STUDENT ASSESSMENT

HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems

ASSESSMENT SUMMARY / COVER SHEET

Your (This sheet is in the Student Assessment pack)

This form is to be completed by the assessor and used a final record of student competency. All student submissions

text
including any associated checklists (outlined below) are to be attached to this cover sheet before placing on the students
file. Student results are not to be entered onto the Student Management System unless all relevant paperwork is
completed and attached to this form.

here
Student Name:

Student ID No:

Final Completion Date:

Assessor Name: Siti Hamzah

Unit Code/ Title HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems

Please attach the following documentation to this form Result

Assessment Task 1-
Observation & Logbook
Assessment Task 2-
Written Test
❑ Observation Checklist in the Work Placement
Record Book (1 assessor observation)
S / NYS
❑ Work Placement Record Book attached (2
workplace supervisor observations)
❑ Written Test attached S / NYS

S = Satisfactory; NYS = Not Yet Satisfactory

Final Assessment Result for this unit C / NYC

C = Competent; NYC = Not Yet Competent

Assessor: I declare that I have conducted a fair, valid, Signature: ____________________________

reliable and flexible assessment with this student, and I
have provided appropriate feedback. Date: ____/_____/_____

Student Declaration: I declare that I have been assessed Signature: ____________________________

in this unit, and I have been advised of my result. I also am
aware of my appeal rights. I also declare that the work Date: ____/_____/_____
submitted is my own, and has not been copied or
plagiarised from any person or source.

Administrative use only

Entered onto Student Management System ❑ ________________

Date Initials

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT
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ASSESSMENT TASK 1 – OBSERVATION & LOGBOOK

This information which is in the Student Assessment pack is to be handed to each student to outline the assessment
requirements

Student Instructions

This assessment is to be undertaken in a fully equipped disability support care facility.

For this assessment, you are to be observed on 3 separate occasions (2 observations by your
workplace supervisor and 1 observation by your assessor). For this activity you are required to
demonstrate your ability to work effectively with information about the human body and its
healthy functioning in at least 3 different situations. The following will be observed:
1. Discuss limiting vices with a client, ensuring that you discuss how the relationships
between different body systems affect and support healthy functioning.
2. Discuss with a co-worker the health benefits of eating healthily and exercising regularly
for older clients including active and passive exercise.

Your 3 observations will be observed as follows:

● 2 observations by your host employer / workplace supervisor that will be verified by your
assessor from your College
● 1 observation by an Assessor from your College
(These are to be recorded in your Work Placement Record Book that will be given to
you by your assessor)

To be assessed on: workplacement

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT
HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems

ASSESSMENT TASK 2 – WRITTEN TEST

This information which is in the Student Assessment pack is to be handed to each student to outline the assessment
requirements.

Student Instructions

This is an open book written test. Therefore, you are allowed to bring books/ resources that
can help you to answer the test.

Your assessor will set a date and time for this open book written test.

On the test date:

1. Your assessor will set ground rules including no phones, talking, etc.
2. Your assessor will pass a copy of the assessment to you.
3. Your assessor will allow time for reading and questions before commencing assessment.
4. You will have 1.5 hours for this assessment. You are not to leave the classroom within 15
minutes of commencement of the assessment.
5. Once assessment has commenced, no communication between students is allowed.
6. If you repeatedly talk, or are caught cheating, you will be removed from the classroom, and
reported to student administration. Your assessment will be marked as “incomplete”
7. Remember – assessments are a participatory process, so your assessor can help re-word
questions, but cannot lead to answers.
8. Once completed, your assessment will be marked accordingly.
9. In the event that a question is not answered correctly, your assessor will discuss the
response with you to determine if you did not know the answer, or did not understand the
question.
10.In order to achieve competency, all questions MUST be answered correctly.

This assessment will be done on: 06/03/2024

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HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems

ASSESSMENT TASK 2 – WRITTEN TEST

Please complete below

Student Name:

Student ID No:

I declare that the work submitted is my own, and has not been copied or plagiarised from any person or source.

Student Signature: Date:

STUDENT INSTRUCTIONS
Please refer to the instructions below regarding completing this assessment
This is an open book written test. In the time allocated, you are to answer all of the following questions. Make sure you:

● Print or write or type clearly

● Answer all questions

● Ask your assessor if you do not understand a question. Whist your assessor cannot tell you the answer, he/she may be able to re-
word the question for you

● Do not talk to your classmates. If you are caught talking, you will be asked to leave and your assessment will not be marked.

● Do not cheat or plagiarise the work of others. Anyone caught cheating will automatically be marked Not Yet Competent for this unit.
There are NO EXCEPTIONS to this rule.

QUESTIONS

● Using the correct terminology, describe the normal structure, function and location and
interrelationships of each of the major body systems. Also evaluate how the
relationships between different body systems affect and support healthy functioning.
This should include:

a. Body regulation including:

i. Maintenance of body temperature
ii. Fluid and electrolyte (including PH) balance
iii. Elimination of wastes from the body
iv. Maintenance of blood pressure

b. Protection from infection

c. Physical activity – active and passive

● Body Regulation
a. Maintenance of body temperature
The correct temperature of the human body is 36.0–37.2 °C. If a person is unable
to maintain their correct body temperature, they may suffer serious consequences.
These consequences can include organ failure and/or damage to any one of, or a

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT
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combination of, the nervous system, the digestive system, the urinary system or
the cardiovascular system.

Support workers can take steps to help a person avoid high body temperature.
High body temperature can be avoided if a person:
● drinks water
● wears appropriate clothing
● takes a cool shower or bath
● stays inside and performs only light exercise.

Systems and organs involved in maintaining body temperature

● Skin
○ Integumentary system
■ Senses cold or hot

● Hypothalamus
○ Nervous system
■ Acts as a thermostat
■ Initiates heating or cooling

● Muscles
○ Musculoskeletal system
■ Shivers to increase body temperature if body too cold

● Sweat glands
○ Integumentary system
■ Produces sweat if the body is too hot

b. Fluid and electrolyte (including PH) balance

In order to function efficiently, the human body relies on maintaining a stable balance of
electrolytes. Electrolytes are electrically charged ions that transmit electrical impulses to
our heart, muscle and nerves. Muscles rely on sodium, calcium and potassium to
contract, if we do not have enough our muscles will not work. Electrolytes also assist in
maintaining a healthy fluid balance. If we have too much sodium in our blood it may
cause high blood pressure or fluid retention. Electrolytes are found in food, especially fruit
and vegetables, and fluids such as fruit juices and coconut water. Electrolytes are not
replaced by drinking water.

C. Elimination of Waste from the body

The elimination of wastes from the body is a crucial process to maintain overall health
and well-being. There are several organs and systems in the body involved in waste
elimination:

● Kidneys: The kidneys play a central role in filtering waste products, excess ions,
and water from the bloodstream to form urine. They also help regulate electrolyte

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STUDENT ASSESSMENT
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balance and blood pressure.

● Liver: The liver is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying various substances,
converting toxins into less harmful compounds that can be excreted by the body. It
also produces bile, which helps in the digestion and elimination of fats.

● Intestines: The large intestine (colon) is involved in the final stages of digestion
and absorption of nutrients from food. It also absorbs water and electrolytes,
forming feces that are eventually eliminated from the body through defecation.

● Skin: The skin plays a role in eliminating certain waste products, primarily through
sweating. Sweat contains water, electrolytes, and small amounts of metabolic
waste products such as urea and ammonia.

● Lungs: The lungs eliminate carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration,
through exhalation. They also help regulate the body's acid-base balance by
removing excess carbon dioxide, which can react with water to form carbonic acid.

● Lymphatic system: The lymphatic system helps remove waste products, toxins,
and excess fluids from tissues through lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Lymph
is eventually returned to the bloodstream for processing and elimination.

D. Maintenance of Blood Pressure

Maintaining blood pressure within a healthy range is essential for overall health and
proper functioning of the body. Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating
blood against the walls of blood vessels.

● Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The autonomic nervous system, specifically

the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, plays a crucial role in regulating
blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and
constricts blood vessels, raising blood pressure, while the parasympathetic
nervous system has the opposite effect.

● Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This hormonal system helps

regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. When blood pressure drops or blood
volume decreases, the kidneys release renin, which initiates a series of reactions
leading to the production of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels
and stimulates the release of aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water
retention by the kidneys, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

● Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction: Blood vessels can widen (vasodilate) or

narrow (vasoconstrict) in response to various signals, affecting blood pressure.
Vasodilation decreases resistance to blood flow, lowering blood pressure, while
vasoconstriction increases resistance, raising blood pressure.

● Blood Volume: The volume of blood in the circulatory system influences blood
pressure. Factors such as hydration status, blood loss, and fluid retention can
affect blood volume and subsequently blood pressure.

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● Cardiac Output: Cardiac output, the amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute, also contributes to blood pressure. It is determined by heart rate and
stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat). An increase in
either heart rate or stroke volume can elevate blood pressure.

● Baroreceptor Reflex: Baroreceptors are specialized nerve cells located in the

walls of certain blood vessels, particularly in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch.
They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brainstem to
initiate adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter to maintain blood
pressure within a normal range.

