Manual Trig PE FINAL1 104632

Province of the
EASTERN CAPE
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Teacher development training manual.
mathematics: Trigonometry
CUBAN INTERVENTION PROGRAMME.
Compiled by:
• Mrs. Katia Lastre Rodriguez

• Mr. Yoandy De Armas Ojeda
• Mr. Rey Hechavarria Betancourt
CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA.

Trigonometry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
Programme. 2
Introduction. 3
MODULE 1. Trigonometric functions. 8
1.1 Right angled triangle.
1.2 Sine, cosine and tangent.
1.3 Angles of any size.
1.4 Trigonometric functions may sometimes have negatives values.
1.5 Quadrant angles.
1.6 Special angles.
1.7 Trigonometric functions of negative angles.
1.8 Reduction formulae.
MODULE 2. Identities and equations. 25
2.1 Elementary trigonometric identities.
2.2 Proving identities.
2.3 Solving trigonometric equations.
MODULE 3. Properties and graphs of trigonometric functions. 46
3.1 Properties of trigonometric functions.
3.2 Graphing trigonometric functions.
MODULE 4. Solution of triangles/sines and cosines rules. 64
4.1 Geometry of the sine rule.
4.2 The cosine rule.
MODULE 5. Problem solving. 71
5.1 Angles of elevation and depression.
5.2 Bearings.
5.3 Problem solving in trigonometry.
MODULE 6. Practical exercises. 77
REFERENCES. 88
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES 89
CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 1

Trigonometry
TIME TOPICS RESPONSABILITY

DAY 1 8:30 - 9:00 Opening and Welcome. Institute
9:00 – 10:00 Pretest All
Session 1 10:00 – 10:30 Tea Break
10:30 – 13:00 Module I. Trigonometric Facilitators

functions
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch time
Session 2 14:00 – 16:30 Module I Trigonometry Facilitators
DAY 2 8:30 – 10:00 Module II Identities and Facilitators

equations.
10:30 – 13:00 Module III Properties and Facilitators
graphs of trigonometric
functions.
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch time
Session 4 14:00- 16:30 Module III Properties and Facilitators

graphs of trigonometric
functions.
DAY 3 8:30 – 10:00 Module IV Sine and cosine Facilitators
rules
10:30 – 13:00 Module IV Sines and cosines Facilitators
laws.
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch time
Session 6 14:00 – 16:30 Module V Problem solving. Facilitators
DAY 4 8:30 – 10:00 Module VI Practical Exercises. Facilitators

Session 3 10:00 – 10:30 Tea Break.
10:30 – 13:00 Module VI Practical Exercises. Facilitators
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch time.

14:00-16:30 Module VI Practical Facilitators
Exercises.
Day 5 8:30-10:00 Module VI Practical exercises. Facilitators
10:00-10:30 Tea Break.
10:30-11:45 Post Test. Facilitators
11:45-12:30 Workshop evaluation. Facilitators
12:30-13:00 Conclusions and Departure. Institute

Trigonometry
Introduction:
Review the Caps for FET.
Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement:
In FET Phase, learners should be exposed to mathematical experiences that give

them many opportunities to develop their mathematical reasoning and creative skills.
Trigonometry for FET:
1. Definitions of the trigonometric ratios sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃 in right-angled triangles.
2. Extend the definitions of sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃 to 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
3. Derive and use values of the trigonometric ratios (without using a calculator for the
special angles 𝜃𝜖{0°; 30°; 45°; 60°; 90°}.
4. Define the reciprocals of trigonometric ratios.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. Derive and the use the of identities: tan 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1.
6. Derive the reduction formulae.
7. Determine the general solution and/or specific solutions of trigonometric equations.
8. Establish the sine, cosine and area rules.
9. Proof and use the Compound Angles and Double Angle identities.
10. Solve problems in two and three dimensions.

Trigonometry
REVISION OF TERMINOLOGY:
AAS: reference to solving a triangle given the measure of two angles and the length of a non-
included side.
Amplitude: the vertical stretch of a function.
Angle: a measure of rotation.
Angle of depression: an angle measured below the horizontal.
Angle of elevation: an angle measured above the horizontal.
ASA: reference to solving a triangle given the measure of two angles and the length
of the included side.
ASTC: an acronym representing which trigonometric functions are positive in each

quadrant such as in I All are positive, in quadrant II only Sine, in quadrant III only
Tangent, and in quadrant IV it is the Cosine that is positive.
Asymptotes: lines representing undefined values for trigonometric functions. These

lines are indicated with dots on the graph.
Bearing: an angle measured clockwise from due True-North.
Co-function identities: fundamental identities that involve the basic trig functions of
complimentary angles. Complimentary means the two angles add up to 90º.
Co-functions: pairs of trigonometric functions of complimentary angles whose

trigonometric ratios are equal.
Cosecant: the reciprocal of the Sine function.
Cosine: a trigonometric ratio equal to the adjacent side divided by the hypotenuse.
Cotangent: the reciprocal of the tangent function.
Co-terminal: two angles in standard position that share a terminal side.
Degree: a unit of angle measurement equal to 1/360 of a revolution.
Difference identities for tangent: identities involving the tangents of differences of

angles.
Difference identity for cosine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.
Difference identity for sine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.

Trigonometry
Double-angle identities for tangent: useful in writing trig functions involving double
angles as functions of single numbers.
Double-angle identities: useful in writing trig functions involving double angles as trig
functions of single angles.
Even function: a function is even if f(-x) = f(x).
General solution: solutions defined over entire domain.
Heron's formula: a formula for finding the area of a triangle given the lengths of the
three sides.
Identities for negatives: fundamental identities that involve the basic trig functions of
negative angles.
Identity: an equation made up of trigonometric functions of an angle that is valid for

all values of the angle Also called trigonometric identity.
Initial side: side of angle where angle measurement begins.
Inverse notation: notation used to express an angle in terms of the value of

trigonometric functions.
Law of cosines: a relationship between the lengths of the three sides of a triangle
and the cosine of one of the angles.
Law of sines: a relationship between the ratios of the sines of angles of a triangle and
the side opposite those angles.
Maximum value: largest value of a function in a given interval.
Minimum value: smallest value of a function in a given interval.
Negative angle: results from clockwise rotation.
Odd function: a function is odd if f(-x) = -f(x).
Odd-even identities: fundamental identities that involve the basic trig functions of
negative angles. Also called identities for negatives period the smallest value of q
such that f(x) = f(x+q) where f(x) is a periodic function.
Periodic functions: trigonometric functions whose values repeat once each period.
Phase shift: the horizontal displacement of a function to the right or left of the vertical
axis.

Trigonometry
Positive angle: results from counterclockwise rotation.
Proving the identity: showing the validity of one identity by using previously known
facts.
Pythagorean identities: fundamental identities that relate the sine and cosine
functions and the Pythagorean Theorem.
Quadrantal angle: an angle in standard position with its terminal side on a coordinate
axis.
Radian: the measure on an angle with vertex at the center of a circle that subtends
an arc equal to the radius of the circle.
Reciprocal identities: fundamental identities that involve the reciprocals of basic trig
functions.
Reduction formulas for cosine: useful in rewriting cosines of angles greater than
90° as functions of acute angles.
Reduction formulas for sine: useful in rewriting sines of angles greater than 90° as
functions of acute angles.
Reduction formulas for tangent: useful in rewriting tangents greater than 90° as
functions of acute angles.
Reference angle: an acute angle whose trigonometric ratios are the same (except for
sign) as the given angle.
SAS: reference to solving a triangle given the lengths of two sides and the measure
of the included angle.
Secant: the reciprocal of the cosine function.
Semi-perimeter: one-half the perimeter of a triangle.
Sine: a trigonometric ratio equal to the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse.
Solving the triangle: a process for finding the values of sides and angles of a triangle
given the values of the remaining sides and angles.
SSA: reference to solving a triangle given the lengths of two sides and the measure
of a non-included angle.
SSS: reference to solving a triangle given the lengths of the three sides.

Trigonometry
Standard position (angle): an angle with its initial side on the positive x-axis and
vertex at the origin.
Sum identities for tangent: identities involving the tangents of sums of angles.
Sum identity for cosine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.
Sum identity for sine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.
Tangent: a trigonometric ratio equal to the opposite side divided by the adjacent side.
Terminal side: side of angle where angle measurement ends.
Trigonometric addition identities: identities involving the trig functions of sums and
differences of angles.
Trigonometric identity: an equation made up of trigonometric functions of an angle

that is valid for all values of the angle.
Trigonometric ratios: the ratios of the length of two side of a right triangle.
Unit circle: a circle with a radius of one unit.
Vertical shift: the vertical displacement of a function above or below the horizontal
axis.

Trigonometry
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry (from Greek words trigonon "triangle" + metron

"measure")
What is Trigonometry? The word trigonometry means 'triangle
measurement'.
Trigonometry is an important tool for evaluating measurements of height and distance.

It plays an important role in surveying, navigation, engineering, astronomy and many
other branches of physical sciences.
Basic Trigonometry involves the ratios of the sides of right triangles. The three ratios
are called the tangent, the sine and the cosine. It can then be extended to other
ratios and Trigonometry in the Cartesian Plane.
❖ MODULE 1. Trigonometric functions.
Right-angled triangle
The triangle of most interest is the right-angled triangle. The right angle is shown by
the little box in the corner of the triangle:
Another angle (one of the other two interior acute angles of the triangle) is often
labeled θ, and the three sides are then called:

Trigonometry
Adjacent • adjacent (next to) the angle θ
Opposite • opposite the angle θ
• is the opposite side to the right angle (the

Hypotenuse hypotenuse is always the longest side)
Sine, Cosine and Tangent.

The main functions in trigonometry are Sine, Cosine and Tangent. (Sine, Cosine and
Tangent are often abbreviated as: sin, cos and tan.)
For any angle "θ":
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
The sine function: sin 𝜽 =
hypotenuse
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
The cosine function: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽=
hypotenuse
The tangent function: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜽=
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Similar to Sine, Cosine and Tangent, there are three

other trigonometric functions which are made by dividing
one side by another:

Trigonometry
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
The cosecant function: 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜽=
= sin1 𝜽
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 1
The secant function: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜽= 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= cos𝜽
adjacent side 1 cos 𝜽

The cotangent function: 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜽 = = =
opposite side tan𝜽 sin 𝜽
Notice that the last three are the reciprocals of the first three (sin, cos and tan)
There is a mnemonic or memory device students use to remember the first

three of these: SOH; CAH; TOA.
S = sine, C = cosine, T = tangent, O=opposite, H=hypotenuse, A = adjacent
As we can see these six trigonometric functions are traditionally defined in terms of
the six ratios of the sides of a right-angled triangle. This approach is valid for positive
angles of measure smaller than 90° .
Angles of any size or sign.

Since we use angles to measure rotations, an angle can be of any size and can be
positive in the case of a counter-clockwise rotation and negative in the case of a
clockwise rotation. So far, we have seen only how to find the trigonometric functions
of acute angles, that is, angles between 0° and 90° in size. Now we will see how to
extend this to angles of any size or sign.
We will continue to use the geometry of the plane to find the trigonometric functions of
an angle of any size or sign. We do so by placing the angle in standard position.

Trigonometry
In trigonometry an angle is usually drawn in what is called the "standard

position" as shown below.
In this position, the vertex of the angle is on

the origin of the x and y axis. One side of the
angle is always fixed along the positive x-axis,
this side is called “initial side” (BC) and the other
side of the angle is called “terminal side” (AB).
We pick any point (x,y) on the terminal side of the angle.
Let r denote the distance of the point (x,y) from the origin.
Then r2=x2+y2
The value of x or of y may be negative, but the value of r is

always positive.
Once the angle is in standard position, the six trigonometric functions may then be
defined as follows:
𝑦 𝑟
The sine function: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = The cosecant function: 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝐴 = 𝑦
𝑟
𝑥 𝑟
The cosine function: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = The secant function: 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 = 𝑥
𝑟
𝑦 𝑥
The tangent function: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝑥 The cotangent function: 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑦

Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions may sometimes have negative

values
Sometimes trigonometric functions have negative values, and some have positive
values, this is because of the abscissa of the point (the value of x) as well as the
ordinate of the point (the value of y)
There is a mnemonic (relating to memory) for this:
ALL STUDENTS TAKE CALCULUS
(this is also known as CAST)
Of course, not all students take calculus, but this helps us to remember the following
diagram of the four quadrants of the plane:
The meaning is as follows:
• In quadrant I all trigonometric functions are Quadrant II Quadrant I

positive.
• In quadrant II only the sine and its
reciprocal are positive.
• In quadrant III only the tangent and its
reciprocal are positive. Quadrant III Quadrant IV
• In quadrant IV only the cosine and its
reciprocal are positive.

