PITUITARY GLAND

3RD QUARTER SUMMARY

• AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN
NERVOUS SYSTEM • OXYTOCIN, VASOPRESSIN, GROWTH HORMONE, ADRENOCORTICROTOPIC
HORMONE(ACTH), PROLACTIN, LUTEINIZING HORMONE, FOLLICLE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- THE PART WHERE ALL OF THE INFORMATION STIMULATING HORMONE(FSH)
PROCESSING HAPPENS • STIMULATES GROWTH, AND CONTROLS FUNCTIONS OF OTHER GLANDS
BRAIN: ORGANIZER AND DISTRIBUTOR OF INFORMATION THYROID GLAND
• Cerebrum- Located at the upper part of the brain that controls activity and • BELOW THE VOICEBOX
thought • THYROXIN AND CALCITONIN
• Cerebellum- located under the cerebrum which controls posture, balance, • REGULATES BODY METABOLISM AND CAUSES STORAGE OF CALCIUM IN
and coordination BONES
• Brain stem- connects the brain and spinal cord which controls automatic
functions PARATHYROID GLAND

SPINAL CORD - SERVES AS CHANNELS BETWEEN THE BRAIN AND THE REST OF THE • IN THE NECK
BODY • PARATHYROMONE
• CONTROLS CALCIUM LEVELS AND NORMALIZES BONE GROWTH
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- CONNECTS THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TO
OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY THYMUS GLAND
SOMATIC NERVES: ASSOCIATED WITH VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENTS • FRONT OF THE HEART
• THYMOSIN
• Spinal Nerves: carry motor and sensory signal between the spinal cord and
• TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
the body
• Cranial Nerves: carry information in and out of the brain stem ADRENAL GLAND
AUTONOMIC: ASSOCIATED WITH INVOLUNTARY CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENTS • TOP OF KIDNEYS
• ADRENALINE
• Sympathetic- activated when the body is in a dynamic role
• PREPARES THE BODY FOR ACTION AND CONTROLS HEART RATE AND
• Parasympathetic- maintains body functions and restores body to normal
BREATHING
mode
PANCREAS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• BETWEEN KIDNEYS
GROUP OF GLANDS THAT RELEASES HORMONES INTO OUR BODY • INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
 • REGULATES BLOOD SUGAR OVULATION PHASE (Day 14)
TESTES • a mature egg is released from an ovary and moves along a fallopian tube
towards your uterus.
• LOWER ABDOMEN • Ovulation can last from 16 to 32 hours.
• ANDROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE
• CONTROLS MATURATION AND MALE CHARACTERISTICS LUTEAL PHASE (Day 15-28)

OVARIES • If the egg is not fertilized, it will not attach to the uterus.
• The uterine lining and the egg cell will start to shed in a form of blood.
• LOWER ABDOMEN
• ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• INFLUENCE FEMALE TRAITS
• SUPPORT REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION TRANSCRIPTION
HOMEOSTASIS- STATE WHERE EACH PART OF BODY FUNCTIONS IS BALANCE • The DNA enters the RNA polymerase
• The DNA splits and free RNA nucleotides will make a RNA strand
MENSTRUAL CYCLE • This is now called mRNA or messenger RNA
• Script for making proteins
MENTRUAL PHASE
TRANSLATION
• commonly known as a period
• The uterus lining sheds and flows out of the vagina. • The ribosomes attached itself to the mRNA
• period contains blood, mucus, and some cells from the lining of your • tRNA collects amino acids and creates anti-codon (trio of nucleotides)
uterus. • The anti-codon will attach itself to its complimentary sequence called
• The average length of a period is three to seven days. mRNA codon
FOLLICULAR PHASE (Day 1-13) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
• The pituitary gland in the brain releases a hormone to stimulate the POSITIVE FEEDBACK- INTENSIFIES THE A RESPONSE
production of follicles on the surface of an ovary.
• The luteinizing hormone initiates the maturation of the follicles and NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- REDUCES THE EFFECT OF THE STIMULUS
causes the releasing of estrogen. The follicle stimulating hormone
assists on the maturation of follicles and causes the releasing of
estrogen. CHILDBIRTH (+)
• your uterus lining also thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
 • The stretching of uterine walls causes contractions that further
stretch the walls. These continues until birthing occurs.
LACTATION (+)
• Suckling stimulates milk production which causes further feeding
(continues until baby stops feeding).
OVULATION (+)
• The follicle releases estrogen.
• It stimulates LH and FSH release to promote further follicular
growth.
MENSTRUATION (-)
• Follicles becomes the corpus luteum, and this produces estrogen and
progesterone
• It inhibits FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary.
EVOLUTION
IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH SPECIES ADAPT OVER TIME IN RESPONSE TO
THEIR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
2. Theory of Use and Disuse
• Which according to Lamarck, organs not in use will disappear while
organs in use will develop.
3. Theory of Acquired Characteristics
• States that a parent animal could pass on to its offspring the
characteristics it had acquired during its lifetime.
CHARLES DARWIN defined evolution as "descent with modification," the idea
that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common
ancestor. The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural
selection.
Theory of Natural Selection
• Causes populations to become adapted, or increasingly well-suited, to
their environments over time. Natural selection depends on the
environment and requires existing heritable variation in a group.
POPULATION DENSITY LIMITING FACTORS
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARK was the first evolutionist to believe that
organism change over time. Using fossil record as a guide, Lamark was able
to develop three 3 theories;
1. Theory of Need
• States that organism change in response to environment. Their ability
to survived helped them develop characteristics necessary for them to
adapt in a given environment.
• A limiting factor (typically classified as a abiotic) that affect all
populations in similar ways , regardless of the population size.
• Examples include:
-Unusual weather (severe winter frost, etc.)
-Natural disaster (flood , earthquakes, etc.)
-Human activities (cutting forests, damming
rivers ,etc.)
DENSITY DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS
1.Diseases and parasites
 • Infectious diseases and parasites spread faster in densely populated
areas.
2.Competition for Resources
• Organisms with better adaptations to obtain (food) will be able to
reproduce more often, and its population will grow.
3.Predation
• Plenty of prey are available, predators will be able to eat sufficiently,
thus have energy to reproduce much and increase their numbers.
4.Emigration
• Emigration occurs when the population approaches its carrying
capacity, and individual organisms leave and go to a new area.