ENDOCRINOLOGY PART 1- QUICK REVIEW 2 types of glands

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

• Act together to coordinate functions of all body
systems in response to changing internal & external
stimuli
• Low calcium in the blood is the stimuli,
endocrine must know how to normalize
• The goal is to get the body back to
homeostasis
• The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)
links the central nervous system to the endocrine
system
• The HPA axis affects physiologic functions through
the release of:
• inhibitory,
• limit the production
Endocrinology
• they stop
• Is Intercellular Chemical Communication
• releasing
• is about communication systems & information
• enhance the release
transfer.
• stimulate release
• Communication tower in the airport
• tropic hormones
• Com tower will give signal to plane
• produced by endocrine glands
when to take off or land
• stimulate other endocrine glands
• The communication must be very clear.
• stored in anterior pituitary
• Is the study of the glands that produce
hormones and the effects of hormones on
organs
• Includes hormones
• Does not only include endocrine lags
• Endo=within; crine= to secrete
• ductless glands
• Release secretions into the tissue fluid
Hormones
• to excite
• chemical messengers
• regulate the activity of other cells
Nervous system
• produced by specialized cells
• Nerve impulses/ Neurotransmitters
• Blood transfers hormones to target sites
• Faster responses, briefer effects, acts on specific
• Target cell is have specific receptors that bind to
target
and carry out the action of a hormone.
Endocrine system
Hormone secretion is dictated by-
• Hormone – mediator molecule released in 1 part
• circadian rhythms/diurnal patterns
of the body but regulates activity of cells in other
• Monthly period
parts
• Part of the month when the
• Slower responses, effects last longer, broader
tropic release from the
influence
hypothalamus to affect the
ovary
 • pulsatile patterns
• Growth hormone
• When a child has deep sleep, the
growth hormone is produced
• cyclic patterns &
• Production
• levels of chemical substances
• high sugar = high insulin
• low sugar = high glucagon
Hormone types
• Circulating – circulate in blood throughout body
• Local hormones – act locally
• Paracrine – act on neighboring cells
• Autocrine – act on the same cell that
secreted them
FORMS OF SIGNALLING
• paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling,
autocrine signaling, and direct signaling across
gap junctions.
• The main difference between the different
categories of signaling is the distance that the
signal travels through the organism to reach the
target cell.
• not all cells are affected by the same signals.
• Paracrine produce hormones to target
surrounding cells
• paracrine signaling: a form of cell signaling in
which the target cell is near (para = near) the
signal-releasing cell
• Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the
extracellular matrix.
• These types of signals usually elicit quick
responses that last only a short amount of time.
• To keep the response localized, paracrine ligand
molecules are normally quickly degraded by
enzymes or removed by neighboring cells.
• Endocrine Signaling are Signals from distant
cells
• they originate from endocrine cells.
• signals usually produce a slower response, but
have a longer-lasting effect.
• The ligands released in endocrine signaling are
called hormones.
• Gland will produce and same gland will be the
target
• Ovary
• Autocrine signals means the signaling cell and
the target cell can be the same or a similar cell
• This type of signaling often occurs during the
early development of an organism to ensure
that cells develop into the correct tissues and
take on the proper function.
• Autocrine signaling also regulates pain
sensation and inflammatory responses.
• if a cell is infected with a virus, the cell can
signal itself to undergo programmed cell death,
killing the virus in the process. In some cases,
neighboring cells of the same type are also
influenced by the released ligand.
Hormonoids (tissue hormones)
• compounds that are produced not in glands but
in different tissues and regulate metabolic
processes on the local level, but some of them
(serotonin, acetylcholine) enters blood and
regulate processes on the organism level.
Hormone producing cells
• Arranged in cords & branching
network=maximizes contact between them &
capillaries surrounding them
Specific stimulus for hormones secretion:
• nervous impulse
• fight or flight
• holing a hot object = pull back reflex
 • concentration of the certain compound in blood
passing through the endocrine gland
• blood sugar levels
• calcium levels
• Low T3 or T4 = signal to stimulate the
release of TRF
• Stimulate release of T3 and T4

Hormones control several major processes

• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism