CHAPTER 1

I. Enumeration: Write the correct number for each statement.

1. Coastal engineering falls under which division of civil engineering?

a. Geotechnical Engineering

b. Structural Engineering

c. Coastal Engineering

d. Environmental Engineering

2. What are the major components of coastal engineering works?

a. Harbor works
b. Navigational channel improvements
c. Shore protection
d. All of the above

3. How much is the approximate total land area of the Philippines?

a. 299,764 sq. km. b. 18,000 km. c. 115,739 sq. m. d. 266,000 sq km.

4. What percentage of Philippine municipalities are located in the coastal area?

a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 70%

5. Name one major port located in the Philippines.

a. Port of Manila b. Port of Tokyo c. Port of Sydney d. Port of New York

II. Identification: Identify whether the statement is True (T) or False (F).

6. Coastal erosion is primarily hazardous due to natural processes.

7. The Port of Davao is also known as Sasa Wharf – Daungan ng Dabaw.

8. River Mouth Siltation is increased by marine dredging.

9. Coral reef destruction can be caused by earthquakes.

10. Sea level rise is primarily caused by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers.

III. Fill in the Blank: Complete the following sentences.

11. Coastal engineering involves the __________, __________, and __________ of works along
shorelines.

12. Seventy percent of Philippine municipalities are located in the __________ area.

13. Coastal fishing activities account for between __________ and __________ of the total fish
catch.
14. PPA has five __________ in the whole country.

15. Coastal erosion becomes hazardous when people build structures that do not complement its
__________ and __________.

16. Siltation of coastal waters is increased by soil erosion arising from __________ practices.

17. Coral reef destruction is normally caused by illegal fishing techniques, pollution, careless
tourism, and other __________.

18. Sea level rise is primarily caused by the added water from melting __________ and __________,
and the expansion of seawater as it warms.

19. Port of Cebu is also known as __________.

20. Port Management Offices (PMO) operate under the __________.

 CHAPTER 2
Identification-Type / Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. Waves are created when ________________ moves through an object or substance.

2. The disturbance on the surface of water caused by the rhythmic movement of water particles
due to winds is called a ________________.

3. Wave motion is the propagation of a pattern caused by ________________.

4. The substance through which a wave propagates is called the ________________.

5. The object that generates external forces causing waves is called the ________________.

6. Wave speed is the speed at which the disturbance propagates through the ________________.

7. ________________ is the disturbance spread throughout the medium and occurring

continuously at each point.

8. The two types of waves are ________________ and ________________.

9. The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle of the medium on either side of its normal
position when the wave passes is called ________________.

10. The distance between adjacent crests or troughs of a wave is called ________________.

11. The number of waves that pass a particular point every one second is called ________________.

12. The time required for one complete cycle, a complete motion, is known as ________________.

13. Short-term water level fluctuations include ________________, ________________, and

________________.

14. Seasonal water level fluctuations occur due to ________________.

15. Long-term water level fluctuations include ________________ and ________________.

16. Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational attraction of ________________.

17. Equilibrium tides are also known as ________________.

18. Daily inequality refers to when ________________.

19. Tidal currents are the periodical horizontal movements of the sea due to ________________.

20. Storm surge is an increase in water level resulting from ________________.

21. Storm surge in the Philippines is primarily caused by its location near the ________________.

22. Tsunamis can be seismic, meaning they result from ________________.

23. Storm surge is associated with ________________.

24. Barometric surge refers to a sudden change in ________________.

 25. Seiche refers to a standing wave oscillation in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water
such as a ________________.

26. Seasonal fluctuations do not occur along the ________________.

27. Long-term fluctuations occur over periods of ________________.

28. Eustatic sea level change refers to global changes resulting from ________________.

29. Isostatic land rebound and subsidence result from the adjustment of the Earth's crust to the
release of pressure exerted by ________________.

30. Global climate change is the most potentially dangerous water level change, primarily due to the
production of ________________.

Enumeration:

31. Enumerate the three forces that cause tides.

32. List the three factors affecting tidal currents.

33. Name the two regions in the Philippines mentioned as prone to storm surges.

34. Provide the names of two tropical cyclones that caused storm surges in the Philippines.

35. List the two types of waves mentioned.

 CHAPTER 3
Identification / Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. The ____________ model, proposed by Phillips in 1957 and 1960, describes the interaction
between pressure fluctuations and free waves.

2. Miles (1957) proposed a ____________ mechanism for wave generation, emphasizing the role
of shear flow.

3. Shear force and wind flow separation contribute to wave growth beyond resonance and shear
flow, creating shear flow patterns that enhance the ____________.

4. A typical wind wave record can be distinguished by plotting surface elevations against
____________ and horizontal distance for irregular wind waves.

5. The ____________ analysis of two surface wave records involves identifying individual wave
heights and periods, with an emphasis on statistical analysis focusing on extreme wave heights.

6. The Fourier analysis assumes that the recorded surface profile comprises ____________
components of varying frequency and phase.

7. Wind wave spectra are used by oceanographers to describe the distribution of energy at
different ____________.

8. Key aspects of wave conditions include wave height, wave ____________, and wave frequency.

9. Early wave prediction methods include the empirical method, which relies on ____________
from historical wave data.

10. Numerical weather prediction models simulate the behavior of the atmosphere and oceans
based on ____________ equations.

11. Satellite observation equipped with altimeters and other sensors provides valuable data for
monitoring and predicting sea surface ____________.

12. Wave rider buoys measure ____________ the wave characteristics directly.

13. The Wave Watch III model involves numerical discretization, wind input, wave breaking and
dissipation, and ____________ as part of its components.

14. Rapidly moving storms are characterized by high wind speeds, quick changes in weather, limited
duration of impact, and ____________ for preparation.

15. Swell propagation involves a series of mechanical waves that propagate along the interface
between water and air under the predominant influence of ____________.

Enumeration:

List three factors influencing wave characteristic factors.

16.
17.

18.

Name the seven key aspects of wave conditions.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

Identify four methods for early wave prediction.

26.

27.

28.

29.

List the seven components of the Wave Watch III model.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

Rapidly moving storms are typically characterized by four key features. Name them.

37.

38.

39.

40.
 CHAPTER 4
1. Long-term wave analysis provides a theoretical distribution of probability of occurrence of wave
parameters over several ____________.

2. The two basic methods of determining waves are grouped data obtained from a complete long-
term data set and ordered data derived using a limited number of ____________ values.

3. Peak Over Threshold (POT) analysis is commonly used to separate wave heights into
____________.

4. Name four statistical analyses used for grouped wave data. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5. Extrapolation organizes data, and transformations develop linear relationships that can be
interpolated or ____________.

6. The relationship between wave period and wave height is a crucial aspect of wave analysis. It
helps in understanding how different wave ____________ are related.

7. Wave persistence refers to the duration in which wave heights are above or below a certain
____________.

8. The persistence of high wave conditions is important to determine the downtime of equipment
and times during which ____________ can take place.

9. Persistence of calms becomes crucial when there is significant ____________ action.

10. Persistence statistics may be extracted from the wave data via the ____________ analysis.

Enumeration:

11. List the two basic methods of determining waves. 1.

2.

12. Name the four statistical analyses used for grouped wave data. 1.

2.

3.

4.

13. Identify three aspects of wave persistence. 1.

2.

3.
 CHAPTER 5
Identification / Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. Cross-shore transport refers to the cumulative movement of beach perpendicular to the shore
by the combined actions of ____________, wind, and waves.

2. Long-shore transport moves a tremendous amount of sediments along the coast and is
responsible for creating a variety of ____________ features.

3. Sediment transport within the surf zone involves sediment movement along the beach by swash
and backwash and is also known as ____________.

4. Sediment transport is the movement of organic and inorganic particles by ____________.

5. Groins interrupt littoral transport, causing accretion on the up-drift side and ____________ on
the down-drift side.

6. A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an ____________.

7. Beach slope is related to ____________, with larger grain sizes generating steeper beaches.

8. The beach profile will change after ____________ hours (2 months) of continuous testing with a
single wave and water level in a hydraulic model.

9. Coastal Research Amphibious Buggy (CRAB) stands over 30 ft. tall and can survey surf zone to
water depths of approximately ____________.

10. List four major causes of long-term beach erosion. 1.

2.

3.

4.

Enumeration:

11. Name three forces that contribute to cross-shore transport. 1.

2.

3.

12. Identify the three major causes of long-term beach erosion.

1.

2.

3.
 CHAPTER 6
Identification/Fill-in-the-Blank Section:

1. Piles are used for preventing soil or water from collapsing into an excavation. One type of pile,
commonly used in shallow waters for temporary or semi-permanent shore piling, is
________________.

