FORMULAS -THERMODYNAMICS I

1. PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

m vapor
x
Ĥ  Û  PV̂ Û  xÛ g  (1 - x)Û f m total
ˆ  xV
V ˆ  (1-x)V
ˆ V
ˆ  xV
ˆ Ŝ  xŜ g  (1 - x)Ŝ f
g f f fg PV̂  RT
R
R u
M U  mÛ; H  mĤ; S  mŜ; V  mV̂

2. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

2.1 General Balance

Ê sys  Q̂ - Ŵb Ê sys  Û sys  KEsys  PE sys

2.2 Boundary Work

 V̂ 
Ŵb,isothermal  RTln  2  (P2 V̂2  P1V̂1 )
Ŵb   PdV̂ Ŵb,isentropic 
 V̂1  1 k

(P2 V̂2  P1 V̂1 )
Ŵb,polytropic 
1 n

Polytropic:
P1 V1n  P2 V2n

2.3 Changes in Internal Energy and Enthalpy

Û   Ĉ v dT  Ĉ v, avg T2  T1  Ĥ   Ĉ p dT  Ĉ p,avg T2  T1 

Ĉ p
k
Ĉ v Ĉ p  Ĉ v  R
(ideal gas)


3. ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN SYSTEMS AND SHAFT WORK

3.1 General Unsteady Balance

3.2 Steady State, no boundary work

3.3 Steady State, single inlet and exit, no boundary work, ignore changes in KE,PE

3.4 Shaft Work - general

 ˆ ˆ
W shaft    VdP

3.5 Shaft Work – isentropic compression/expansion

( k 1)/ k
kRT1  P2  
ˆ -P V
k (P2 V ˆ ) Ŵshaft,in     1
2 1 1
Ŵshaft,in  k  1  P1  
k 1 or  

3.5 Shaft Work – isothermal compression/expansion

P 
Ŵshaft,in  RTln  2 
 P1 

3.6 Shaft Work – ideal 2-stage compression – interstage pressure Px

Px  P1 P2 ; Ŵsh,stage1  Ŵsh,stage2

4. SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ENTROPY

4.1 Heat Engines

Wnet, out TL  QL  T
 th   th,Carnot  1    L
QH TH , Q
 H  rev T
, H

4.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

QL TL QH TH
COPREF  COP REF , carnot = COPHP  COP HP , carnot =
Win T H −T L Win T H −T L COPHP  COPREF  1

4.3 Entropy

2
δQ  δQ  Q
S  S2  S1    
 T 0 1
T int,rev dS 
T

2
 δQ 
Ssys  S2  S1      Sgen
1
T  STOT  SSYS  SSURR  Sgen  0

4.4 Isentropic Processes

( k 1) / k ( k 1) k
T2  P2  T2  V1  P2  V1 
  
PV̂ k  constant T1  P1  T1  V2  P1  V2 

4.5 General Processes

TdŜ  dÛ  PdV̂ TdŜ  dĤ  V̂dP

4.5.1 Entropy change of liquids and solids

2
dT T 
S2  S1   C(T)  Cavg ln  2 
1
T  T1 
4.5.1 Entropy change of ideal gases

T  P  T  V 
S  C p,avg ln  2   R ln  2   C v, avg ln  2   R ln  2 
T
 1 P
 1 T
 1  V1 

4.6 Isentropic Efficiencies

Wact Wisen
 turb   comp 
Wisen Wact

4.7 Entropy Balance

Qk
S sys     miŜi   miŜi  S gen
Tk in out

5. POWER CYCLES

1 P 1 V̂
 th,Brayton  1  , rp  2  th,Otto  1  , r  max
rp( k 1) / k P1 r ( k 1) V̂min