Why do we need to learn SUSTAINABLE TOURISM?

➢ ELIZABETHAN ERA
- It is a business; a segment of a larger industry ○ Grand Tour
- An important advocacy to pass on the next gen. - Young men seeking positions in court
- Should change the way we must travel - Education of a gentlemen
- Lasted for 3 years
OVERVIEW ➢ 19th CENTURY/1800s
- Sustainable Tourism – environmental impacts of tourism ○ Tourism becomes business
activities; Focuses on phenomenal issues & challenges ○ RICHARD COX
- Discusses how the emerging markets of mass tourism - Official travel agent of British Royal Armed
shifted on “environmental movement” Forces
○ THOMAS COOK
INCLUDES: - First leisure travel agent
● 3 dimensions of SUSTOUR: environmental, economic - June, 1841
and social dimensions + their inter-relationship ○ 1845 – first commercial packaged tour, w/
● From mass tourism to nature-based tourism cost-effective railway tix and printed guide
● Key actors in SUSTOUR— society (public sector), ➢ 1952
tourism industry, non-profit sector, host comm., media, ○ First commercial air flights from London,
tourists. England, to Johannesburg, South Africa, and
Colombo, Sri Lanka (Flightglobal, 2002)
WHAT IS TOURISM? ➢ JET AGE
“It comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying ○ start of the modern tourism industry
in places outside their usual environment for not more than ➢ 1950s
one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." ○ Club Méditerranée creation & other club holidays
— by UNWTO ➢ The decade that was
○ MORE travel companies
○ Increasing COMPETITION for customers
○ “Mass Tourism” is born
○ New destinations and modes of “holidaying”

➢ Interrupted at several key points in history

○ WW1 & WW2
○ The Great Depression
○ 2000s
- 9/11 – Sept. 11, 2001; attack on World Trade
Center, NYC
- War in Iraq; threats of future terrorist attacks
HISTORY OF TOURISM
- Health scares (SARS, BSE, West Nile,
➢ Derived from “Torah” in Hebrew (‫ )ירה‬meaning “to
COVID-19)
guide” or “to teach”
➢ Old Testament Noah with his Ark: the first large-scale
➢ Revolutionary shift to technology
operator; mostly animals as passengers
○ Increased internet use
➢ TWO FORMS:
○ online travel bookings grew exponentially
○ Travel for Business
○ 2014 – Expedia has expanded
- Sumerians invented money, writing, and wheel =
increase in travel and exchange of goods
“Growth and development were major priorities in the period
○ Religious Travel
since the 1950s, the new millennium is characterized by
- vow; penance for sins
intense destination competition” —UNWTO report Policy &
➢ Greeks & Romans — well-known traders
Practice for Global Tourism
○ Respective empires increased
○ Travel became necessary
TOURISMPHOBIA
○ Now travel for private purposes
- From mass unsustainable tourism practices which
➢ MEDIEVAL PERIOD
generated the feelings of fear, antipathy, and social
○ Travel declined
rejection amongst the local citizens of the destination
○ Travel – “travail”, became burdensome
towards the tourists who exploits the place
○ Dangerous & demanding
- Ex.: 2016, Palma, Majorca Spain
○ After the decline of the Roman Empire 5th century
○ Roads were not maintained + unsafe
★ SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
○ Thieves inflicted harm on travelers
- “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future
○ No one traveled for pleasure; only crusaders &
economic, social and environmental impacts,
pilgrims
addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the
environment and host communities.” — by UNWTO

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“From HEDONISM to SUSTAINABLE TOURISM” Quebec Declaration on Ecotourism
- Read & watch the story of Vang Vieng ● World Ecotourism Summit (Quebec, Canada–May,
2002) by WTO & United Nations Environment Program
ENVIRONMENT – the central source of tourism (UNEP)
● POSITIVE EFFECTS
Tourism has the power to enhance the environment… - Jobs & income for locals
Tourism has also the power to destroy it. - Possible funds for improving protected areas
- Environmental education for visitors
WTTC CONCERNS - Heritage & environmental preservation & enhancement
* Global Warming ● DANGERS OF ECOTOURISM
* Depletion of ozone layer - Financial benefits are not shared with local population
* Acid rain if:
* Depletion and pollution of water resources — tourism consumes & may over-consume resources
* Depletion and pollution of land resources — hence, locals & tourists compete for scarce resources

