 2
are factors of g x 6 x3 23x 2 9 x 18
3 2
Solution From Remainder Theorem: Remainders are g ; g 3 and g
2 3
3 27 9 3
g 2 6 8 23 4 9 2 18 0
g 3 6 27 23 9 9 3 18 0
g
2 8 4 2
6 23 9 18 0
3 27 9 3
It follows from factor theorem that 2 x 3; x 3 and 3x 2
are factors of g x 6 x3 23x 2 9 x 18
Factorization of a Cubic Expression
Factorize h x 12 x 19 x 45x 18 3 2
h x x 3 12 x 2 17 x 2 6 Factorize trinomial.
h x x 3 3x 2 4 x 3
Finding the Quadratic Quotient
by means of Long Division
We mentioned in the previous slide that
h x 12 x3 19 x 2 45 x 18 x 3 12 x 2 17 x 6 x 3 q x
12 x 19 x 45x 18 x 3 q x
3 2
12 x3 19 x 2 45x 18 x 3 ax 2 bx c
By inspection a 12 and c 6.
12 x3 19 x 2 45x 18 x 3 12 x 2 bx 6
By further inspection 6 3b 45 3b 51 b 17.
q x 12 x 2 17 x 6
Tutorial 1: Factorization of Cubic Expressions
Given f x 2 x x 5x 2 :
3 2
f 1 2 1 5 2 0 x 1 is a factor of f x
Tutorial 1 Problem 2:
Suggested Solution
We know that :
f x 2 x3 x 2 5 x 2 x 1 ax 2 bx c x 1 q x
q x can be determined by means of Inspection Strategy.
2 x x 5x 2 x 1 ax bx c
3 2 2
q x 2 x 3x 2
2
Tutorial 1 Problem 3:
Suggested Solution
We know that
f x 2 x3 x 2 5 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 3x 2 x 1 q x
x 1 x 2 2 x 1
Alternatively we can use the Factor Theorem
to determine two factors of f x :
Can show that : f x 2 x3 x 2 5 x 2
f 1 0 x 1 is a factor and x 1 x 2 2 x 1
f 2 0 x 2 is also factor. Third factor by inspection.
Lesson 2
Finding:
Intercepts NCS Mathematics
Turning Points DVD Series
Inflection Points
X- and Y- Intercepts
In a previous lessons on graphs of functions you have learnt that the
intercepts on the axes can be determined as follows :
The y - intercept of a function can be found where x 0.
i.e. at the point 0, f (0) .
The x-intercepts of a function
can be found where y 0.
y x 2 x 6 x 3 x 2
Gradient Zero
Local Maximum Local Minimum
if sign of first derivative if sign of first derivative
changes from changes from
positive to zero to negative negative to zero to positive
around critical point around critical point
Turning Points and Gradients: Example
y f x sin x
270; 1 is a local minimum
f x changes from 0
Note
At a local extreme point the first derivative must be zero
The sign of the first derivative must change around this point
Concavity and
Second Derivative
y 2ax b
y 2ax b
y 2a 0
y 2a 0
y ax bx c where a 0
2 y ax 2 bx c where a 0
Curve is concave up Curve is concave down
Second derivative
Second derivative
always negative
always positive
Tangents below curve Tangents above curve
or curve above tangents or curve below tangents
Concavity and
Points of Inflection
y x 3 y 3x 2 0 y x3 y 3x 2 0
y 6 x y 6 x
y 0 if x 0
Concave Up y 0 if x 0
Concave Up
y 0 if x 0
y 0 if x 0
y 0 if x 0
Concave Down y 0 if x 0
Observations at or around (0;0) : Concave Down
First and second derivatives zero at (0;0) Inflection Point at (0;0)
No change in sign of first derivative near (0;0) Second derivative zero at this point
Changes in sign of second derivative near (0;0)
Change in concavity around this point
Concavity and Points of Inflection: Example
EXAMPLE : Given: f ( x) x3 3x 2 7
Determine : a) the interval on which the curve is concave up or down
b) the coordinates of the inflection point.
a) Firstly determine f ( x) : b) Inflection point when x 1:
f ( x) 3x 2 6 x f ( x) 6 x 6 1; f 1 1;5 is inflection point
Then determine where f ( x) 0 :
f ( x) 0 when 6 x 6 0 x 1
Next determine the sign of
f ( x) near x 1:
f x : 0
f is concave down f is concave up
1
when x 1 when x 1
Concavity and Inflection Points:
Example from Trigonometry
180; 0 is a point of inflection
f x changes from 0
y f x sin x
Enrichment :
0 180 k ;0 where k are all points of inflection
y f x cos x
f x changes from 0 or from 0
y f x sin x
f 180 sin(180) 0
Note :
At an inflection point the second derivative must be zero
The sign of the second derivative must change around this point
Tutorial 2: Turning and Inflection Points
A function f is defined by f ( x) 2 x 3 6 x.
Determine :
(1) the turning points (maximum or minimum) and
(2) the inflection point.
PAUSE DVD
• Do Tutorial 2
f x : 0
0
Curve change from concave down to concave up around x 0.
Thus 0; f 0 0;0 is the inflection point.
Lesson 3
Sketching
NCS Mathematics
Cubic Functions DVD Series
Sketching Cubic Functions
In order to sketch a cubic function, one should:
STEP 1: Find intercepts of the curve and the axes
STEP 2 : Determine the sign of the function over
the domain. (This determine the position of the curve)
STEP 3 : Find the turning point(s) of the function
STEP 4 : Find the inflection point(s) of the function
STEP 5 : Sketch the curve of the function
Sketching cubic functions defined by y ax3 c
Example: Sketch the function defined by y f ( x) x3 8.
Step 1: y intercept at 0;8
x intercept(s) where x3 8 0 or at 2;0
Step 2: f x 0 when x 2 (Curve lies above x axis) f x : 0
f x 0 when x 2 (Curve lies below x axis)
2
Step 3: f x 3x 0 x 0
2
Step 5: Sketch
If x 0 then f x 0 and if x 0 then f x 0
There is no turning point(s)
Step 4: f x 6 x 0 x 0
If x 0 then f x 0 and if x 0 then f x 0
0; f 0 0;8 is the point of inflection.
Sketching cubic functions defined by y ax3 bx2
Example: Sketch function defined by y f ( x) x3 3x 2
y intercept: Where y f (0) (0)3 3(0) 2 0
x intercepts: Where x3 3x 2 0 x 2 x 3 0 x 0 (equal) or x 3
Signs of f x : 0 0
0 3
Signs of f x : f ( x) 3x 2 6 x 3x( x 2) f x : 0 0
f ( x ) 0 x 0 or x2
0 2
0; f 0 0;0 is a maximum turning point
and 2; f 2 2; 4 is a minimum turning point.
Signs of f x : f ( x) 6 x 6 6( x 1)
f ( x) 0 x 1
f x : 0
1
1; f 1 1; 2 is an inflection point.
Sketching cubic functions defined by y ax3 bx2 cx
Example: Sketch function defined by y f ( x) 2 x3 3x 2 12 x
y intercept: Where y f (0) 0
3 105
x intercepts: Where x 2 x 2 3x 12 0 x 0 or x x 0 or x 3,3 or x 1,8
4
Signs of f x : 0 0 0
1,8 0 3,3 f x : 0 0
Signs of f x : f ( x) 6 x 2 6 x 12 6( x 2) x 1 1 2
f ( x ) 0 x 2 or x 1
1; f 1 1;7 is a maximum turning point
and 2; f 2 2; 20 is a minimum turning point.
Signs of f x : f ( x) 12 x 6 6(2 x 1)
1
f ( x ) 0 x
2
f x : 0
0,5
0,5; f 0,5 0,5; 6,5 is an inflection point.
Sketching cubic functions defined by y ax3 bx2 cx d
Example: Sketch function defined by y f ( x) x3 6 x 2 9 x 4
y intercept: Where y f (0) 4
x intercepts: Where x 1 x 2 5 x 4 x 1 x 4 0 x 1 or x 4
2
Signs of f x : 0 0
1 4 f x : 0 0
Signs of f x : f ( x) 3x 2 12 x 9 3( x 1) x 3 1 3
f ( x ) 0 x 1 or x3
1; f 1 1;0 is a maximum turning point
and 3; f 3 3; 4 is a minimum turning point.
Signs of f x : f ( x) 6 x 12 6( x 2)
f ( x) 0 x 2
f x : 0
2
2; f 2 2; 2 is an inflection point.
Tutorial 3: Sketching Cubic Functions
For each of the functions, calculate the intercepts
with the axes, the signs of the function, the turning
points and point of inflection. Then draw a sketch
graph of the function:
PAUSE DVD
• Do Tutorial 3
1) f ( x) x 2 x 4 x 8
3 2
• Then View Solutions
2) g ( x) ( x 1)( x 3)( x 7)
3) h( x) 2 x 3 x 2 13 x 6
Tutorial 3 Problem 1: Suggested Solutions
Sketch function defined by y f ( x) x3 2 x 2 4 x 8
y intercept: Where y f (0) 8
x intercepts: Where x 2 x 2 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 4 x 2 x 2 0
2
x 2 (Equal) or x 2
Signs of f x : 0 0
2 2 f x : 0 0
Signs of f x : f ( x) 3x 2 4 x 4 (3x 2) x 2
2 2
2 3
f ( x ) 0 x or x 2
3
2; f 2 2;0 is a maximum turning point
2 2 2 13
and ; f ; 9 is a minimum turning point.
