❖ Coordinate System: Coordinate system is the process of expressing space in terms

of mathematics. Two-Dimensional Coordinate system are of two kinds.

(i) cartesian Coordinate System (ii) Polar Coordinate System
Y
P(x, y) P(r, θ)

r
y
θ
X′ O x X X′ X
N O
Y′
For Point (x, y) For a point (r, θ)
(i) Distance from x-axis = (i) Distance from Pole =
(ii) Distance from y-axis = (ii) Angle with the positive initial line =
❖ At which quadrant the point that is equidistant from the axes and also lies on the
straight line 3x + 5y = 15 is situated?
(a) iv quadrant (b) i quadrant
(c) i and ii quadrant (d) i, ii and iv quadrant
 ❖ x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ ❖ If the polar coordinate of a point is (5, 30°),
Y then what is its cartesian coordinate?

P(r, θ)
P(x, y)

r
y
θ
X′ O X
x N

Y′
❖ Convert from polar equation to cartesian equation: r = a cos 2θ .
2 2

π
❖ What is the value of the x-axis intercept of the straight-line r sin − θ = 10?
4
❖ What is the cartesian equation of polar equation sin θ cos θ = 1?
(a) x + y + xy = 0
2 2
(b) x + y + 2xy = 0
2 2

(c) x + y − xy = 0
2 2
(d) x + y − xy = 1
2 2
❖ r= x 2 + y 2 Determination of value of θ in different quadrants:

−1
y y
θ = π − tan θ = tan −1
Y
x x
P(r, θ)
y y
θ θ
P(x, y)
x x
r x θ θ x
y
y y
θ
X′ O X
x N

−1
y y
Y′ θ = π + tan θ = 2π −tan −1
x x
❖ Convert from cartesian to polar coordinates:

i 1, 3 ii −1, 3 iii −1, − 3 iv 1, − 3

3 3
θ
θ
−1 1

−1 θ 1
θ

− 3 − 3
❖ Convert from cartesian to polar coordinates:
i 5, 0 ii 0, 5 iii −5, 0 iv 0, −5
 
❖ OQ is the new position when the segment OP is rotated through an angle of
6

clockwise. If co-ordinates of P are (− 3, −3) then Polar Co-ordinates of Q will be-

7  
(a) −2 3, (b) −2 3, (c) 2 3, [KUET’14-15]
6 3 3

7 
(d) 2 3, (e) 2 3,
6 3
 2
❖ Determine the polar equation of x + y
2 2 2 2
= x − y + 2xy.
 ❖ Distance Between two cartesian Points:

Y B (x2 , y2 ) Distance between points A x1 , y1 and B x2 , y2 ,

(i) Along x-axis is = x2 − x1
d y2 − y1 (ii) Along y-Axis is = y2 − y1
A (x1 , y1 )
C (iii) Distance d = x2 − x1 2 + y2 − y1 2
x2 − x1
= x1 − x2 2 + y1 − y2 2
M N
X′ O X

Y′
❖ P is a point on the straight line x − 3y − 2 = 0 and is at equal distances from the
points (2, 3) and (6, – 5). The coordinates of the point P is- [BUET’11-12]
(a) (12,4) (b) (14,2) (c) (14,4) (d) (16,4)
❖ If point (a, 5) has equal distances from both the y-axis and a point (7, 2), then the
value of a is? [IUT'11-12, 14-15]
49 29
(a) 49 (b) 29 (c) (d)
29 7
❖ Distance between two Polar Points:
Distance between the points A r1 , θ1 and
Y
B r2 , θ2 , d = 2
r1 + 2
r2 − 2r1 r2 cos(θ1 ~θ2 )

B (r2 , θ2 )
❖ If coordinates of two polar points are 5, 60°
r2 d
A (r1 , θ1 )
and 3, 30° , then what is the distance
θ2 r1 between the points?
′ θ1
X X
O
Y′
➢ Formulae for Internal Division:
(i) If the point C (x, y) divides the segment connecting the points A x1 , y1 and

m1 x2 +m2 x1 m1 y2 +m2 y1
B x2 , y2 internally at the ratio m1 : m2 , then x, y ≡ ,
m1 +m2 m1 +m2

(ii) If the point C (x, y) divides the segment connecting the points A x1 , y1 and
kx2 +x1 ky2 +y1
B x2 , y2 internally at the ratio k ∶ 1, then x, y ≡ ,
k+1 k+1

(iii) If C (x, y) is the midpoint of the segment connecting the points A x1 , y1 and
x1 +x2 y1 +y2
B x2 , y2 (ratio 1 ∶ 1), then x, y ≡ ,
2 2
➢ Formulae for External Division:
(i) If the point C (x, y) divides the segment connecting the points A x1 , y1 and

m1 x2 −m2 x1 m1 y2 −m2 y1
B x2 , y2 externally at the ratio m1 : m2 , then x, y ≡ ,
m1 −m2 m1 −m2

(ii) If the point C (x, y) divides the segment connecting the points A x1 , y1 and
kx2 −x1 ky2 −y1
B x2 , y2 externally at the ratio k ∶ 1, then x, y ≡ ,
k−1 k−1
❖ Determine the trisection points of the segment connecting the points (5, 8) and
20, −10 .

❖ Determine the points that divides the segment connecting the points (−1, 4) and
(15, 11) into four equal parts.
❖ Determine the coordinate of the point that divides the segment connecting the
points (−3,5) and (13, −3) internally at the ratio 3: 5.

❖ The coordinates of two points A and B are respectively (−2,4) and (4, −5). The
straight-line AB has been extended to C such that AB = 3BC. Find the coordinates
of point C. [RUET'18-19]
❖ The end points of the diagonal of a parallelogram are 1,3 and (9,1). Coordinate
of third vertex of the parallelogram is 5,7 . Determine the coordinate of fourth
vertex of the parallelogram.

A D

B C
❖ 1, 2 , 4, 4 and 2, 8 are respectively the mid points of the sides of triangle ABC.
Determine the area of the triangle ABC. Also determine the coordinates of the
vertices of the triangle. [BUET’01-02]

F (2, 8) E (4, 4)

B C
D 1, 2
❖ If the coordinates of three vertices of a triangle of area 16 square units are
A −4,6 , B(−1, −2) and C a, −2 ; then what is the value of a? [KUET'18-19]
(a) −1 (b) 2 (c) −3
(d) 4 (e) 3
❖ What is the area of triangle formed by the straight lines y = 4x, y = 8x and y = 2?
[CKRUET’21-22]
1 1 1
(a) su (b) su (c) su
2 4 8
1
(d) 2 su (e) su
3

X′ O X

Y′
❖ The area of a triangle is 5 square units and two vertices of that triangle are (2, 1)
and (3, −2). The third vertex lies on the straight line y = x + 3. Determine the
coordinates of the third vertex.
 π
❖ The polar coordinates of the three vertices of a triangle are (0, 0) 2, and
4
π
2, . What will be the area of the triangle in square units? [KUET’13-14]
3
1+ 3
(a) 1 + 3 (b) (c) 1 − 3
2

3−1 Y
(d) (e) 2
2

X′ X
O
Y′
 Y

(0,4)

(5,0)
X′ X
O (0,0) (3,0) (7,0) (9,0)
Y′
❖ Perpendicular distance of a straight line from an external point:
(x1 , y1 )
The perpendicular distance of ax + by + c = 0
d ax1 +by1 +c
from an external point (x1 , y1 ) is, d = 2 2
.
a +b

ax + by + c = 0

❖ Determine the length of the perpendicular of the line 3x + 4y = 8 from the

point (−2,1). [BUTEX’10-11]
❖ If the straight line ax + by + c = 0 divides the segment connecting the points
m1 ax1 +by1 +c
(x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) in the ratio m1 : m2 , then =
m2 ax2 +by2 +c
[−ve implies internal division, +ve implies external division]
A (x1 , y1 ) A (x1 , y1 )

B (x2 , y2 )

ax + by + c = 0
ax + by + c = 0

B (x2 , y2 )
m1 y1
Ratio of division by X −axis, = [Ratio of the ordinates]
m2 y2
m1 x1
Ratio of division by Y −axis, = [Ratio of the abscissa]
m2 x2
❖ In what ratio does x and y-axis divides the segment connecting the straight line
(5,4) and (−2,8)?

❖ In what ratio does the straight line 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 divides the segment connecting
the straight line (3,2) and 5, −7 ?
❖ In what ratio does the straight line 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 divides the segment connecting
the straight line (−1, −3) and 5, −7 ?

❖ In what ratio does the straight line x + 3y + 1 = 0 divides the segment connecting
the straight line (2, −1) and 5, −7 ?
❖ The locus of the center of the circles such that the point (2, 3) is the midpoint of
the chord: 5x + 2y = 16 is- [IUT’20-21]
(a) 2x − 5y = 11 (b) 2x + 5y − 11 = 0
(c) 2x + 5y + 11 = 0 (d) None of these

(2,3)
5x + 2y = 16
❖ A rod AB of the length 15 cm rests in between two coordinate axis in such a way
that the end points A lies on X-axis and end point B lies on Y-axis. A point P(x, y)
is taken on the rod in such a way that AP = 6 cm. If the rod moves with its ends
always touching the coordinate axes, find the equation of the locus of the point
P. [IUT'17-18]
Y

X′ O X

Y′
 π
❑ Say, P x, y , Q 3, 5 , R(7, −3) are the vertices of a triangle. If ∠QGR = , where G
2

is the centroid, then the locus of G is- [KUET’15-16]

(a) x + y − 2x − 10y − 109 = 0
2 2

(b) x + y + 2x + 10y − 109 = 0

2 2

(c) x + y − 2x + 10y + 109 = 0

2 2

(d) x + y − 10x − 2y − 109 = 0

2 2

(e) x + y − 10x + 2y − 109 = 0

2 2
❖ Determine the equation of the locus considering ‘t’ as the variable.
(i) (5t + 7, 3t − 4)
(ii) (r cos t , r sin t)
(iii) (3t , 6t)
2

(iv) (α + a cos t , β + b sin t)

(v) (8 sec t , 3 tan t)
1 1
(vi) t + ,t −
t t
 t 3 at
❖ If the straight line, x = − , y=6− is perpendicular to the straight line,
2 2a 3

9 t−2
x=t+ ,y = ; then what is the value of a?
3a 2

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5

❖ If a straight line forms an angle of θ 0° ≤ θ < 180° ; θ ≠ 90° with the positive
direction of X-axis then its slope is m = tan θ ।

➢ Slope of the straight line passing through the points x1 , y1 and x 2 , y2

y1 −y2 y2 −y1 Difference of the Ordinates
is, m = = =
x1 −x2 x2 −x1 Difference of the Abscissas
a Coefficient of x
➢ Slope of the straight line, ax + by + c = 0 is, m = − = −
b Coefficient of y
❖ Find the angle between x-axis and the line joining the points (3, −1) and 4, −2 .
[RUET’14-15]
(a) 30° (b) 75° (c) 105°
(d) 135° (e) 150°

❖ Which one of the following straight lines has not the same slope of the line 2x + y = 3?
[BUTEX’14-15]
−y −y
(a) 2x + y = 5 (b) x + 2y = 9 (c) x = +3 (d) x = −3
2 2
❖ The values of x for which the points 1, −x , 1, x and x , −1 are on the same
2

straight line is- [BUET’12-13]

(a) −1, 0, 1 (b) 2, 3, 4 (c) −3, 2, 3 (d) −4, 3, 4
❖ Equation of the axes and the parallel straight lines of the axes:

X′ O X

Y′
 Y Passes through (x1 , y1 ) and
Passes through the origin origin
y1
y = mx y= x
X′ X x1
O

Y′
Passes through one point Equation of the Slope equation
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) y = mx + c Y
straight line

X′ X
O

(x1 , y1 )
Passes through two points (x2 , y2 ) Y′
y − y1 x − x1
=
y1 − y2 x1 − x2
(x1 , y1 )
 Y
Perpendicular form
Y
x cos α + y sin α = p

α
X′ X
X′ X
O
O
Equation of the
Y′ Straight Line Y′ Y

Intercept form Distance form

x y x − x1 y − y1
+ =1 = =r
a b cos θ sin θ X′ X
O

Y′
❖ Find the equations of the diagonals of a square formed by the lines x = 2, x = 8,
y = 4, y = 6?
❖ If the straight line passing through P 1,2 and perpendicular to OP intersects the
axes at A and B then the value of OA + 4OB is-
2 2

(a) 9 (b) 17 (c) 21

(d) 50 (e) 75
 50
❖ A straight line creates a triangle of area sq. units with the axes. The perpendicular
3
from the origin upon the line produces an angle of 30°. Determine the equation of
the line. [BUTEX’02-03]

α
X′ X
O

Y′
 3
❖ If be the slope of a line passes through the point (−2, 4), then determine the
4
coordinate of a point on the line which is 10 units apart from that point.
[CKRUET’21-22]
(a) (−6, −10) (b) (6, 10) (c) (10, 6)
(d) (−10, −6) (e) (−6, 10)
 3
❖ If slope of a straight line passing through the point (−2, 4) is − , then determine
4
the coordinates of a point on that straight line that is 10 unit distance from that
point.
❑ Condition: If a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 then condition for
a1 b1 c1
indicating the same straight line, then = =
a2 b2 c2

❖ If 3x + 3y + 2 = 0 and x cos + y sin = p represents same straight line, then

evaluate  and p. [CUET’04-05]
❖ If b − c x + c − a y + a − b = 0 and b − c x + c − a y + a − b = 0 indicates
3 3 3 3 3 3

the same straight line then determine the coordinate of a point on the straight line
ax + by + c = 0 a ≠ b ≠ c .