Trigonometry
Example:
If (–4, 3) is a point on the terminal side of an angle θ in standard position, find
the values of the six trig functions of θ.
Solution:
We draw a picture and find r:
Now we use the definitions of the trig functions:
4
Example: Suppose that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 5. Find the exact values of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃.
Solution
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
We can draw a right triangle and interpret 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 as the ratio hypotenuse of two of its sides.
4
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − 5, we can use 4 as the length of the adjacent side and 5 as the length
of the hypotenuse. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the length of the opposite side must
then be 3. Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is negative, we know from figure below that θ must be in either
QII or QIII. Thus, we have two possibilities.

Trigonometry
When θ is in QII, we see from figure above that the point (−4,3) is on the terminal side
𝑦 3 𝑦
of θ, and so we have x=−4, y=3, and r=5. Thus, sin θ = 𝑟 = 5 and tan θ= 𝑥 =
3
When θ is in QIII, we see from figure above that the point (−4,−3) is on the terminal
−4
side of θ, and so we have x=−4, y=−3 and r=5.
𝑦 −3 𝑦 −3 3
Thus, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = −4 = .
𝑟 5 𝑥 4
3 3 −3 3
Thus, either 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = −4 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4
5
Quadrant angles
A quadrant angle is an angle in standard position whose terminal side lies on one of
the axes.
For example, 0∘,90∘,180∘ and 270∘ are quadrant angles. Other examples would
be 360∘,450∘, −90∘, −180∘, −270∘, etc. If a point P on the terminal side of a quadrant
angle has coordinates (x,y), then either x=0 or y=0. For this reason, some of the
trigonometric functions of quadrant angles are undefined since division by zero is
undefined.

Trigonometry
Example: Find the trig functions of 90o.
Solution:
We can choose any value of r, so to make it easy, we choose r = 1. Then the

coordinates of the point on the terminal side that intersects our circle will be (0, 1):
Now we use the definitions to find the values of the trig

functions. Notice that some are "undefined" because
you cannot divide by 0:
Example: Find the values of the trig functions of 180o.
Solution:
Again, we use a circle of radius 1:

Trigonometry
The point on the terminal side has coordinates (–1, 0), so:
Special angles:
Special Angles: 30o, 45o, 60o
The values of the six trigonometric ratios cannot be calculated exactly for most angles.
Nor can the exact value of an angle generally be found given the value of one of the
ratios. There are, however, three special angles that lend themselves nicely to ratio
calculation. They are 30o, 45o and 60o. Notice that 30o and 60o angles are
complementary and that a 45o angle is its own complement.
Special Angles: 45o
The trick to these calculations is picking a right triangle containing the desired angle
and making the side lengths numbers that turn out to be easy to manipulate. Here's
how that works for 45o. Since we can pick a triangle of any size, we can make the legs
of the right angle both of length 1 and see what that leads to.

Trigonometry
The computation is contained in the next table.
Ratios for 45o
Special Angles: 30o and 60o
These two angles can be done simultaneously since they are complementary. We
start with an equilateral triangle with side length 2. That makes each angle 60 o and it
can be split into two 30-60-90o triangles. The computations follow.
Ratios for 30o and 60o

Trigonometry
You should learn to reproduce these diagrams on paper yourself for future reference.
In fact, after drawing them a few times by hand you'll probably have all the values
memorized. But it's still good to be able to create them on demand just in case a value
is forgotten or an application arises that involves a 45-45-90o or a 30-60-90o triangle.
Table of Trig Function Values for Special Angles:
𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆𝒔 𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝝅 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝝅
𝟒𝟓𝟎 √𝟐 √𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝝅 √𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
What we should know?
We should know and be able to reproduce this table with no books, no notes, and no any
calculator.
You will also need to know these trig functions for special angles all around the circle
√3
(for example, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 210° = − .) It’s easier to memorize this small table and use pictures
2
and reference angles to figure out the others.
An assortment of facts that can help you remember or figure out

the special values.

Trigonometry
• Remember the two special right triangles and then use SOHCAHTOA to compute
the sines and cosines. The 45o-45o-90o right triangle has both its legs the same, so
you can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find its hypotenuse. The 30 o-60o-90o right
1
triangle is half of an equilateral triangle, so its short leg = of its hypotenuse.
2
You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the longest leg.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• Remember that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = .
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
√?
• You can fill the table using the pattern , sine counts up(from 0 to 4), cosine
2
counts down.(from 4 to 0).
• You can use your calculator to remind you, but remember that 0.707 is a different
√2
number from . Also remember that you may sometimes have to reproduce this
2
values without you calculator to help you.
Trigonometric Functions of Negative Angles

Let's analyze an example: While we practice for the track team, we regularly stop to
consider the values of trig functions for the angle we've covered as we run around the
circular track at our sport field. Today, however, is different. To keep things more
interesting, our coach has decided to have our team run the opposite of the usual
direction on the track.
From our studies, we know that this is the equivalent of a "negative angle". You have
run −45∘ around the track and want to find the value of the cosine function for this
angle. Is it still possible to find the values of trig functions for these new types of
angles?

Trigonometry
Recall that graphing a negative angle means rotating clockwise. The graph below
shows −30∘.
√3 1
Notice that this angle is coterminal with 330°. So, the ordered pair is ( 2 ; − 2). We
can use this ordered pair to find the values of any of the trig functions of −30°. For
√3
𝑥 2 √3
example, cos (−30°) = = =
𝑟 1 2
In general, if a negative angle has a reference angle of 30°, 45°, or 60°, or if it is a

quadrantal angle, we can find its ordered pair, and so we can determine the values
of any of the trig functions of the angle.
Example:
Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−1350 ) and 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−1350 )
Solution:
The perpendicular from the point on the terminal side gives us a 45-45-90° triangle,
so we will choose 1 as the common length of the legs, and then the
hypotenuse r has length the square root of 2, and the
coordinates of the point on the terminal side are both negative
since it is in the 3rd quadrant:

Trigonometry
So now we can give the exact values:
−1 1 √2
sin(−1350 ) = =− =−
√2 √2 2
𝑦 −1
tan(−1350 ) = = =1
𝑥 −1
Example: Find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−90°)
The angle −90° is coterminal with 270°. Therefore, the ordered pair is (0, -1) and the
cosine value is 0.
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−90°) = =0
1
-90° is coterminal with 270°

Trigonometry
Reduction formulae
If the angles are given in any of the four quadrants, then the angle can be reduced to
the equivalent first quadrant applying the corresponding reduction formulae:
iI quadrant i quadrant
𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽 𝜽
iIi quadrant iv quadrant
𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝜽 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽
Worked example:
Given 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜃 = 1200 , find without use of a calculator:
a) sin𝜃 b) cos𝜃 𝑐) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Firstly, we need to identify the quadrant that the given angle

belongs (in this case 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 )
120° belongs to the II quadrant, so we need to apply the formula 180° − 𝜃 in order to
find its reference angle in the first quadrant, thus:
180° − 120° = 60°
Once we have found the reference angle (in this case 60° ) we just need to find the
corresponding value of the function in the table (or with a calculator) and put its
corresponding sign according to the quadrant, let’s see:

Trigonometry
Remember that: ALL STUDENTS TAKE CALCULUS (CAST), then

in the II quadrant the function sine is positive
a) sin1200 =sin600
√3
Therefore sin120° = 2
Let’s see in the case of cos120° and tan120°
In the II quadrant the functions cosine and tangent are negative, then:
b) cos120° = - cos60°
1
therefore: cos120° = - 2
𝑐) 𝑡𝑎𝑛120° = - tan60°
𝑡𝑎𝑛120° = - √3
The following table is a summary of all the reduction formulas in each

quadrant.

Trigonometry
Second Quadrant Third Quadrant Fourth Quadrant

sin(180° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
cos(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(360° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan(180° + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
csc(180° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 csc(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 csc(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
sec(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 sec(360° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
cot(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 cot(180° + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 cot(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
The same CAST diagram can be used for reduction formulae and can be used for
negative angles. In the Cartesian plane, angles that measure clockwise are negative.
For instance, if given the ratio 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−1800 ), this is equivalent to moving 1800 clockwise
and then moving another clockwise. This would take us into the second quadrant
where 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is positive and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 are negative.
II Quadrant III Quadrant IV Quadrant
-180°- 𝜽 -180°+ 𝜽 𝜽
sin (−1800 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin (−1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
cos (−1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos (−1800 + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan (−1800 − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan (−1800 + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 tan(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

Trigonometry
MODULE 2. Identities and equations.
The elementary trigonometric identities
✓ The reciprocal identities

Each of the six trigonometric functions is a reciprocal of one of the other five. Given
the angle A.
sin A=1/csc A csc A=1/sin A

cos A=1/sec A sec A=1/cos A
tan A=1/cot A cot A=1/tan A
✓ The sine/cosine identities

Each of the trigonometric functions can be expressed in terms of sine and cosine.
Given the angle A

➢ tan A=sin A/cos A
➢ cot A=cos A/sin A

➢ csc A=1/sin A
➢ sec A=1/cos A
✓ A Pythagorean identity.
The process of picking a point on the terminal side of an angle in standard position
can be simplified if we agree to always pick the point exactly one unit from the origin
so that r will always equal 1. In other words: Always pick (x,y) so that it lies on the unit
circle. The unit circle is the circle centered at the origin with radius equal to one. When
we pick the point of the terminal side lying on the unit circle, we get an interesting and
useful result:
If A is an angle in standard position crossing the unit circle at the point (x,y),
then x=cos Ax and y=sin Ay.

Trigonometry
Since the equation of the unit circle is x2+y2=1, this implies another useful result:
cos2A+sin2A=1
This is called a Pythagorean identity since it follows from the Pythagorean

Theorem.
Note that cos2A means the same as (cos A)2. When squaring a function,
the '2' is always placed after the name of the function. So, for example,
the square of f(x) is always written as f2(x), never as f(x)2.
Dividing both sides of this equation by cos2A and applying the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 identities
yields 1+tan2A=sec2A.
If the identity cos2A+sin2A=1 is divided by sin2A and the sine/cosine identities applied
to the result, one obtains cot2A+1=csc2A
These three identities are called the Pythagorean Identities and may appear in other
forms where one of the terms is added or subtracted to the other side of the equation.
Examples of alternate forms of the identities:
sin2A=1−cos2A cos2A=1−sin2A
tan2A=sec2A−1 sec2A−tan2A=1
cot2A=csc2A−1 csc2A−cot2A=1
✓ The co-function identities

Trigonometry
Each trigonometric function has its corresponding co-function. Recall that the ‘co’ in
co-function comes from ‘complementary’, as in ‘complementary angle’.
The co-function is always the function of the complementary angle. The complement
of angle A is always 90°.
sin A=cos(90°–A) cos A=sin(90°–A)

tan A=cot(90°–A) cot A=tan(90°–A)
csc A=sec(90°–A) sec A= csc(90°–A)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° + 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° + 𝐴) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
✓ The even/odd identities
Recall that:
• a function f is even if for every number x in its domain, −x is also

in its domain and f(−x) =f(x).
• a function f is odd if for every number x in its domain, −x is also
in its domain and f(−x) =−f(x).
Of the six trigonometric functions, only cosine and secant are even. The
other four are odd.
The following table summarize the odd/even identities:
sin(−x) =−sin(x) csc(−x) =−csc(x)

cos(−x) =cos(x) sec(−x) =sec(x)
tan(−x) =−tan(x) cot(−x) =−cot(x)

Trigonometry
Example: Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛(− 300 ) and 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−1200 )
Solution:
Applying the identity sin(−x) =−sin(x) we get that:
sin (- 300) = - sin (300), now we just have to find the value of sin (300) and place the
sign “- “in front of the value.
1 1
Since sin(300) = 2 we get: sin(- 300) = - 2
Now let’s solve for cos (-1200)
Applying the identity cos(−x) =cos(x) we get that:
cos (-1200) = cos (1200), and we already know how to find this value applying the
reduction formula for the II quadrant (since 1200 is in the II quadrant).
1
cos(-1200)= cos(1200)= - cos(600)= − (the cosine in the II quadrant is negative)
2
1
Therefore: cos(-1200)= − 2
✓ Compound angle identities
When two angles are added or subtracted, they are known as compound
angles. e.g. A+A= 2A (Like terms)
Compound angles involve the trigonometric ratio of the sum of two angles
or the difference between two angles. e.g. A+B (Unlike terms)
Therefore, given any angles A and B, we can find the values of the sine
and cosine ratios of the angles (A + B), (A – B).
When dealing with compound angles, the formulas below must be used
in order to expand compound angles.

Trigonometry
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + sin 𝛼. sin 𝛽
Note: With sin (α ± β) there is no sign
change. Note: With cos (α ± β) there is sign
change.
tan 𝛼 ±tan 𝛽 cot∝cot 𝛽∓1

tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cot(∝ ±𝛽) =
1 ∓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 .tan 𝛽 cot 𝛽±𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼
Using the relations above solve the following exercises:
a) Simplify cos(𝐴 + 60°) + cos (𝐴 − 60°)

b) Prove that sin (90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
✓ DOUBLE ANGLES FORMULA.