3 3 3 27
Signs of f x : f ( x) 6 x 4 2(3 x 2)
2
f ( x ) 0 x
3 f x : 0
2
2 2 2 20
; f
; 4 is an inflection point. 3
3 3 3 27
Tutorial 3 Problem 2: Suggested Solutions
Sketch function defined by y g ( x) x 1 x 3 x 7
y intercept: Where y g (0) 1 3 7 21
x intercepts: Where x 1 x 3 x 7 0 x 1 or x 3 or x 7
Signs of f x : 0 0 0
7 1 3 g x : 0 0
Signs of g x : g x x3 3x 2 25 x 21 g ( x) 3x 2 6 x 25 4,1 2,1
6 336
g ( x) 0 x x 4,1 or x 2,1
6
Max TP at approx. 2,1 ; 9
and Min TP at approx. 4,1 ; 105
Signs of h x : 0 0 0
2 0,5 3 h x : 0 0
Signs of h x : h x 6 x 2 2 x 13 1,3 1, 6
2 316
h( x ) 0 x x 1, 6 or x 1,3
12
Max TP at approx. 1, 3 ; 4,8
and Min TP at approx. 1,6 ; 21,1
Deductions
NCS Mathematics
from given DVD Series
Cubic Graphs
Interpretations of Cubic Graphs
In this section we are going to determine equations of cubic
functions as well as some interpretations from given graphs.
We will approach this section by using some examples.
NOTE :
The equation of a cubic function is given by
y ax3 bx 2 cx d or y a ( x p )( x q )( x r )
If a 0 the shape is : If a 0 the shape is :
OR OR
Deductions from Graphs: Example 1
EXAMPLE 1 :
The diagram below shows the sketch graph of f ( x) x3 ax 2 11x 30.
A( 1; 36) and B are the turning points and C is an inflection point of f .
A
C
Determine:
B
a) the value of a.
b) the coordinates of B
c) the coordinates of C
d) the values of k for which f x k will have three roots?
e) the coordinates of the turning points of g if g ( x ) f ( x 2).
Solution 1 (a)
a) /
find f ( x) f ( x) x3 ax 2 11x 30.
f ( x ) 3 x 2ax 11
/ 2
f
f ( x) 0
/
gives
3 x 2 8 x 11 0
(3 x 11)( x 1) 0
x 11
3
or x 1
y ( ) 4( ) 11( 11
11 3
3
11 2
3 3
) 30 14 22
27
B ( 11
3
; 14 22
27
) f ( x) x3 ax 2 11x 30.
Solution 1 (c)
c) Find f ( x )// f ( x) x3 ax 2 11x 30.
f ( x) 6 x 8
//
f ( x) 6 x 8 0
//
f
x 4
3
y ( 34 )3 4( 34 )2 11( 34 ) 30
10 16
27
The point C( 34 ; 10 16
27
)
Solution 1 (d)
11 22
d) A 1;36 and B ; 14
3 27
22
f ( x ) k will have 2 roots when k 36 or k 14
27
y k 36
y k 36
22
y k 14
27
y k 14
22
27
22
f ( x) k will have 3 roots when k 36 and k 14
27
Solution 1 (e)
e) Turning points of g ( x ) f ( x 2)
translation of 2 units to the right:
( 1 2 ;36) and ( 11
3
2 ; 14 22
27
)
(1;36) and ( 173 ; 14 27
22
)
f ( x) x3 ax 2 11x 30.
f
Problem 2
EXAMPLE 2:
The diagram below shows the sketch graph of
g ( x ) x 3 bx 2 9 x 4. P and Q are the turning
points and R( 2 ; 2) is an inflection point of g.
y
P x
R(2 ; 2)
g
Q
Determine:
a) the value of b.
b) the coordinates of Q
c) the coordinates of the inflection point of h if h( x ) g ( x ).
Solution 2 (a)
a) Find g / / ( x ) :
g ( x ) x 3 bx 2 9 x 4 g / ( x ) 3 x 2 2bx 9
g / / ( x ) 6 x 2b
6(2) 2b 0
y
P
2b 12
x
g R(2 ; 2)
b 6 Q
Solution 2 (b), (c)
b) using b 6 we have f / ( x ) 3 x 2 12 x 9
f / ( x) 0 gives y
g
3( x 4 x 3) 0
2
P x
3( x 1)( x 3) 0 R(2 ; 2)
x 1 or x 3 Q
y
PAUSE DVD
g
• Do Tutorial 4: Part 1
• Then View Solutions
x
3 1 0,5
(0, 3)
b) g ( x ) 6 x 14 x 2
/ 2
g / / ( x ) 12 x 14
12 x 14 0
x 76
y 2( ) 7( ) 2( 76 ) 3 1 541
7 3
6
7 2
6
inflection point 6 54
7
;1 1
TUTORIAL 4: Part 2
Problem 2 :
The diagram below shows the sketch graph of the cubic function
f ( x ) x3 sx 2 tx 2
The A(1 ; 2) and B are turning points with C(2 ; 0) the inflection point of f .
Pause DVD
• Do Tutorial 4: Part 2
• Then View Solutions
REMEMBER!
• Consult text-books for additional examples.
• Attempt as many as possible other similar examples
on your own.
• Compare your methods with those that were
discussed in the DVD.
• Repeat this procedure until you are confident.
• Do not forget: