BRILLIANT EDUCATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL

SIPHAL, KATHMANDU

Viva Project File work

Submitted by Submitted to

Name: Achyut Sapkota Department of Journalism

Class: 12 And Mass communication
Faculty: Humanities Brilliant Multiple Campus,
Subject: Mass communication
& Journalism
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 ljifo ;'lr

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!= Paper Advertisement

@= Travel Experience Report

#= Field Trip Report

$= Movie screening report

%= Chart paper presentation

^= 5 News (Radio and television)

 Field Trip Report

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s'/L, bf]nvf led;]g / sfln~rf]ssf] @ lbg] z}lIfs e|d0f nluPsf]
lyof] . sIff !! b]vL :gfts tx ;Ddsf s'n *( hgf
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u/fOPsf lyP .
e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ l6sf / z'esfdgf ;lxt ljBfnosf k|
wfgfWofks b'uf{ k|;fb g]kfnn] ljbfO{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}
kqsfl/tf ljifosf] :ynut cjnf]sg ePsf]n] ljbfyL{nfO{ hgxL
slk / snd klg ljBfnojf6 pknAw ePsf] lyof] . ;f] e|d0fsf nflu
hgxL b'O{ xhf/ cf7 ;o p7fOPsf] lyof] . l;kmnaf6 labf ePsf]
6f]ln vfhf vfg d'8] eGg] 7fpFdf /f]lsPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 a;
vl/9'Ëfsf] :ynut cjnf]sg ug{ /f]lsof] . vl/9'Ëf Ps k|l;4 ;'l6ª :k6
/x]sfn] ;f] af6f] cfjthfjt ug]{ ofq'n] Ps k6s pq]/ x]g}{ kg]
{ dg x'GYof] .
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lyof] . bf]nvf led;]gsf] cfkm\g} df}lns / kf}/fl0fs dxTj /
Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«df ;ª\s6 lglDtg nfUbf led;]gsf] d"lt{jf6
kl;gf cfpg] slDjblGt /x]sf] 5 . of] ;To xf] .
bf]nvf led;]g dlGb/sf] bz{g kZrft\ e|d0f 6f]lnnfO{
vl/9'ª\ufdf Psl5g cjnf]sgsf nflu lj>fd u/fOof] . g]kfnL
rnlrqx?sf] ;'l6ª\usf nflu k|Voft ;f] 7fpF ljleGg
9'ËfnfO{ Ps :yfgdf hDdf kfl/ kxf8nfO{ ;hfOPsf] h:tf]
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5.
 bf]nvf led;]g bz{g / vl/9'ª\uf cjnf]sg kZrft\ e|d0f
6f]lnnfO{ Ps}rf]l6 s'/L k'¥ofP/ cf]/flnof] .
o; :yfgnfO{ sfln~rf]s km]bL kgL elgG5 . sfln~rf]s bz{g
ug{ hfgsf nfuL s]jnsf/sf] ofqf klg olxaf6 ;'? x'GYof] . s'/Ldf
sl/a ;fFemsf] $ ah] ;f] 6f]nL k'u]sf] xf] . s'/Ldf ;fFemsf] ;f9]
kfFr lt/ ;'of{;tsf] cjnf]sg u/fOPsf] lyof] . s'/Ldf /ft ljtfpg]
ePsf]n] e|d0f 6f]lnn] SofDk kmfP/sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
SofDk kmfP/d} s'v'/fsf] ;]s'jf agfpg] aGbf]a:t klg ldnfOPsf]
lyof] . ;fy} /flt !)=))ah];Dd ljBfly{x?n] gfrufg u/]/ ;do
latfPsf lyP .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ sfln~rf]s bz{gsf nflu
ul/Psf] lyof] . :gfts txsf k|fo ;a} ljBfyL{x? em08} Ps
306fsf] k}bn ofqf dfkm{t sfln~rf]s dlGb/ k'u]sf lyP eg] c?
ljBfyL{ dfq kfFr ldg]6sf] cfgGbbfoL s]jnsf/sf] ofqf dfkm{t
dlGb/ ;Dd k'u]sf lyP . dlGb/ bz{g kZrft\ sl/a !! ah] e|d0f
6f]ln s'/Laf6 k'gM sf7df08f}+ kmls{Psf] lyof] .
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dnfO{ Toltn] slxNo} lrQ a'emg] lyPg . d]/f] cl:tTj t of] k|
s[ltn] sfod /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf] :j:R5 xfjf lztn 5fFof ld7f] ;'uGw
log} sf/0fn] d lhjLt 5' . k|s[ltn] dnfO{ of] hLjg lbP kZrft k|
s]lt;Fusf] Psl5gsf] jftfnfkn] klg k|s[ltsf] nfuL ;xfg'e'tL x'g
hfG5 .
em6 x]bf{ e|d nfUg] Tof] kxf8L n]sdf Pp6f b[Zosf]
j0f{g ;'gfp5' . ;fob} zAb sd xf]nf t/ d a]ln lj:tf/ nuffp5' .
To;nfO{ k|To]s zbdf cfef/L 5' . To; ;'Gb/tfsf] ;|i6f k|s]ltdf
b]ljdf x}g, eujfgdf x}g s[t1ftf 5' To; ljs6 7fFpdf
klg ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g]df clg ;w} l/0fL /xg]5' .
To; kndf ;fy lbg' x'g] ;a}df lgs} lbgsf] ;Nnfx kZrft xfdLn]
z}lIfs e|d0f hfg] lgwf] u/]sf lyof} . em08} !) lbg lat]sf]
lyof] . z}lIfs e|d0f z}lIfs e|d0f hfg] s'/f p7]sf] klg . kfOn6,
afaf, hl;Î, kf}jf zlxb :df/s -x]6f}8f_ ltgwf/] h:tf 7fFpsf]
k|:tfj cfof] . ;a} ljBfyL{df b'ljwf / leGg cleJolQm l;{hgf
eof] . ;a}sf] dt ljefhg ePsf] 5 . olQs}df sfln~rf]s cb[Zo
/xg ;s]g . xfdL sIff !@sf ljBfyL{x?n] sfln~rf]s hfg] lg0f{o
u/of} .
z'qmaf/ xfdL sfln~rf]s sf] )&& ;fn !@ dlxgf !# ut] sf] lbg
ofqfdf ;xefuL eof} . b'O{ lbg / Ps /ft xfd|f] ;do lgwf{/0f
eof] . d eg] /fhwfgL aflx/sf] /ftsf] k|ltIfdf lyP . 3/af6 cfP
b]lv d sf7df8f} aflx/ uPsf] lyOg\ . d]/f]5g\ . logsf cf
cfkmg} nfuL lbg eGbf /ft dxTjk"0f{ 5 . /flq hLjg Psbd dg
k5{ . To;}n] ;flyx?;Fusf] sflnrf]ssf] /ftnfO{ duhdf sNkLg
nfu] . sf7df8f}af6, eQmk'/, w'lnv]n, ag]kf, bf]nfn3f6, d'8]
rfl/sf]6 vl/ªuf s'/L / sfln~rf]s h:tf k|l;4 7fFpx? xfd|f] ofqfdf
sd} cfpy] . lo :yfgx? wfld{s, P]ltxf;Ls / ;fFs[lts ?kn] ;DkGg
5g\ . logsf cf–cfkmg} df}lns ljz]iftf klg /x]sf 5g\ .
xfdL ltgj6f a;df s'n ($ hgf sfln~rf]s sf] uGtAo lgwf}/0f
u/]/ sf7df8f}sf] l;kmn af6 lx8\of} . uf8Ldf /dfOnf] aftfj/0f
agfpg ljBfyL{x? gfRb} lyP . emofn lt/ a;]sf ;flyx?n] aflx/L
b[iosf] cfgGb lnb} lyP . d eg] logLx?n] lnb} u/]sf] cfgGbLt
k|;GGf d'b|f b]v]/} k|;Gg x'g] k|of; ub} lyP . vfhf vfg]
7fFpdf a; /f]lsof] . 7fFpsf] gfd b'nfn rf]s /x]5 . Pp6f
8fF8fsf] kfvf]df ax't ;'Gb/ dg} nf]Eofpg] b[Zo b]lvg]
7fFpdf vfhf vfg a; /f]lsof] . df};d s]xL lau|LP/ k/ k/sf] b[io
gb]lvPtf klg To; 7fFpaf6 b]lvPsf] b[Zo lgs} /d0fLo lyof] .
j/k/ b]lvg] c;fwf/0f / cUnf kxf8 lgs} xl/of] b]lvGYof] .
kxf8sf kÎlQmx? b]v]/ ;a} df]lxt ePsf lyP . To; 7fFpdf
kxf8sf nx/ ;lsgf ;fy lxdfnx?sf kªlQm ;'? x'Gy] . lxdfnsf] bfof
tkm{af6 nfu]sf] ljxfgL ( ah]sf] l;tn 3fdn] cem} hfu/ ldNb}
lyof] . lrof gf:tf kZrft xfdL nfUof} d'8] lt/ hxf, vfgf v'jfOg]
elgPsf] plQs} dgdf]xs lyof] . c/lgsf] /fh{dfu{sf] kxf8L
b[ion] ;a} df]lxt lyP . sfln~rf]s k'Ug] xf};nf ;a}df 5nu}
b]lvGYof] . vfgf vfg] 7fFp klg plQs} dgdf]xs lyof] . ;fbf
bfn, eft, t/sf/Lsf] ef]hg kZrftsf] ofqf lyof] . bf]nvf led;]g
dlGb/ bz{g sl/a $) ldg]6sf] a;fO{ / ef]hg kZrft xfd|f] ofqf
bf]nvf led;]g lt/ a9of] . bf]nvf led;]gsf] d"lt{df a]nf avtdf
kl;gf cfpg] u/]sf] tYo k|df0fLt d"lt{df kl;gf cfFpbf /fHodf ;
+s6 cfpg] dfGotf klg /x]sf] 5 . bf]nvf led;]g bz{g ug{ sl/a
#) ldg]6 nfu]sf] lyof] .
bf]nvf led;]g bz{g kZrft xfd|f] e|d0fsf] bz{g kZtft xfd|f]
e|d0fsf] csf]{ uGtAo vl/9[+uf lyof] . ;do sd ePsfn] xfdLb]
Toxf s]jn !) ldg]6 vr{ u/of} . To; 7fFp rnlrq, ;fª\uLlts,
lel8of] lgdf0f{ ug{ lgs} ?rfpg] :yfg/x]5 . lsg gxf]; klg rf/}lt/
kxf8n] 5]lsP/ Pp6f ;fgf] tf/ h:t} y'Dsf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] .
To;nfO{ ;hfpg dflg;n] eGbf dHhfn] 9'+uf df]tL h:t} k|s[ltn]
ldnfPsf] lyof] . d dfq x}g :jod\ ;'o{ klg df]lxt x'Gy]
To;nfO{ b]v]/ To;}n] ljxfg b]lv ;fFem ;Dd klg 3fd
v/L9'+ufdf a;L/xGy] . p;nfO{ c+ufn]/ .
ca kfnf] lyof] s'/L ufpFM hxff;Dd xfd|f] a;sf] ofqf ;Dea
lyof] . s'/L eGbf dfyL sfln~rf]s dlGb/ . xfd|f] cGtLd uGtJo
lyof] . hxfF lx8]/ jf s]jnsf/ ldfkm{t k'luGYof] . sRrL /f]8sf]
ofqf vl/9'+uf ;Dd cfpbf em08} ! 306f hlt ul/;lsPsf] lyof] .
lbp;f]sf] vfhf s'l/ ufpd} vfg] lgwf] uof}{ . em08} # ah]
xfdL vl/9'+ufaf6 xfdL cufl8 s'/Lsf] ofqfdf cl3 a9of} . s'/L
ufFp n]sfnL e]u cGt{ut kgf{n] r}tdf ;d]t lgs} hf8f] dxz';
x'GYof] . sl/a %M#) ah] s'/L ufFp k'Uof} . k'Ugf;fy d}n]
ToxfFsf 3/ b]Vbf crDdLt eP . o:tf dgdf]xs 3/ b]vbf d ca ot}
a:5' eGg] /x/ hfUof] . clg dg lvGg x'b} 3'Dg cfPsf]
s'/f ;Demof] . eÝ x]bf{ rr{ h:t} lzv/ z}nLdf o'?k]nL 3/
cfsf/df ag]sf ;+/rgfn] emÝ Ps k6s lab]zL e'dLsf] cfjf;
lbnfpg] / g]kfnL e'dL ePsfn] s'/L ufFp :ju{ ;flat x'GYof] .
s'/L ufFp k|foM u]i6 xfp; / /]i6'/]G6 x?n] el/Psf] lyof] .
gel/of]; klg s;/L . :ju{ ;flat ug]{ ;f] 7ffpdf !@ dlxgfg}
cfGtl/s tyf afxo ko{6gn] xf]6n vrfvr{ x'GYof] . a]n'sLsf]
%M#)ah] s'/L ufFp k'u] kZrft vfhf vfP/ Ps}l5g s'/L ufFp
b]lv % ldg]6 klZrd tkm{ ;'of{:tsf] uf}w'nL x]g{ psfnf] r9\
of} . s'lx/f]sf] cf]8g] cf]8f/ kxf8, kxf8 kj{tdf n'sfdf/L v]n]
em} afbx? lxl8/x]sf]\ b]lvGYof] . cUnf cUnf kxf8sf 6fs'/f
dfq b]lvGy] . To; ;fFem ToxfF s]xL tl:a/ lnP kZrft k'gM
xf]6n kmlsof} . SofDk kmfo/sf] cfof]hgf eof] . ;fª\lults
dfxf]n l;h{gf eof] . xfd|f] 7'nf] 6f]nL ePsfn] Pp6f xf]6n k'/}
xfd|f] nfuL l/he{ ul/Psf] lyof] . s'v'/fsf] af]n'jf vfb} gfRb}
/ftLsf] !) ah] sf] yfxfg} ePg . laxfg ;a]/} sfln~rf]s hfg' kg]
{ ePsfn] ;a}nfO{ ;'Tg ;'rgf lbOof] . ;a} 5'l6of} . To; lr;f]
/ftdf Gofgf[] cf]5\ofg ld7f] lgGb|fdf d dUg eP/ lgbfP . ;a]/}
% ah] ;a} p7fpb} lbk]z ;/ /lag ;/ e|d0f n}hfg] sG;6\ofG;Lsf]
dlGhn cfpg' eof] . xfd|f] sf]7fdf kfFr hgf ;'t]sf]df ;a} p7]/ k|
m]; eP/ tn hfFbf xfdL g} klxnf] 6f]nL eof} . hf] sfln~rf]s
hfg tof/ ePsf lyof} . ^ alh ;Sbf ;Dd cem} sf]xL t cfpg afsL
g} lyP . hDdf ePsf hltnfO{ hfFb} ug{ ;/n] eGg'eof] .
d cRo't / lzlif/ lx8b} hfg] eof} . c? h] ;'s} u?g, psfnf]
r9]sf] !% ldg]6 kl5 ysfO{ dfg{ a:bf :gfts txsf ljBfyLx? 7"n}
;d"xdf lx8\b} psfnf] r9]sf] b]Vof} . ltgLx? eGbf klxnf
k'Ug] lgZlrt ul/ xfdL km]/L lx8\g yfNof} . st} v'8lsnf st}
eTs]sf] af6f]df lx8bf 8/ nfu] klg lgs} cfgGb cfPsf] lyof] .
s]xL s]jnsf/ lt/ uP, ltgLx?nfO{ s] yfxf ysfg kl5sf] cfgGb . !
306f psfnf] lx8]/ xfdL sfln~rf]s dlGb/ k'Uof} . b]jLsf] bz{g
u/of} . d lt b]jLnfO{ ;taf/ gdg ub{5' . h;n] cfkmgf]
af;:yfgnfO{ dhfn] ;hfPsL lyOg . k'j{ klZrd, pQ/ blIf0f htf
x]/] klg /x'F h:tf] . dlGb/ b]vL yf]/} klZrd Eo' :6]zg /x]5 .
To; 7fFp uP/ x]bf{ l;km{ dlGb/ ePsf] kxf8 b]lvGYof] .
hxfF xfdL lyof} . c? rf/} lt/ s]jn s'lx/f] a;]sf] lyof] .
ToxfFaf6 pQ/ lt/ x]bf{ s]xL lxdfnsf 6'Kkf b]lvGy] . ;'of]
{bosf] ;do ePsfn] lxdfnsf 6'Kkf ;'g em} 6lNsb} lyP .
Tof] ;'Gb/ lxdfndf kxf8sf] gh/ gnfuf]; eg]/ g} xf]nf s'lx/f]n]
kxf8 5f]k]sf] . emÝ x]bf{ nfUYof] ls cfkm' plePsf] kxf8
afbnsf] ;fu/df t}l//x]sf] 5 . j/k/ s;g} 3/ 5}g . ;fgf]df Pp6f
cnf}lss pkGof; k9]sf] lyP . h;sf] lzif{s OGb|hfnL ?v lyof] .
Tof] ?v lgs} cUnf] x'G5 . h;sf] 6'Kkf]df k'Ubf l;km{ afbn
dfq b]lvG5 . d]/f] dfg; k6nn] ToxfF ToxL b[iosf] sNkgf
uof]{ . lt sfln~rf]s eujlt wGo l5g\ . b]jLn] cfkm\gf] lgjf;
cUnf] kxf8sf] 6'kkf]df agfP/ xfdL bzgfyL{ /
ko{6snfO{ cfkm\gf] lgjf;df df]xgL nufP/ af]nfpFl5g\ .
 Movie Screening Report

la|lnoG6 sx'd'vL SofDk;sf] kqsfl/tf ljefu / ldl8of

kf]t{ k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf] ;+o'Qm ;xsfo{df la|lnog6 ax'd'vL
SofDk;df rnlrq k|bz{gL sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ePsf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf ldl8of jf]t{sf sf]8Lg]6/ k|lj0f sfls{sf] pkl:ytL
lyof] eg] k|d'v cltlysf ?kdf SofDk; k|d'v b'uf{ k|;fb g]kfn
pkl:yt x'g' x'GYof] . To:t} ;f]xL SofDk;sf kqsfl/tf ljefusf
ljefuLo k|d'v lbk]z vltj8f klg pkl:yt x'g' x'GYof] .
sfo{qmddf æ;'gsf] h'QfÆ / æv';LÆ gfds ;lª\ults lel8of]
k|:t't ul/Psf lyP . æ;'gsf] h'QfÆ gfds le8Lof]df a}b]lzs
/f]huf/df uPsf] b'u{d If]qsf] o'jfsf] d[To' eO{ afs;df nofPsf]
b[Zo ;dfj]z lyof] . ;f] lel8of] b]zsf] jt{Dfg /fhgLltn]
lgDTofPsf] b'O{zfdf cfwfl/t lyof] . To:t} æv';LÆ gfds ;ª\
uLlts lel8of] eg] Pp6f lhBfyL{nfO{ :jtgq x'g lbg'
k5{ eGg] ;Gb]zsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} æblbofÆ
gfds rnlrq ;'b'/ klZrdsf] las6 ufPFsf] v; ;d'bfosf] a;fO{
;/fOn] ufPF phfl8Psf] syfdf cfwfl/t lyof] . To:t} csf]{ rnlrq
eg] ;8s dfgjsf] hLjg;Fu cfwfl/t lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf
ægfsfÆ gfds rnlrqsf] 6«]n/ klg k|bz{g ul/of] . h'g rnlrqdf
ljkLg sfsL{ d|d\v e"ldsfdf cfPsf 5g\ .
 Chart Paper Presentation

Development and Growth of Media in Nepal

Print Media -5fkf dfWod_

lj=;=!()* df tTsflng k|wfgdlGq hª\ujxfb'/ /f0fn]
a]nfotjf6 NofPsf] xft] k|]; g]kfnsf] klxnf] 5fkf k|]; xf]
h;nfO{ …6fOk 5fkfvfgfÚ gfd lbP/ :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;=@()* b]vL !(%* ;Dddf hªuL lnyf]u|fkmL k|];, gf/fo0f
k|];, a'4 k|];, kz'kt k|]; h:tf 5fkfvfgf :yfkgf ePsf lyP . To;
avt /f0ff kl/jf/sf] lr¶L, ;'rgf, k':ts, x'nfs l6s6, ;/sf/L sfuhft dfq
5fkfvfgfdf 5flkGYof] . lj=;=!(%% df {;'wf ;fu/Ú gfds
g]kfnsf] klxnf] klqsf g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt eP kl5 g]kfnd}
kqLsf 5flkg yfNof] . To; cl3 lj=;=@($# df ef/tsf] agf/;af6
{uf]vf{ ef/t hLjgÚ sf] k|sfzg klg g]kfnL efiffjf6 x'g] uYof]{
. g]kfnL efiffdf 5flkPsf] of] g} klxnf] klqsf xf] .
 ;g\ !%@^df 5flkPsf] Go"hLl6ª klqsfnfO{ ljZjs} k'/fgf]
klqsfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
 ;+:s[t efiffdf 5flkPsf ljleGg wfld{s tyf g}lts
pkb]z ;d]6LPsf k':tsx?nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf
5g\ . log} k':tsnfO{ g]kfnL cfd ;~rf/sf k'/fgf dfWod
dflgG5 .
 lj=;= !(%% df ;'wf ;fu/sf] k|sfzg eof] . hf] g]kfnL
efiffsf] g]kfndf 5flkPsf] klxnf] klqsf lyof] .
 lj=;= !($# df ef/tsf] agf/;af6 uf]vf{ ef/t hLjg gfds
klqsfsf] k|sfzg ;'? .
 lj=;=!(%*af6 uf]vf{kqsf] k|sfzg ;"? . h'g xfn ;Dd
c:tLTjdf /x]sf] ;a} eGbf h]7f] klqsf xf] .
 ;g\ !(%^ h'nfO{ !% df g]kfnsf]] klxnf] cª\u|]hL efiffsf]
klqsf The Commoner 15 July sf] k|sfzg ;'? eof] .
 lj=;=@))& df hfu/0f klqsfsf] k|sfzg z'? eof] /
lj=;=@))*df dlxnf dfl;ssf] k|sfzg ;'? .
 lj=;= !((! df zf/bf dfl;ssf] k|sfzg z'? .
 lj=;=!((@ df {pBf]uÚ lj=;=@))$ df …;flxTo ;|f]tÚ …
w/]n' OndÚ …lzIffÚ …sf7df8f}+ Do"lgl;knÚ h:tf
lghL ;t/sf klqsf k|sfzgsf] sfo{ z'?
 lj=;=@))%df …cfFvfÚ …g]kfn lzIffÚ @))&df …
hfu/0fÚ @))&–!& ;Dddf gofF ;dfh ;Gb]z /fFsf] dlxnf
hgldq k|hftgq /fi6jf0fL g]kfn ;dfrf/ h;tf bh{gf} klqsf
cl;tTjdf cfP .
 lj=;= @)!^ ;fjaf6 eg] uf]/vf kq b}lgs k|sfzg x'g
yfNof] .
 k|]; sfpG;Ln g]kfnsf cg';f/ xfn g]kfnL #*^% eGbf a9L
kq klqsf ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
 Broadcast Media