2. Submerged breakwaters are designed to reduce incident wave energy. One type of submerged
breakwater with large pores that act as a habitat for marine biota is ________________.

3. Cables are structural elements composed of steel or synthetic ropes and wires. The type of
cables used depends on environmental conditions, load-bearing capacity, and the purpose of
the structure. Give an example of a cable type used in coastal structures: ________________.

4. Rubble mound structures are commonly used to protect shorelines and consist of various sizes
of rocks or stones. What is the purpose of the filter layer in a rubble mound structure?
________________.

5. One type of wave loading force that does not break as it approaches and involves hydrostatic
and dynamic pressure is known as ________________.

6. Sea walls are protective structures constructed along coastlines. Name one material used for sea
walls: ________________.

7. Floating breakwaters are a cost-effective solution to protect coastal areas. Name one category
of floating breakwater: ________________.

8. Caisson is typically consisting of concrete or steel filled with sand and gravel and sitting on a
gravel base. What is the purpose of the caisson? ________________.

9. Name one primary armor used in marine structures that consists of large, durable rocks or
concrete blocks placed along shorelines or embankments: ________________.

10. Submarine pipelines are structures designed for the transport of fluids. List one purpose of
submarine pipelines: ________________.

Enumeration Section:

11. List four categories of floating breakwaters.

12. Enumerate the components of rubble mound structures.

13. Provide three examples of cables used in coastal structures.

14. List three types of submerged breakwaters.

15. Name the four primary armor used in marine structures.

16. List three types of sea walls.

17. Enumerate the purposes of sea walls.

 18. Provide the four types of piles used in coastal structures.

19. List two examples of wave loading forces.

20. Enumerate four materials used for sea walls.

Answer Key:

1. Timber piling

2. Perforated concrete block

3. Mooring cable, Submarine cable, Tendon cable, Anchor cable

4. Preventing the core material from coking

5. Nonbreaking-wave forces

6. Concrete

7. Box breakwater, Pontoon type breakwater, Mat breakwaters, Tethered float breakwaters

8. To prevent wave transmission

9. Rip rap

10. Transport of fluids

11. Box breakwater, Pontoon type breakwater, Mat breakwaters, Tethered float breakwaters

12. Core, Toe, Filter layer, Armour layer, Superstructure

13. Mooring cable, Submarine cable, Tendon cable

14. Perforated concrete block, Geosynthetic tubes, Reef balls

15. Tetrapods, Rip rap, Gabions, Accropode

16. Vertical, Curved, Mound, Riprap, Stepped, Revetment, Gabion, Anchored, Cantilever

17. Wave & erosion mitigation, Shoreline stabilization, Protection of infrastructure, Enhancement of
coastal resilience

18. Timber piling, Sheet piling, H piling, Pipe piling, Concrete piling

19. Nonbreaking-wave forces, Breaking-wave forces, Broken-wave forces

20. Concrete, Steel, Wood, Vinyl/PVC, Stone/Riprap, Gabions, Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), Geo-
synthetic
 CHAPTER 7
Identification / Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

1. Coastal interventions such as constructing structures, dredging channels, and beach

nourishment projects aim to counteract or reverse ________ erosion or accretion.

2. Altering the rate and characteristics of sediment supplied to the coast is one of the impacts of
coastal developments in the coastal zone. This can disrupt the dynamic equilibrium of adjacent
shorelines, leading to ongoing changes until a new ________ is reached.

3. Coastal winds contribute to the formation of alongshore coastal currents, while tide
propagation, influenced by ________ acceleration, generates reversing coastal currents.

4. Beyond the immediate influence of tide-generated currents, wave-induced longshore currents in

the surf zone are caused by waves breaking oblique to the shoreline, driven by the alongshore
component of ________ stress.

5. The pulsating behavior of the wave-induced longshore current is often observed due to
successive waves in a wave train having different ________ and ________.

6. Wave-induced currents and turbulence from breaking waves drive alongshore sediment
transport on beaches, with sand transported in suspension and along the ________.

7. Long-term analysis of sediment transport rates is crucial for coastal engineering, considering net
and gross rates, wave energy flux, storm events, and ________ variations.

8. Structures are constructed in the coastal zone primarily to stabilize or expand a segment of the
beach, protect the coastline from wave-induced damage, and stabilize ________ channels.

9. ________ are shore-parallel structures that rely on their mass for stability and can be
constructed onshore or offshore.

10. An important component of many beach expansion projects involves the mechanical placement
of ________ on the beach.

11. Beach nourishment projects often require subsequent periodic ________ of the beach to
maintain their effectiveness.

12. Sediment bypassing is often accomplished with a floating hydraulic dredge and a discharge
pipeline, and the design requires determining the incident wave climate, surf zone dimensions,
current flow patterns, and ________ capacities.

13. The dunes, called foredunes, are continuous irregular mounds of sand situated adjacent and
parallel to the ________.

14. The three mechanisms responsible for the transport of sediment by wind are suspension,
________, and surface creep.

15. An improved qualitative and quantitative understanding of littoral processes can be achieved by
constructing a ________ for a coastal area.
 16. ________ discharges sediment to the coast on a regular basis, but some rivers are ephemeral
and deposit sediment only during periods of heavy precipitation.

17. The main source of sand in the littoral zone in many areas is a section of the beach and/or cliff
that is ________.

18. Periodic nourishment of the beach may be the primary source of sand in an area that suffers a
deficiency of sand, constituting ________ beach nourishment.

19. Harbor, bay, and estuary entrances with tide-generated reversing flows can trap large volumes
of sediment, acting as ________ in sediment budgets.

20. Structures such as groins, jetties, and breakwaters can act as ________ in sediment budgets,
trapping sand while the upcoast fillet is forming.

Enumeration Questions:

21. List three human activities in coastal zones that aim to counteract or reverse shoreline erosion
or accretion.

22. Name three impacts of coastal developments in the coastal zone.

23. List three classes of coastal structures based on their orientation to the shoreline.

24. Provide three examples of shore-perpendicular structures.

25. List three mechanisms responsible for the transport of sediment by wind.

26. Name three common sources of sand in coastal areas.

27. List three common sinks in sediment budgets.

28. Provide three pieces of information required for designing a sediment bypassing system.
 CHAPTER 8
Identification-Type Questions:

1. The study that deals with the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of water on
Earth is called ______________.

2. The area of professional practice that includes the design of systems to control the quantity,
quality, timing, and distribution of water to meet the needs of human habitation and the
environment is known as ______________ engineering.

3. The elevation at which water overflows the embankments of a stream or drainage channel is
called the ______________.

4. The largest water sphere representing all water on, in, and above the earth would be about
______________ cubic miles in volume.

5. The Earth's surface is covered by approximately ______________ percent water.

6. ______________ water is any body of water found on the Earth's surface.

7. ______________ is an integral part of the hydrological system and includes all water located in
the pore spaces of soil and rocks.

8. The act of removing water from a groundwater resource or aquifer through pumping is known
as ______________.

9. The design of water resource systems involves planning, engineering, and implementing
infrastructure to effectively manage, allocate, and utilize water resources while considering
factors like demand, sustainability, efficiency, and resilience against uncertainties. (Answer with
the first letter capitalized)

10. The practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage is called
______________.

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

11. The hydrologic cycle involves the movement of water to and from the Earth's surface, including
______________, runoff, and transpiration.

12. ______________ is a natural gift, so conservation of water is essential.

13. High-income countries use roughly ______________ percent of their water for industrial usage.

14. ______________ is the largest lake in Mindanao and one of the 17 ancient lakes on Earth.

15. In agricultural areas, water requirements of crops are met by a combination of rainfall and
______________.

16. Different types of irrigation systems include surface irrigation, drip irrigation, and
______________ systems.
 17. Water conservation aims to ensure the availability of water for ______________ generations.

18. A ______________ is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river or a natural stream to

store water on its upstream side.

19. A ______________ dam is made from concrete or masonry, and it is called a gravity dam
because gravity holds it down to the ground.

20. A ______________ is an impervious barrier constructed across a river to raise the water level on
the upstream side.

Enumeration:

21. Enumerate the three states of water.

22. List the three types of surface water.

23. Name the four objectives of water-resource systems design.

24. List the four key activities to conserve water.

25. Name the four techniques of rainwater harvesting.

 CHAPTER 9
Identification-Type Questions:

1. The study that deals with the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of water on
Earth is known as ______________.

2. ______________ engineering involves the design of systems to control the quantity, quality,
timing, and distribution of water to meet human habitation and environmental needs.

3. The elevation at which water overflows the embankments of a stream or drainage channel is
called ______________.

4. What is the term for the largest water sphere representing all water on, in, and above the
Earth?

5. Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?

6. ______________ water refers to any body of water found on the Earth's surface.

7. The act of removing water from a groundwater resource or aquifer through pumping is known
as ______________.

8. What is the term for the continuous circulation of water within the Earth's hydrosphere, driven
by solar radiation?

9. The primary component of the terrestrial hydrological cycle is the generation of river runoff and
movement of water in ______________.

10. The practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage is called
______________.

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

11. The hydrologic cycle involves the movement of water through processes like ______________,
runoff, and transpiration.

12. High-income countries use approximately ______________ percent of their water for industrial
usage.

13. ______________ is the largest lake in Mindanao and one of the 17 ancient lakes on Earth.

14. In agricultural areas, water requirements of crops are met by a combination of rainfall and
______________.

15. Different types of irrigation systems include surface irrigation, drip irrigation, and
______________ systems.

16. Water conservation aims to ensure the availability of water for ______________ generations.

17. A ______________ is a hydraulic structure constructed across a river or natural stream to store
water on its upstream side.
 18. A ______________ dam is made from concrete or masonry, and it is called a gravity dam
because gravity holds it down to the ground.

19. A ______________ is an impervious barrier constructed across a river to raise the water level on
the upstream side.

20. The duration of stay and storage of water in every reservoir varies due to varying geological,
environmental, and other conditions. This is called the ______________ of water.

Enumeration:

21. Enumerate the three states of water.

22. List the three types of surface water.

23. Name the four objectives of water-resource systems design.

24. List the four key activities to conserve water.

25. Name the four techniques of rainwater harvesting.

 CHAPTER 10
Identification-Type Questions:

1. The study that deals with the appropriation, control, and conservation of water resources is
known as ______________.

2. According to the Water Code, all waters belong to the ______________.

3. The agency empowered to administer and enforce the Water Code, including granting permits
and imposing penalties, is the ______________.

4. What is the term for the utilization of water in the right amount during the period needed for
producing the benefits for which the water is appropriated?

5. The legal easement granted to the government for the construction of flood control structures
along riverbanks is called a ______________.

6. According to the Water Code, ______________ may allow the use or development of waters by
administrative concession.

7. The quality of drinking-water shall be measured in terms of its ______________ constituents.

8. What is the term for the acquisition of rights over the use of waters or the taking or diverting of
waters from a natural source?

9. The utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources are
subject to the control and regulation of the government through the ______________.

10. Water legally appropriated is subject to the control of the appropriator from the moment it
reaches the appropriator's ______________ leading to the place where the water will be used
or stored.

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions:

11. ______________ is the privilege granted by the government to appropriate and use water.

12. Water may be appropriated for various purposes such as domestic, municipal, irrigation, power
generation, fisheries, livestock raising, industrial, recreational, and ______________.

13. Drinking-water must be clear and free from all harmful organisms, chemical substances, and
radionuclides in amounts that could constitute a hazard to the health of the ______________.

14. The measure and limit of appropriation of water shall be ______________ use.

15. The construction of all flood control projects or structures and the management of riverbanks
and waterways to mitigate flooding fall under the jurisdiction of the ______________.

16. A water permittee or appropriator may use any watercourse to convey water to another point
for the purpose stated in a permit and may divert or recapture water at that point by the
permittee, less allowance for ______________ losses in transit.
 17. Any watershed or area of land adjacent to any surface water may be declared as a
______________ by the Department of Natural Resources.

18. The reuse of waste water shall be limited as much as possible to uses other than direct
______________ consumption.

19. The utilization of subterranean or ground water shall be coordinated with that of surface
waters, so that a superior right in one is not adversely affected by an inferior right in the
______________.

20. No person shall appropriate water without a water right, which shall be evidenced by a
document known as a ______________.

Enumeration:

21. Enumerate the grounds on which water permits may be revoked, as stated in Article 29.

22. List the three categories of waters that belong to the State, according to Article 5 of the Water
Code.

23. Name the six water quality constituents mentioned in Section 1 of the Water Quality Standards.

24. List the four instances that will require a permit or authority from the National Water Resources
Council, as mentioned in Article 90.

25. Enumerate the four penalties stated in Article 91 for various acts, including appropriation of
water without a permit and distribution of water adversely affecting public health.