Double angle formulas are used in order to simplify trigonometric expressions and
solve equations. In addition, we are expected to be able to prove the double angle
formulas. In order to do this, we use compound angle formulas.
1) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝐴 = 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴. ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = ½𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴
2) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 – 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ; 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠²𝐴 − 1
2 tan  180° 180°

3) 𝑇𝑎𝑛 2 = 𝜃 ≠ (2𝑘 + 1) 2 ; 𝜃 ≠ (2𝑘 + 1) ; 𝑘𝜖𝑍
1 − tan 
2 4
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃−1
4) cot 2𝜃 = 2 cot 𝜃
𝜃 ≠ 𝑘180°; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

Trigonometry
Proof: Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
If the expression sin 2A is expanded using a compound angle identity, then the
new identity is formed:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐴)
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
Proof: Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠²𝐴 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛²𝐴
If the expression cos2A is expanded using a compound angle identity, then the
new identity is formed:
cos 2𝐴 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐴)
cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴. cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴. sin 𝐴
∴ cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛²𝐴
From the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 we can deduce that:
𝐶𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠²𝐴 – 𝑆𝑖𝑛²𝐴
∴ cos 2𝐴 = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛²𝐴
∴ cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛²𝐴 and cos 2𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠² 𝐴 − 1

Trigonometry
Summary of the most used identities:
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 •
1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 • 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 • 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

cos 2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
•
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 tan  180°
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 𝜃 ≠ (2𝑘 + 1) ; 𝑘𝜖𝑍
1 − tan 2  2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃−1

• 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 • cot 2𝜃 = 2 cot 𝜃
𝜃 ≠ 𝑘180°; 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
1 • sin( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦

• tan x =
cot x
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = • sin(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 • cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1 • cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + sin 𝑥. sin 𝑦

• cot x =
tan x
• tan x  cot x = 1 tan 𝑥 ±tan 𝑦
• tan(x ± y) = 1 ∓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 .tan 𝑦
1 cot 𝑥 cot 𝑦∓1

• 1 + tan 2 x = • cot(x ± y)= cot 𝑥±𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑦
cos 2 x

Trigonometry
Proving identities
Proving an identity is very different in concept from solving an equation. Though you'll
use many of the same techniques, they are not the same, and the differences are what
can cause you problems.
An "identity" is a tautology, an equation or statement that is always true for all

permissible values of the variable. For instance, sin(x) = 1/csc(x) is an identity. To
"prove" an identity, we must use logical steps to show that one side of the equation
can be transformed into the other side of the equation. We do not plug values into the
identity to "prove" anything. There are infinitely-many values we can plug in. Are we
really going to "prove" anything by listing three or four values where the two sides of
the equation are equal? Of course not. And sometimes we'll be given an equation
which is not an identity. If we plug a value in where the two sides happen to be equal,
such as 45° for the (false) identity sin(x) = cos(x), we could fool ourselves into thinking
that a mere equation is an identity. we'll have shot yourself in the foot. So, let's don't
do that.
To prove an identity, we cannot work on both sides of the equation at the same time.
This is correct. We can work on both sides together for a regular equation,
because you're trying to find where the equation is true. When we are working with an
identity, if we work on both sides and work down to where the sides are equal, we will
only have shown that, if the starting equation is true, then we can arrive at another true
equation. But we won't have proved, logically, that the original equation was actually
true.
Since we'll be working with two sides of an equation, it might be helpful to introduce
some notation, if we haven't seen it before. The "left-hand side" of an equation is
denoted by LHS, and the "right-hand side" is denoted as RHS.
• Prove the identity

Trigonometry
It's usually a safe bet to start working on the side that appears to be more
complicated. In this case, that would be the LHS. Another safe bet is to convert
things to sines and cosines and see where that leads. So, our first step will be to
convert the cotangent and cosecant into their alternative expressions:
Firstly, we should identify the LHS and the RHS, and then we can
continue with our plan
cot (𝑥)
LHS= 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = cos (𝑥)
csc (𝑥)
cos (𝑥)
cot (𝑥) ( sin (𝑥) )
LHS= = 1
csc (𝑥) (sin (𝑥))
Now we'll flip-n-multiply:
LHS =
Now we can see that the sines cancel, leaving us with:
LHS =
Then our proof of the identity is all of these steps, put together:
LHS =
LHS= cos (x) RHS=cos (x)
∴LHS=RHS

Trigonometry
A caveat
Never begin a proof by assuming the truth of that which you are attempting to prove.
The following is an invalid proof of the identity above.
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
cotAsinA cosA
=
sinA sinA
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴
This so-called ‘proof’ begins by using the very identity it seeks to prove. The
presumption is that if we begin with some statement and go through a sequence of
logical inferences and arrive at a true statement, then the original statement must have
been true. But this presumption is false. It is possible to begin with a false statement
and yet arrive at a true statement by a series of logical inferences. The fact that the
final statement is true implies nothing about whether the original statement is true or
false. It is a common logical fallacy that only true statements imply true statements.
But false statements can imply true statements.
For example, consider the following invalid proof that 0=1.
0=1
Multiplying both sides by −1 yield
(−1) (0) = (−1)(1) thus
0 = (−1)
Since 0 =1 and 0 = (−1), add the two equations to get
0+0 =1+(−1), thus
0=0 which is true.

Trigonometry
Thus, the original statement 0 =1 must be true. This is an example of a false statement
implying a true statement. These two fallacious ‘proofs’ illustrate why we cannot prove
an identity if you begin by using the identity.
Solving trigonometric equations

In this section we will be using the Greek letter θ (theta) as the name of a general
angle. It is common practice to use Greek letters as angle names.
Before we can solve more general types of trigonometric equations, we must

understand how to solve three basic types of trigonometric equations.
1. cos θ=x where −1≤x≤1.

2. sin θ=y where −1≤y≤1.
3. tan θ=m where m is the slope of any line.
✓ Equations of type cosθ=x where −1≤x≤1

The cosine of an angle is always a number between −1 and 1 inclusive. Thus, an
equation of the form 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 has no solution unless −1≤x≤1.
Refer to the following diagram to understand what is involved in the process of

solving 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥

Trigonometry
Any standard angle θ whose cosine is x must have terminal side along either the
segment AC or the segment AB in the diagram. This is because B and C are the only
two points on the unit circle which have x as their first coordinate, and because the
first coordinate of the point where the terminal side of θ intersects the unit circle is the
cosine of θ.
There are an infinite number of solutions to the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥. Only two solutions
are shown in the diagram (the two solutions on the interval [0°,360°)). But we can add
or subtract any multiple to 360° to obtain as many additional solutions as necessary.
1
For example, to find all solutions to 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 in the interval [0°,360°) one would draw
1
a vertical line through the number 2 on the x-axis and identify the two angles in the
interval [0°,360°) whose terminal sides crossed the unit circle at those two points of
intersection. The angle on the upper half of the circle will always be 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 𝑥, in this
1
case 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1 (2) which is 60°.
The solution in the lower half of the circle is always 360° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥. In this case the two
solutions are 60° or 300°. To represent all infinitely many solutions of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 we add
any (positive or negative) whole number 𝑛 multiples of 360° to these two solutions.
Thus, the set of all solutions may be written as:
θ=600 +360°n; 300°+360°n n∈ 𝑍

In the set of solution in a trigonometric equation when we add 360°n, n∈ 𝑍 to the
value of the found angle(s) in the equation we get the general solution for this
equation. In other words, we are determining the main angle and its co-terminals.

Trigonometry
CO-TERMINALS ANGLES.
For [0;90] the terminal side of the angle  lies in the first quadrant.
An angle 360 +  will also be an angle with the terminal side in the first
quadrant. Therefore, the signs of  and of 360 +  are the same.
The angle will be  + 360
If the ray revolves counter clockwise in revolution and then revolve for the
second time until the terminal side of the angle lies in the first quadrant, now
the angle is given by:
1- α
2- α + 360°
3- α + 2x360°
Angles whose amplitudes, in degree, differ only in an integer multiple of 360°
are called CO-TERMINALS ANGLES.
Ex: The angles 150° and 510° are co-terminal because:
510° - 150° = 360° = 150° +1 x 360°
In the co-terminals angles set, there is exactly one angle whose amplitude
α satisfy 0° ≤ α ≤ 360°.
The amplitude of this angle is called “Principal amplitude” of the co-terminal

angles set.
Ex: 2562° = 7 x 360° + 132°
1572° = 4 x 360° + 132° The principal amplitude is 132°

Trigonometry
✓ Equations of type sinθ=y where −1≤y≤1
The 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 of an angle is always a number between −1 and 1 inclusive. Thus, an

equation of the form 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 has no solution unless −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.
Refer to the following diagram to understand what is involved in the process of

solving 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦.
Any standard angle 𝜃 whose 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 must have terminal side along either the
segment AB or the segment AC in the diagram. This is because B and C are the only
two points on the unit circle which have y as their second coordinate, and because the
second coordinate of the point where the terminal side of θ intersects the unit circle is
the sine of θ.
There are an infinite number of solutions to the equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦. Only two solutions
are shown in the diagram (the two solutions on the interval [0°,360°)). But we can add
or subtract any multiple to 360∘ to obtain as many additional solutions as necessary.
1
For example, to find all solutions to 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2 in the interval [0°,360°) one would draw
a horizontal line through the number 1/2 on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 and identify the two angles
in the interval [0°,360°) whose terminal sides crossed the unit circle at those two points
of intersection. The angle on the right half of the circle will always be 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 𝑦 (in this
1
case 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (2)) which is 30°.

Trigonometry
The solution in the left half of the circle is always 180° − 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 𝑦. In this case the two
solutions are 30° or 150°. To represent all infinitely many solutions of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒚 we add
any (positive or negative) whole number 𝑛 multiples of 360°to these two solutions.
Thus, the set of all solutions may be written as:
𝜃 = 30° + 360°𝑛; 150° + 360°𝑛 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
✓ Equations of type 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒎
To solve 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒎, construct the line through the origin having slope m, with
equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥. One way to relate this line to the unit circle is to construct a vertical
line tangent to the unit circle at the point (0;1) and mark the point (1;m) on that vertical
line as in the diagram. Note that if m is a negative number, then the point (1;m) will lie
in quadrant 𝐼𝑉 below the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 rather than in
quadrant I. Every angle θ in standard position whose

terminal side is on the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 is a solution to the
equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚.
In general, the solution is 𝜃 = 1800 𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑚; 𝑛 ∈ Ζ.
Example: Solve 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 5.
Solution: 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 5 + 1800 𝑛 ≈ 78.690 + 1800 𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ Ζ

Trigonometry
✓ Equations involving multiple angles

√3
Suppose we have to find all solutions of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = in the interval [0°,360°). We
2
√3
recognize as the sine of the special angle 60° so one solution is certainly found by
2
solving 2 𝜃 = 60°. That solution is 30°. But to find all the solutions we must analyze
the problem as follows.
If a solution θ lies in the interval [0°,360°), then 2θ must lie in the interval [0°,720°). We
√3
draw the horizontal line through the points (±1/2, ) on the unit circle together with the
2
line segments connecting those two points to the origin. Every angle 2θ in the
interval [0°,720°) having one of those two segments as its terminal side is a solution
for 2θ. The solutions for 2θ in the interval [0°,720°) are 2θ=60°,120°,420°,480°.
Therefore, the solutions for θ in the interval [0°,360°) are θ = 30°,60°,210°, 240°.
✓ Solving Trigonometric Equations using Trigonometric

Identities
➢ Procedure to calculate the solution set of trigonometric equations
• Analyze if it can be broken down into factors or some other algebraic

transformation including calculation.
• Transform all trigonometric functions so that they have the same argument by
applying known identities.
• Express all trigonometric functions in terms of the same function.
• Reduce similar terms until you reach an equation known as unknown the
trigonometric function in which the equation was expressed.
• Solve the equation using the method that corresponds to it.
• Determine the values of the variable that appears in the arguments and which
are solutions of the given equation
• Give the answer considering the domain of the variable, that is, analyzing if
they do not undefined none of the expressions that appear in the original
equation.

Trigonometry
We can use trigonometric identities along with algebraic

methods to solve the trigonometric equations.
Example:
Find all the solutions of the equation in the interval [0°,360°).

2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) = 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
The equation contains both sine and cosine functions.
We rewrite the equation so that it contains only cosine functions using the
Pythagorean Identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥).
2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)) = 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) = 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
−2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 0
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 0
Factoring 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) we obtain, (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥))(2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 1) = 0 .
By using zero product property, we will get 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 0 , and 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 1 = 0
1
which yields 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = (− 2) .
In the interval [0°,360°), we know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = 0 when x= 90° and x= 270°. On
1
the other hand, we also know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = (− 2) when x= 120° and x= 240°
Therefore, the solutions of the given equation in the interval [0°,360°) are
{90° ,120°, 240°, 270°}.

Trigonometry
Extraneous Solutions
An extraneous solution is a root of a transformed equation

that is not a root of the original equation because it was
exclude from the domain of the original equation.
Example:
1- Determine the solution set of the

Since all the functions that appear
following equations:
have the same arguments, we will
a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = – 1 express the equation in terms of the
same function.
1 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 0
– 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 = 0 /  (− 1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – 2 = 0
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – 2)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 – 2 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2 (𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = – 1

𝑥 = 270°+ 360°𝑛 ; 𝑛  𝑍
Summarizing this procedure: For the resolution of these

equations, it is useful to use procedures such as
(algebraic transformations, express all functions in
terms of one using identities, factor decomposition, etc.)
to reduce the equation to one of the form:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑎; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑏; 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐.

Trigonometry
Example:
a) 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 – 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 1 = 0
4(1 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥) – 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 1 = 0
4 – 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 – 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 1 = 0
– 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 – 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5 = 0 /  (− 1)
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 + 8𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 – 5 = 0
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5)(2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 – 1) = 0
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 5 = 0 or 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 – 1 = 0
5 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = – (𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 =
2 2
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐼 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
2
𝐼 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡: 2𝑥 = 30° + 360°n, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑥1 =15° + 180°n; 𝑛  𝑍.
Notice that when we by dividing by 2, the period changes.
𝐼𝐼 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡: 2𝑥 = (180° – 30°) = 150°
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 = 150° + 360°n, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑥2 = 75° + 180°n, 𝑛  𝑍.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 It is first necessary to analyze the

c)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − =0 domain of the equation; it contains
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
algebraic fractions with variables in
the denominators.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑥 ≠ 180°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

Trigonometry
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − =0 applying identities
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 0 simplifying 2sinx
( )
cos 2 x − 1 − cos 2 x − cos x = 0 applying identities
2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 = 0 eliminating parentheses and reducing similar terms
(𝟐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 factorizing
1
cos x = − cos x = 1
2
𝑥 =0° + 360°𝑛; 𝑛∈𝑍
Cosine is negative in II quadrant and III quadrant; therefore, we

need to find the reference angle in order to apply the reducing
formula in II and III quadrants for finding the values of x, in this
case the reference angle is 600
II quadrant 𝑥 = (180°−60°)
x1 = 120  +360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
III quadrant: 𝑥 = (180°+60°)
x 2 = 240  +360°𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
S= {𝑥 =0° + 360°𝑛; 𝑥1 = 1200 + 3600 𝑛; 𝑥2 = 2400 + 3600 𝑛; 𝑛∈𝑍 }

Trigonometry
Example : Determine the general solution of : sin 2𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 10°)

Solution :
sin 2𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 10°)

cos(90° − 2𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 10°)
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑥 − 10° + 360° 𝑘; 𝑘𝜖ℤ or 𝑅𝐴 = −(𝑥 − 10°) + 360° 𝑘; 𝑘𝜖ℤ
90° − 2𝑥 = 𝑥 − 10° + 360°k 90° − 2𝑥 = −( 𝑥 − 10°) + 360° 𝑘
−3𝑥 = (−90°) − 10° + 360°k − 2𝑥 = −𝑥 + 10° − 90° + 360° 𝑘
−3𝑥 = (−100°) + 360°k − 𝑥 = (−80°) + 360° 𝑘
Dividing all the equation by -3 Dividing all the equation by -1

𝑥 = 33,33° − 120°𝑘 ; 𝑘 𝜖ℤ 𝑥 = 80° − 360°𝑘 ; 𝑘 𝜖ℤ
S={80° − 360°𝑘 ; 33,33° − 120°𝑘 ; 𝑘 𝜖ℤ}
Example:
Solve for θ if cos 𝜃. cos 24° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛24° = 0,715 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝜖[−90°; 90°]
cos(𝜃 − 24°) = 0,715 (Compound angle identity)
𝜃 − 24° = 44,36° + 𝑘. 360° RA
𝜃 = 68,36° + 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
cosine is positive in IV quadrant:
𝜃 − 24° = 360° − 44,36° + 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
𝜃 = 360° + 24° − 44,36° + 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
𝜃 = 339,64° + 𝑘. 360°, 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
θ K=-1 K=0
68,36° + 𝑘. 360°, -291,64° ✓ 68,36°
339,64° + 𝑘. 360° ✓ -20,36° 339,64°
S= {-20,36°; 68,36°}

Trigonometry
❖ Module 3. Properties and graphs of trigonometric

functions.
Properties of Trigonometric Functions.
It is very important to know the properties of the 3 main trigonometric functions (sin(x),
cos(x), tan (x)) these include the graph, domain, range, asymptotes (if any), symmetry,
x and y intercepts and maximum and minimum points. Let’s analyze all the properties
for each case.
✓ Sine Function: f(x) = sin (x)
• Graph
• Domain: all real numbers

• Range: [-1; 1]
• Period = 1800 or 2𝜋
• x intercepts: x=k1800 or x = k 𝜋 , where k is an integer.
• y intercepts: y = 0
• maximum points:( 900 +3600 𝑘;1) or (𝜋 /2 + 2 k 𝜋 ; 1), where k is an integer.
• minimum points: ( 2700 +3600 𝑘;-1) or (3 𝜋/2 + 2k 𝜋 ; -1), where k is an integer.
• symmetry: since sin(-x) = - sin (x) then sin (x) is an odd function and its graph
is symmetric with respect to the origin (0, 0).

Trigonometry
• intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from 00 to 3600 or

0 to 2𝜋, sin(x) is increasing on the intervals ( 00 ; 900 ) or (0; 𝜋/2) and
( 2700 ;3600 ) or (3𝜋/2; 2 𝜋), and decreasing on the interval ( 900 +2700 ) or
(𝜋/2; 3𝜋/2).
✓ Cosine Function: f(x) = cos (x)
• Graph
• Domain: all real numbers

• Range: [-1; 1]
• Period = 3600 or 2𝜋
• x intercepts: x= 900 +1800 k or x = 𝜋 /2 + 𝑘 𝜋 , where k is an integer.
• maximum points: ( 3600 𝑘;1) or (2 k 𝜋 ; 1), where k is an integer.
• minimum points: ( 1800 +3600 𝑘;-1) or (𝜋 + 2 k 𝜋 ; -1), where k is an integer.
• symmetry: since 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) is an even function and its
graph is symmetric with respect to the y axis.
• intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from 00 𝑡𝑜 3600 or
0 to 2 𝜋, cos (x) is decreasing on ( 00 ;3600 ) or (0; 𝜋) increasing on
( 1800 ;3600 ) or (𝜋 ; 2 𝜋).