● Hormones: Various hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline

(norepinephrine), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
among others, influence blood pressure regulation through their effects on the
heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.

● Create a “Healthy Body Maintenance” fact sheet or handout that would be appropriate
to put in the waiting room at a local health service. This fact sheet/handout should be a
minimum single sided, or maximum a double sided A4 information sheet. It should
include information on:
a. Body regulation
b. Protection from infection
c. Active and passive exercise (the benefits of both)

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● Why is it necessary for health workers to use and understand accepted health
terminology to describe the normal structure, function and location of the major body
systems?

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Health workers must use and understand accepted health terminology to describe the normal structure,
function, and location of the major body systems for several reasons:
● Clear Communication: Standardized health terminology ensures clear and precise
communication among healthcare professionals. Using common terms helps avoid
misunderstandings and confusion, enabling effective collaboration and coordination of care.
● Patient Education: Health workers often interact with patients and their families, explaining
medical conditions, treatment options, and preventive measures. Using understandable
terminology helps patients better understand their health status, treatment plans, and self-care
instructions, empowering them to make informed decisions about their health.

● What are the 11 human body systems and what do they include?

The human body consists of multiple systems that work together to maintain overall health and
function. Here are the 11 major body systems along with a brief description of each and their primary
components:

● Nervous System:
a. Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
b. Function: Coordinates and controls bodily functions, receives and processes sensory
information, enables voluntary and involuntary actions.
● Muscular System:
a. Components: Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle.
b. Function: Facilitates movement, supports posture and stability, generates heat.
● Skeletal System:
a. Components: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons.
b. Function: Provides structural support and protection for organs, facilitates movement,
produces blood cells, stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
● Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System):
a. Components: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood.
b. Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the
body, regulates body temperature, supports immune function.
● Respiratory System:
a. Components: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm.
b. Function: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and
the environment, regulates pH balance, removes carbon dioxide.
● Digestive System:
a. Components: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver,
pancreas, gallbladder.
b. Function: Ingests, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients from food and liquids,
eliminates waste products, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.
● Endocrine System:
a. Components: Glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas), hormones.
b. Function: Regulates metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and various
physiological processes through the secretion of hormones.

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● Integumentary System:
a. Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
b. Function: Provides a protective barrier against pathogens and environmental hazards,
regulates temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, contains sensory receptors.
● Lymphatic System (Immune System):
a. Components: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
b. Function: Defends the body against infections and diseases, removes excess fluid and
waste products from tissues, absorbs dietary fats.
● Urinary System (Excretory System):
a. Components: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
b. Function: Filters blood to remove waste products (e.g., urea, excess ions), regulates
fluid and electrolyte balance, produces and excretes urine.
● Reproductive System:
a. Components (Male): Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
penis.
b. Components (Female): Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands.
c. Function: Produces and transports gametes (sperm and eggs), facilitates fertilization,
supports fetal development and childbirth (female), produces sex hormones.
● What are 8 things that should be considered in maintaining a healthy body?

Maintaining a healthy body involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses various

aspects of physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Here are eight key factors to consider
in maintaining a healthy body:

1. Balanced Diet: Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains,
lean proteins, and healthy fats provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
necessary for optimal health. Avoiding excessive intake of processed foods, sugary
beverages, and unhealthy fats helps prevent nutritional deficiencies and promotes
overall well-being.

2. Regular Physical Activity: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as aerobic

exercises, strength training, flexibility exercises, or recreational activities, helps
maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles and bones, improves cardiovascular
health, enhances mood, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart
disease, diabetes, and obesity.

3. Adequate Hydration: Staying hydrated is crucial for maintaining proper bodily

functions, regulating body temperature, promoting digestion, and flushing out toxins.
Drinking an adequate amount of water throughout the day, based on individual needs
and activity level, helps maintain hydration and supports overall health.

4. Sufficient Sleep: Getting an adequate amount of quality sleep is essential for physical
and mental health. Sleep plays a vital role in restoring energy, supporting cognitive
function, regulating hormones, and promoting immune function. Aim for 7-9 hours of
sleep per night for most adults to optimize health and well-being.

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5. Stress Management: Chronic stress can have detrimental effects on both physical
and mental health. Practicing stress management techniques such as mindfulness
meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, progressive muscle relaxation, or
engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy and relaxation can help reduce
stress levels and promote overall well-being.

6. Regular Health Check-ups: Regular health check-ups and screenings are important
for early detection and prevention of health problems. Schedule routine visits with
healthcare providers for preventive screenings, vaccinations, and discussions about
lifestyle habits and health concerns. Follow recommended guidelines for screenings
such as blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests, and cancer screenings based on
age, gender, and risk factors.

7. Avoiding Harmful Substances: Avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco,

excessive alcohol, and illicit drugs is essential for maintaining a healthy body. These
substances can increase the risk of various health problems, including cardiovascular
disease, respiratory issues, liver disease, and certain types of cancer. Seek support
and resources if struggling with addiction or substance abuse.

8. Positive Mental Attitude: Cultivating a positive mental attitude and nurturing emotional
well-being is important for overall health. Engage in activities that promote relaxation,
self-care, and connection with others. Practice gratitude, self-compassion, and
resilience in facing life's challenges. Seek support from friends, family, or mental
health professionals when needed.

6. What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is responsible for
circulating blood throughout the body. Its primary functions include:

● Transportation: The cardiovascular system transports essential substances

throughout the body, including oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste
products. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the lungs to tissues and organs,
providing the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration and metabolism.
Nutrients absorbed from the digestive system are also transported via the
bloodstream to cells for energy production and growth. Additionally, hormones
produced by endocrine glands are carried in the blood to target tissues to
regulate various physiological processes. Waste products, such as carbon
dioxide and metabolic by-products, are transported away from cells and organs
to be eliminated from the body through respiration, urination, and other
excretory mechanisms.

● Regulation: The cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in regulating various

physiological processes to maintain homeostasis, or the body's internal
balance. It helps regulate body temperature by redistributing heat throughout

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the body, especially during exercise or exposure to extreme temperatures.

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) to release heat and constrict
(vasoconstriction) to conserve heat. The cardiovascular system also helps
regulate blood pressure by adjusting the diameter of blood vessels and the rate
and force of heart contractions to ensure adequate tissue perfusion and
oxygen delivery. Hormones, such as adrenaline and aldosterone, released by
the endocrine system, can affect heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and blood
volume, contributing to cardiovascular regulation.

● Protection: The cardiovascular system provides protection against pathogens

and maintains immune function. Blood contains white blood cells (leukocytes)
and antibodies that help defend the body against infections by identifying and
neutralizing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Injured tissues
and organs receive immune cells and clotting factors via the bloodstream to
initiate the healing process and prevent excessive bleeding. Additionally,
platelets in the blood play a crucial role in forming blood clots to seal wounds
and prevent blood loss, thereby protecting the body from excessive bleeding
and maintaining vascular integrity.

7. Discuss four ways to keep healthy.

Regular Physical Activity:

Engage in regular physical activity to promote cardiovascular health, maintain a
healthy weight, and improve overall fitness levels. Aim for at least 150 minutes of
moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise
per week, as recommended by health guidelines. Incorporate a variety of
activities such as walking, running, cycling, swimming, or strength training to
target different muscle groups and prevent boredom. Exercise not only boosts
physical health but also enhances mood, reduces stress, and improves cognitive
function.

Healthy Eating Habits:

Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and
healthy fats to provide essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals for optimal
health. Limit intake of processed foods, sugary snacks, and unhealthy fats to
reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Practice mindful eating, paying attention to hunger and fullness cues, and
choose portion sizes appropriate for your energy needs. Stay hydrated by
drinking an adequate amount of water throughout the day, and minimize
consumption of sugary beverages and excessive caffeine.

Stress Management and Relaxation Techniques:

Incorporate stress management techniques and relaxation practices into your
daily routine to reduce stress levels and promote emotional well-being. Practice
mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle

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relaxation, or yoga to calm the mind and body, alleviate tension, and improve
resilience to stress. Prioritize self-care activities such as spending time outdoors,
pursuing hobbies, connecting with loved ones, and getting sufficient sleep to
recharge and rejuvenate. Establish boundaries, delegate tasks, and practice time
management to balance work, family, and personal life effectively.

Regular Health Check-ups and Preventive Care:

Schedule regular health check-ups and screenings with healthcare providers to
monitor your health status, detect potential health issues early, and receive
appropriate preventive care. Follow recommended guidelines for vaccinations,
screenings, and health assessments based on age, gender, and individual risk
factors. Take proactive steps to manage chronic conditions such as high blood
pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels through medication, lifestyle
modifications, and regular monitoring. Advocate for your health by asking
questions, seeking clarification, and actively participating in decisions about your
healthcare.

8. How do the Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular and Respiratory system co-operate to

allow the body to function properly and enable movement?

The skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems work together in a

coordinated manner to enable the body to function properly and facilitate movement.
Here's how each system contributes to this cooperation:
● Skeletal System:
○ The skeletal system provides structural support and serves as a framework
for the body.
○ Bones act as attachment sites for muscles, allowing for movement and
providing leverage.
○ Joints, where bones meet, allow for flexibility and movement through
articulation.
○ The skeletal system protects vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs
from injury.