● Political instability or increased competition for land = ASTA’s 10 COMMANDMENTS on ECOTOURISM

loss of potential new tourism destinations & degradation 1. Respect the frailty of the earth.
of existing destinations 2. Leave only footprints. Take only photographs.
● Higher fuel prices = increased operational costs and 3. To make your travels more meaningful, educate yourself
decrease in arrivals about the geography, customs, manners and cultures of
the region you visit.
4. Respect the privacy and dignity of others.
5. Do not buy products made from endangered plants or
animals, such as ivory, tortoise shell, animal skins, and
feathers.
6. Always follow designated trails.
7. Learn about and support conservation-oriented programs
and organizations working to preserve the environment.
8. Whenever possible, walk or use environmentally-sound
methods of transportation.
● Tourism is responsible for 8% of the world’s carbon 9. Patronize suppliers who advance energy and
emissions environmental conservation.
○ Highly interdependent 10. Encourage organizations to subscribe to environmental
○ Multidisciplinary guidelines.
○ Multi-sector
○ Political in nature

ADVOCACY OF ECOTOURISM:
“To sustain or even enhance the quality and attractiveness of
the natural environment”

SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM
TOURISM

- Encompasses social, - A subset of SUSTOUR,

cultural, and economic specifically focusing on
sustainability envi. conservation
- Focuses on travel that has - focused on ecological
minimal impact on the conservation &
environment and local educating travelers on
communities. local environments and
natural surroundings

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○ 91% of plastics are not recycled
○ 99% of plastics cause climate change
○ Plastics use fossil fuels
○ ¼ of fish have plastic in their gut
○ 83% of tap water contain plastic
○ Microplastics are linked with air pollution
○ 3 million plastics are sold per minute
○ Plastics take hundreds/thousands of years to break down

The Past, Present, and Future of Conservation

● Exponential growth of protected areas— greatest STATUS OF PROTECTED AREAS in the Philippines
conservation success story in the 21st century ● 39% (2.7M of 6.8M forest covered with protected
● A primary defense mechanism against Earth’s areas as of 2015)
biodiversity loss ● 93 of the 228 Key Biodiversity Areas
● 1992 – agreement by world nations to create protected
areas on land and sea to preserve nature and prevent
biodiversity loss.
● NOW – Earth is marked ‘protected’ by 15%

DEFINITION of PROTECTED AREA

- ‘a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated
and managed, through legal or other effective means, to
achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated
ecosystem services and cultural values’ —by IUCN

BENEFITS
- provision of food and freshwater
- regulation of floods and droughts
- nutrient cycling
- recreational opportunities

ASIA
● over 10, 900 protected areas
○ 13.9% of the terrestrial environment
○ 1.8% of the marine and coastal areas
● Only 4 countries (Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan and
Thailand) have more than 5% of seas protected
● Bhutan and Brunei Darussalam- around 40% of their land
protected
● Other 14 countries in Asia - less than 17% of their land
covered

BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE USE

- the most frequently reported threat
- hunting
- illicit wildlife trade
- logging inside the designated areas

NATURAL SYSTEM MODIFICATION

- management interventions like controlled burn and
construction of dams that can cause habitat loss, degrading
protected areas

AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION
- leads to deforestation and aquaculture causes erosion of
biodiversity within the protected areas

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“The Holiday Romance” ADVANTAGES OF SEX TOURISM
1. Cheap means of fun for tourists
“MAGDALENA” 2. Economic boom
- A character in a song where a woman is a prostitute 3. Employment
- Babaeng “mababa ang lipad” 4. Cultural Preservation (e.g. belly dancing; traditional
dance)
SEX TOURISM 5. Environment Preservation
- ‘Fast-gaining acceptance’ 6. Influx of Foreign Exchange
- Some still look down on this work
- Issue on morality DISADVANTAGES OF SEX TOURISM
- Is like the ‘elephant in the room’ 1. It promotes STD and HIV/AIDS
2. It promotes pedophilia
TOP SEX TOURISM COUNTRIES 3. Increase in illegal activities in sex tourism destinationS
* The Gambia * Spain 4. Seasonal employment for sex workers
* Caribbean areas * Brazil
* Thailand * Philippines
* The Netherlands * Cambodia

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