/]l8of]
lj=;=@))$ ;fn eGbf cl3 /]l8of] l;km{ /f0ff kl/jf/ leq dfq
/fVg kfpg] rng lyof] . >L # h'4 zdz]/sf] kfnfdf /]l8of]
g]kfndf lelq;s]sf] lyof] . lj=;=@@$ df h'4 zdz]/n]
hgtfnfO{ ;d]t /]l8of] /fVg kfpg] clesf/ k|bfg u/] . lj=;=@))&
sf] hgqmflGt rls{b} hfFbf ef/tsf] kmfa]{; u+Ghaf6 /]l8of]
k|;f/0f ;'? ul/Psf] Oltxf; 5 .
 lj=;=@))& ;fndf ef/tsf] kmfa]{;u+Ghaf6 /]l8of]
k|;f/0f ;'? eof] . ;f] aif{sf] d+l;/ @(ut] ef]h'/af6 ;f]xL
6«fG;ld6/nfO{ g]kfnjf6} k|;f/0f ul/of] . kl5 df3 @)df
km]/L ;f]xL 6«fG;ld6/ lj/f6gu/af6 / kl5 ToxfFjf6
klg ;/]/ sf7df8f}+af6} g]kfn /]l8of] gfd lbP/ k|;f/0f ;'?
eof] .
 lj=;=@)%$ ;fndf cfP/ /]l8of]
;u/dfyfnfO{ ;d'bflos /]l8of]sf] ?kdf k|;f/0f cg'dlt lbOof]
.
 lj=;=@)%$ df lx6\; Pkm=Pd klg ;~rfngdf cfof] .
 lj=;=@)%%df sflGtk'/ Pkm=Pd=/ lj=;+ @)%^ df Od]h
Pkm=Pd=k|;f/0f cfP .
 lj=;=@)^&df cGgk"0f{, lj=;=@)&!df ljhok'/ h:tf
lglh /]l8of] :6]zg klg :yfkgf x'Fb} cfP .
 xfn g]kfndf !!& a9L /f]l8of] :6]zgx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 6]lnlehg

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf g]kfndf 6]lnlehg / sDKo"6/sf] cfudg

eof] . ;'?df kmf6\6 km\6\6 lel8of] x]g]{ p2]Zon]
lj=;=@)#)df 6]lnlehg ;]6x? g]kfn lelqPsf lyo] . lj=;=@)$@
k'; !$ut] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|f/0f z'? x'Fbf g]kfndf em08} $))
l6=eL=;]6x? cfPsf] cg'dfg 5 .
 lj=;+ @)$! df g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] :yfkgf
 lj=;+ @)$@ k'; !$ ut] g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] klxnf] k|;f/0f
eof] .
 lj=;=@)$^kl5 ljb]zL 6]lnlehg Eofgnx?n] g]kfn k|j]z
cg'dlt kfP .
 lj=;=@)^) ;fn c;f/af6 sflgtk'/ l6=eL= sf] k|;f/0f k|/De .
 lj=;=@)%( df3 b]lv Od]h l6=le= sf] k|;f/0f klg z'? eof]
.
 lj=;=@)^^ ;fndf Go"h @$, dfpG6]g l6=le, lxdfnog,
l6eL lkmNdL h:tf Rofgnx? cl:tTjdf cfP .
 lj=;= @)^# df Pla Go"h / ;u/dfyf :yfkgf e Peg]
 lj=;= @)^$ df P=la=l;= l6le ;~rfngdf cfof] .
 xfn ;Dd g]kfndf !@) eGbf a9L l6le Rofgn ;~rfngdf 5g\
.
 cgnfOg

ljZjd} cgnfO{gsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ ;g\ !(() sf] ;dodf uP/