● Muscular System:
○ Muscles are responsible for generating force and producing movement by
contracting and relaxing.
○ Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, pull on bones to create
movement at joints.
○ Muscles work in pairs or groups, with one muscle contracting (agonist) and
its opposing muscle relaxing (antagonist) to produce coordinated movement.
○ Muscles also help stabilize joints and maintain posture, balance, and body
alignment.

● Cardiovascular System:
○ The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and

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waste products throughout the body via the bloodstream.

○ The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to tissues and organs,
delivering the necessary oxygen and nutrients for cellular respiration and
metabolism.
○ Oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart, where it is pumped to the lungs
to release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen, completing the cycle.
○ Blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, distribute blood to
tissues and regulate blood flow and pressure to meet metabolic demands
during rest and physical activity.

● Respiratory System:
○ The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and the
environment, providing oxygen for cellular respiration and removing carbon
dioxide.
○ Air is inhaled through the nose or mouth, passes through the pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchi, and enters the lungs.
○ In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide
diffuses out of the bloodstream into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled.
○ During physical activity, the respiratory rate and depth increase to meet the
oxygen demand of working muscles and remove carbon dioxide produced as
a by-product of metabolism.
9. Using the correct terminology from the list below, label the diagram of the heart.

Words: Aorta, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right
Ventricle, Left Ventricle, Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve, Apex, Right Pulmonary Artery, Right
Pulmonary Veins, Left Pulmonary Artery, Left Pulmonary Veins

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RIGHT PULMONARY
ARTERY AORTA
SUPERIOR VENA
CAVA LEFT PULMON

RIGHT PULMONARY VEIN LEFT PULMONARY VEINS

RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VEN

TRICUSPID VALVE MITRAL
RIGHT ATRIUM

LEFT

INFERIOR
VENA CAVA

APEX

10. Using the correct terminology from the list, label the diagram of the skeleton.

Tarsals, Phalanges, Pelvis, Coccyx, Metacarpals, Tibia, Ulna, Patella, Calcaneus, Metatarsals,
Sacrum, Fibula, Radius, Sternum, Carpals, Lumbar Vertebrae, Mandible, Scapula, Humerus,
Femur, Phalanges, Skull, Thoracic vertebrae, Clavicle, Ribs, Cervical vertebrae

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SKULL

MANDIBLE
CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE CLAVICLE
SCAPULA
STERNUM

RIBS
HUMERUS

RADIUS
ULNA

FEMUR

11. What are the principle parts of a human cell.

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Here are the main components of a typical human cell:

● Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane):

The cell membrane is a semi-permeable lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, separating its
internal environment from the external environment.
It regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, allowing nutrients to enter and
waste products to exit.
The cell membrane also plays a role in cell signaling, cell recognition, and cell adhesion.

● Cytoplasm:
The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell, surrounding the
organelles.
It consists of cytosol, a fluid matrix composed of water, ions, proteins, and other molecules,
where cellular metabolism and biochemical reactions occur.
The cytoplasm provides structural support and facilitates the movement of organelles and
molecules within the cell.

● Nucleus:
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA)
organized into chromosomes.
It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which regulates the
passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.
The nucleus plays a crucial role in gene expression, DNA replication, and the synthesis of
RNA, which are essential processes for cell growth, development, and reproduction.

● Organelles:
Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions to
support cellular activities.
Some of the key organelles include:
● Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration.
● Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as
the transport of molecules within the cell.
● Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for
secretion or delivery to other cellular locations.
● Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digesting cellular waste, foreign substances,
and damaged organelles.
● Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into
polypeptide chains.
● Centrioles (in animal cells): Involved in cell division and the organization of
microtubules.

● Cytoskeleton:
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structural support, shape,
and organization to the cell.
It consists of three main types of filaments:
● Microtubules: Provide structural support and serve as tracks for intracellular

Student Assessment HLTAAP001 (for CHC43115)

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Responsibility: Director of Studies Create Date: 11 May 2020

Einstein College of Australia Provider No:22459 CRICOS: 03223E ABN: 46 129 237 092
STUDENT ASSESSMENT
HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems

transport.
● Microfilaments (Actin filaments): Contribute to cell shape, movement, and
muscle contraction.
○ Intermediate Filaments: Provide mechanical strength and stability to the
cell.

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Responsibility: Director of Studies Create Date: 11 May 2020

Einstein College of Australia Provider No:22459 CRICOS: 03223E ABN: 46 129 237 092