/f]lsG5 . To:tfsf jN8{ jfO8 a]jsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] / ;g\ !((#
df cfP/ OG6/g]6 klg ;~rfngdf cfof] . lj=;=@)$^ ;fndf kqsf/
ef/tbQ sf]O/fnfn] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s Od]h k|of]u u/] .
 lj=;+ @)$^ df ef/bQ sf]O/fnfsf] klxnf] Od]h k|of]u
 lj=;=@)%! df dfs]{G6fOn sDo"lgs];gn] Joj;flos ?kdf
Od]n k|of]u .
 g]kfndf OG6/g]6 k|of]u ul/ …b sf7dfG8' kf]i6n]
klxnf] k6s lj=;= @)%@ ebf} !^ b]lv klqsfnfO{
OG6/g]6df /fVg yfn]sf] 5 .
 lj=;=@)%^b]lv dfs]{G6fOn sDo"lgs];gn] g]kfn Go"h
86sdn] Joj;flos cgnfO{g ;'?.uof]{ .
 lj=;= @)^@ b]lv O–sflGtk"/ 86sdn] klg Joj;flos ?kdf
cgnfO{g dfkm{t ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;"? uof]{ .
 lj=;= @)^) df s[i0f;]g cgnfO{ 86 cf]cf/hL .
 lj=;+= @)^@ df lxdfn ldl8of lj=;=@)^! b]lv OG;]s
cfnfO{ 86 cf]cf/hL ;~rfngdf cfP .
 xfn g]kfndf @#@% cgnfOg Go"h kf]6{n ;~rfngdf 5g\
.
 unt l8hfOg ;8s :tf/f]g|ltdf afws

cRo't ;fksf]6f, sf7df8f}F

@)&% df3af6 af6f] lgdf0f{ yflnPsf] slkna:t'sf] rGb|j6f
s[i0fgu/ ;8s :gf/f]g|lt @)^* h]7df ;DkGGf x'g'kg]{ lyof] . t/
unt l8hfOgsf sf/0f lgdf0f{sfo{ nlDaPsf] lyof] . ;]nl6d]l6on
6];l6 h]la sf7df8f}n] ;8ssf] l8hfOg unt ul/Psf] sf/0f
slkna:t'sf rf/j6f s[i0fgu/ rf/n]gsf] ;8s lgdf0f{df l9nfO{
eO/x]sf] xf] . unt l8hfOg ug]{ sDklgnfO{ eg] s'g}
sf/afxL ;d]t ePsf] 5}g . ;dodf ;8s lgdf{0f gx'bf *! s/f]8af6
nfut a9]/ (! s/f]8 ?k}of k'u]sf] 5 eg] :yflgo af;Ln] ;d]t ;fl:t
ef]u]sf 5g\ . :tf/f]Ggltsf] sfd g]kfnsf] sflnsf / ef/tsf] lbg]z
rGb| sG6S;g ldn]/ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
Dofb ylkPkl5 lgdf0f{ sDk]gLn] &( c;f/df sfd ;Sg' kg]{
5 . d'n'ssf] bf]>f] 7"nf] eG;f/ gfsfdf kg]{ s[i0fgu/ ;8s
v08 :t/f]g|lt sfo{ lgdf0f{ ;8s ;dod} ;DkGGf x'g g;Sbf :yflgo
b]lv pBof]u Joj;fOnfO{ ;f:yL ePsf] 5 . ;Sbf] l56f]
af6f] ;DkGGf u/]/ cfjthfjt df ;xh agfpg' kg]{ :yflgon] dfu
u/]sf 5g\ .
 ljZjdf s'n vf]k+sf] &% k|ltzt vf]k wlg b]zn]
nufP

cRo't ;fksf]6f, sf7df8f}F}F

sf]/f]gf ljZjsf] ;femf ;d:of xf], o;sf] lj?4 ljZj nl8/x]sf]
5 . o;af6 afFRg] Ps dfq pkfo sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] vf]k g} ePsfn]
cfkmgf gful/snfO{ vf]ksf] k|aGw ug{ ljZj ;d'bfo tlng 5 .
ljZjsf yf]/} /fi6n] cfkmgf ;a} gful/snfO{ sf]/f]gf lj?bsf] vf]k
nufO;s]sf 5g\ eg] w]/} h;f] /fi6x?n] cem} klg vf]ksf nfuL
t8\lk/x]sf 5g\ . pRr dfu / Go'g cfk'lt{sf sf/0f dfu cg';f/ cfk'lt{
gx'g ;Sbf ljZjdf vf]ksf] cefj eO/x]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L ul/a /fi6x?
n] clxn] klg vf]ksf nfuL xf/uf]xf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yf ;
+u7g / sf]EofS;g af6 kfPsf] afx]s tL /fi6x?n] yk vf]ksf]
Joj:yf ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . t/ kl5Nnf] cWoog eg] ljZjsf wlg
d'n's ;Fu @)@! sf] clGtd;Dddf cfkm'nfO{ rflxg] eGbf sl/a !
ca{ @) s/f]8 8f]h sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] vf]k a9L x'g ;Sg]{ gofF
tYofªsn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
t/ a9L x'g] vf]k dWo] eg] clwsf+z vf]k cg'bfgdf ul/a
d'n'snfO{ lbg] lg0f{o eg] clxn] ;Dd ePsf] 5}g . of] dlxgfdf
klZrddf d'n'sdf ;+lrt ;+Vof %) s/f]8 8]6f PgnfO;]G; sDklg
Po/ lkmlgl6 vf]kn] atfPsf] 5 . sDkgLsf cg';f/ of] dWo] #^
s/f]8 8]fh cg'bfg lbg] ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g\ .
o; jif{sf] clGtd ;Dddf cfkm'nfO{ rflxg] eGbf Ps ca{ @)
s/f]8 8f]h vf]k x'g] eP klg wlg d'n'sn] Ps ca{ ^ s/f]8 8f]h
vf]k cg'bfgdf lbg] ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o u/]sf 5}gg\ .
Po/lkmlgl6sf cg';f/ wlg d'n'ssf] vf]k pTkfbs;Fusf] k|ToIf
lgpGq0fsf sf/0f ljZj e/sf dflg;nfO{ vf]k k'¥ofpg] nIosf ;fy
cl3 ;fl/Psf] sf]DofS; sfo{qmd k|efljt ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;Dd
ljZjdf % ca{ 8f]h eGbf w]/} sf]/f]gf vf]k nufOPsf] 5 .
oBkL lo dWo] sl/a &% k|ltzt vf]k b\zjf6 wgL b]zsf dflg;n]
nuf;s]sf 5g\ . logdf cd]l/sf nufotsf o"/f]lkog /fi6«x? /x]sf
5g\ . clk|msf dxfb]zdf sf]/f]gf vf]k nufpg]sf] ;ª\Vof s]jn @
k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 .

dlGb/df rf]/L
cRo't ;fksf]6f, sf7df8f}F
;'b'/klZrdsf k|l;4 dlGb/x?df /x]sf k|flrg d"lt{ / ;'g
rfFbLsf uxgf rf]/L e};s]sf 5g\ . dlGb/df 5fgfdf agfOPsf
uh'/df nufOPSf ;'grfFbL/ tfdf rf]/L ePk5L klZrd kxf8sf
clwsfFz dlGb/sf uh'/df cfh ef]nLeg] tfdf dfq} nufOPsf] 5 .
wfld{s :yn
88]Nw'/fs} k|l;4 efu]Zj/L dlGb/df /x]sf] #)) lsnf] eGbf a9L
tfdf rf]l/Psf] ltg bzs eof] . t/ cem} klg dlGb/sf] tfdf km]nf
k/]sf] 5}g . Tof] dlGb/sf] k'/} 5t tfdfn] 5fPsf] lyof] . t/ tfdf
rf]l/P kl5 dlGb/nfO{ slª\lqm6n] agfOPsf] 5 . 8f]6]nL /fhf
gfu dNnn] dlGb/sf] k'/} 5t tfdfn] agfPsf lyP .
o;} u/L ltg bzs cl3 jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df !) lsnf] eGbf a9L ;'gsf
d"lt{ / %) lsnf] eGbf a9L rfFbL lyP . t/ dlGb/df
ax'd'No ;DklQ clxn] sxfF 5g\ sxfF 5g\ kQf] 5}g . @)#) ;fn
b]lv dlGb/sf ;DklQ rf]/L x'g] qmd z'? eP klg dfcf]jfbL zz:q
4Gb sfndf d"lt{ / ;'grfFbLsf uxgf w]/} g} rf]/L
ePsf :yfgLosf] egfO{ 5 . 8f]6]nL /fhf gfu dNnn]
r9fPsf ;'grfFbLsf d"lt{x? ;a} rf]/L e};s]sf 5g\ . :yfgLox?n]
ljleGg ;dodf efsn u/]/ r9fPsf uxgf / ax'd'No d"lt{x?sf] klg
gfdf] lg;fg 5}g .
klxnf] b/jf/ jgfPsf] gfu dNns} xf] . klxnf tfdfsf] lyof] . rf]/]/
nu] dfG5]n] To; kl5 sf7sf] / o:tf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o:sf]
Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ w]/} 5 . k/dfgGb hf]zL efu]Zj/ 88]nw'/f .
ljleGg ;dodf oxfF rf]/L ePsf 36gfx? 5g\ . rf]/Lsf 36gfdf
rf]/Lof] eGg] o:tf] ;'lgG5 . clxn] x]bf{ t ca tf]nfsf] lx;fadf
klg gePsf] h:tf] nfU5 .
8fu]Zj/L dlGb/ dfq xf]Og ;'b'/ klZrdsf efu]Zj/, pu|tf/f,
lqk'/f ;'Gb/L, b]jL df08f]p, d]nf}nL, lbnf ;}gL / z}n]Zj/L
nufotsf dlGb/sf k|flrg d"lt{ / uxgfx? x/fO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . lo
dlGb/x?df %)) sLnf] eGbf a9L ;'g rfFbLsf ljleGg ;dodf
agfOPsf d'lt{x? x/fP klg vf]hL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

Pdfn]sf]] lj/f]wsf] cy{ 5}g– dfwj g]kfn

cRo't ;fksf]6f, sf7df8f}F
;+;bsf] klxnf] a}7sd} g]skf Pdfn] cfqmfds ?kdf ;+;bsf]
klxnf] a}7sd} ljkIfL bn g]skf Pdfn]n] cfqmfds ?kdf k|:t't
ePkl5 ;Qf kIfn] lj/f]wsf] cy{ gePsf] l6Kk0fL u/]sf] 5 .
Pdfn]n] eg] cfFkm'x?n] ;+;bdf p7fPsf] d'4f ;Daf]wg
geP ;Dd lj/f]wsf] sfo{qmd hf/L /fVg] r]tfjgL lbPsf]
5 . ;efd'v clUg k|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{ nlIft ub}{ Pdfn] g]tfx?n]
dfu ;Daf]wg geP ;Dd ;bg rNg} g;Sg] atfPsf 5g\ .
 æ;efd'v klg o;df dltof/ x'g'x'G5 eGg] uDeL/ cfz+sf 5 .
xfdLnfO{ kIfkft k'0f{ Jojxf/ ul/g' x'b}g eGg] hlxn] ;Dd :ki6
kfg{ ;Sg' x'Gg ljZjf; lng ;Sg' x'Gg ta ;Dd tkfO{n] ;+;b
rnfpg ;Sg' x'GgÆ
vu/fh clesf/L, ;f+;b g]skf
Pdfn]
t/ ;Qf?9 sfª\u|];sf g]tfx?n] ;+;bdf bnx? ;+oldt x'g' kg]{ eGb}
7f]; s8f l6Kk0fL eg] u/]gg\ .
æ;+;bnfO{ ;'rf? ug]{ sfd ;/sf/sf] klg xf] / Tof] bfloTj ljkIfL
bnsf] klg xf] / clxn] h'g /fli6«o ;d:of cfPsf 5g\ lt ;d:ofx?
nfO{ ;+;bdf k]; u/]/ b]znfO{ lbzf lgb]{zg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
clxn] 5 .Æ
1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{, k|jQmf
g]kfn ;/sf/
Pdfn]af6 km'6]sf] g]skf Plss[t ;dfhjfbLn] eg] cfkm'x? nlIft
Pdfn]sf] cfqmf]zsf] rsf]{ lj/f]w u/]sf] 5 . cWoIf dfwjs'df/
g]kfnn] g]skf Pdfn]sf] lj/f]wsf] s'g} cy{ g/x]sf] l6kk0fL
u/] .
æcy{} 5}g lsg eGbf v]/L ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;j]{Rr cbfntsf]
kmf};nf adf]lhd xfdL k'/} a}wflgs 5f}+ . / s'g} lsl;dsf] r}+
xfdL dfyL lXjk gnfUg] eGg] ;jf]{Rrsf] kmf};nf k|i6 5 .Æ
dfwj s'df/ g]kfn
cWoIf,g]skf
Plss[t ;dfhjfbL
;+;b a}7s cj?4 eP kl5 aflxl/g] qmddf Pdfn] /
Plss[t ;dfhjfbLsf g]tfx?n] Ps csf]{ k|lt s8f cf/f]k
k|Tof/f]k ;d]t u/]sf lyP .
 rdTsf/L ls/0f
cRo't ;fksf]6f, sf7df8f}F
g]kfn / ef/t ljrsf] km'6jn k|foM laz]if /xG5 / dfxf]n klg cs}
{ aG5 . o;kfnL le8Gt emg} P]ltxfl;s aGof] . g]kfnsf nflu
&$cf}+ Sofk lht]/ ls/0f r]Dhf]ªn] Oltxf; /r] .
g]kfnL km'6an gDj/ Ps uf]n/Ifs x'g\ ls/0f s'df/ r]Dhf]ª .
pgnfO{ sltn] b b u|]6 jfn ckm g]kfn klg eGg] ub{5g\ . sf/0f
pgL d}bfgdf kf/ ug}{ g;lsg] kvf{nsf] e"ldsfdf b]lvG5g\ .
pgnfO{ la6 ug{ ljkIfLnfO{ xDd] xDd] k5{ . ;g\ @))* df
ls/0fn] klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf] kf]i6f ;Dxfn]sf lyP . t/ ToxL ;'?jft
emg} hl6n alglbof] . sDaf]l8of lj?4sf] v]nd} ljkIfL v]nf8L;Fu
h'b]/ pgsf] aËf/f v':Sof] . rf]6n] nfdf] ;do ;Dd d}bfg aflx/
latfO /xbf pgnfO{ sdAofs ug{ ;lsGg eGg] klg nfu]sf] lyof] .
t/ lxDdt xf/]gg\ :jf:Yo nfe kl5 @)!! df pgn] cfˆgf] bf];|f] v]n
e'6fgla?4 v]n] To;kl5 eg] pgn] kms]{/ x]g{'k/]g .
cfkm"nfO{ nfdf] /];sf] 3f]8f ;fljt u/]/} 5f]8] . g]kfnL
km'6andf ls/0fn] l6dsf] kf]i6 ;Dxfn]sf] klg !# jif{ k'Uof] .
ef/t dflNbE; lnudf klg Aoj;flos km'6an v]ln ;s]sf 5g\ . ut l;hg
dfq} ef/tsf] lzif{ l8lehgsf] lnudf plg pTs[i6 uf]n/Ifs 3f]lift
eP . cGt/ :s'n k|ltof]lutf x'Fb} PGkmf Ps]8]ld k'u]sf ls/0f
k"j{ sKtfg lj/fh dxh{gsf Aofr d]6 x'g\ . pg} lj/fh
dxh{gnfO{ pl5Gb} cfh &$ cf+}+ k6s g]lfnsf] Sofk lhTb}
lslt{dfg agfP .
pxfF ch} /fd|f] ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . Psbd /fd|f] ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
pxfFnfO{ t d ckm klg of] eGbf /fd|f] ub}{ hfg'xf];\, ckm} /fd|
f] kmd{ xf];\ . /fd|f] v]nf];\ . l6dnfO{ /fd|f] 8fOd]g;gdf
n}hfcf];\ . /fd|f] ln8 u/]/ ckm} /fd|f] v]n k|bz{g
u/fpg ;Sg'xf];\ . l6d g]kfnn] cfufdL lbg cem} /fd|f] ub}
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