Trigonometry
✓ Tangent Function: f(x) = tan (x)
• Graph
𝜋
• Domain: all real numbers except 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑘 𝜋 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 900 +1800 𝑘 , k is an
integer.
• Range: all real numbers
• Period = (𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 ) 𝐨𝐫 𝜋
• x intercepts: x= 1800 𝑘 or x = k 𝜋 , where k is an integer.
• symmetry: since 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑥) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) then 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) is an odd function and its
graph is symmetric with respect the origin.
• intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from ( −900 to 900 ) or
- 𝜋 /2 to 𝜋 /2, tan (x) is increasing.
• Vertical asymptotes: x= 900 +1800 𝑘 or 𝑥 = 𝜋 /2 + 𝑘 𝜋, where k is an integer.

Trigonometry
Graphing Trigonometric Functions

Let's start with the basic sine function, f (t) = sin(t). This function has an amplitude
of 1 because the graph goes one unit up and one unit down from the midline of the
graph. This function has a period of 2π or 3600 because the sine wave repeats
every 2π or 3600 units.
The graph looks like this:
Now let's look at g(t) = 3sin(t):
Do you see that this second graph is three times as tall as was the first graph? The
amplitude has changed from 1 in the first graph to 3 in the second, just as the multiplier
in front of the sine changed from 1 to 3. This relationship is always true: Whatever

Trigonometry
number A is multiplied on the trig function gives you the amplitude (that is, the
"tallness" or "shortness" of the graph); in this case, that amplitude number was 3.
• What is the amplitude of y(t) = 0.5cos(t)?
For this function, the value of the amplitude (A) is given by 0.5, so the function will
have an amplitude of: 0.5 = ½
• What is the amplitude of y(x) = –2cos(x)?
For this function, the value of the amplitude (A) is –2, so the amplitude is: 2
...and, by the way, the graph would also be flipped upside down, because of the
"minus" sign.
Technically, the amplitude is the absolute value of whatever is

multiplied on the trig function. The amplitude just says how "tall" or
"short" the curve is; it's up to you to notice whether there's a "minus" on
that multiplier, and thus whether or not the function is in the usual
orientation, or upside-down.

Trigonometry
Recall the first graph, being the "regular" sine wave:
Now let's look at h(t) = sin(2t):
Do you see how this graph is squished in from the sides, as compared with the first
graph? Do you see that the 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 is cycling twice as fast, so its period is only half
as long? This relationship is always true: Whatever value B is multiplied on the
variable (inside the trig function), in other words B is the coefficient of the variable in
the function, you use this value to find the period ω.
("omega", not "double-u") of the trig function, according to this formula:
general period formula:
For 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 and 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 (and their reciprocals), the "regular" period is 2π or 3600 , so
their formula is:
𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
period formula for sines & cosines: 𝝎 = or 𝝎=
|𝑩| |𝑩|

Trigonometry
For 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 and 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔, the "regular" period is π or 1800 , so their formula
is:
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
period formula for tangents & cotangents: 𝝎 = or 𝝎=
|𝑩| |𝑩|
In the sine wave graphed above, the value of B was 2. (Sometimes the value
of B inside the function will be negative, which is why there are absolute-value bars on
𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
the denominator.) As a result, its period was = 𝜋 𝑜𝑟 = 180°.
𝟐 𝟐
• What is the period of f(t) = cos(3t)?

•
The formula for sines and cosines says that the regular period is 2π or 360° .
In cos(3t), B = 3, so this function will have a period of:
𝟐𝝅 𝟐 𝟐(𝟏𝟖𝟎°) 𝟐
= 𝝅 𝒐𝒓 = (𝟏𝟖𝟎°) = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
• What is the period of g(x) = tan(x/2)?
The formula for tangents and cotangents says that the regular period is π or 180°.
For tan(t/2), the value of B is 1/2, so the function will have a period of:
𝝅 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= 𝟐𝝅 𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟖𝟎°) = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐) (𝟐 )
Recall again the first graph, being the "regular" sine wave:

Trigonometry
Now let's looks at j(t) = sin (t – π/3) or j(t)=sin(t– 60°)
Do you see that the graph (shown in blue on the graph above) is shifted over to the
right by π/3 or 60° units from the regular graph (shown in gray)? This relationship is
always true: If the argument of the function (the thing you're plugging in to the function)
is of the form
"(variable) – (number) = (variable) – C",
then the graph is shifted to the right by that (number) of units (that is, by C units); if the
argument is of the form "(variable) + (number) = (variable) + C", then the graph is
shifted to the left by that (number) of units (again, by C units). This right- or left-shifting
is called "phase shift".
𝜋
What is the phase shift of y(t)=𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 45°) ?
4
𝜋
Inside the argument (that is, inside the parentheses of the function), a or 45° is added
4
𝜋
to the variable. This means that C = or C= 45°. Because this value is added to the
4
variable, then the shift is to the left. Then the phase shift is:
𝜋
to the left by or 45°
4
2𝜋
What is the phase shift of f(t)= tan (t- ) or f(t)= tan (t-120°)?
3

Trigonometry
2𝜋
The number C inside with the variable is 𝑜𝑟 120°, so this will be the phase shift.
3
This number is subtracted from the variable, so the shift will be to the right.
𝟐𝝅
to the right by 𝟑
or 120°
Let's recollect again the graph of the "regular" sine wave:
Now let's look at k(t) = sin(t) + 3:
Do you see how the graph was shifted up by three units?
This relationship is always true: If a number D is added outside the function, then the
graph is shifted up by that number of units; if a number D is subtracted, then the graph
is shifted down by that number of units.

Trigonometry
• By what amount is the graph of h(t) = cos(t) – 2 shifted, and in

which direction?
The trig-function part is the cos(t); the up-or-down shifting part is the D = –2. There's
nothing else going on inside of the function, nor multiplied in front of it, so this is the
regular cosine wave, but it's:
shifted downward two units
• By what amount is the graph of t(x) = tan(x) + 0.6 shifted, and

in which direction?
The trig-function part is the tan(x); the up-or-down shifting part is the + 0.6. So, this is
the regular tangent curve, but:
shifted upward by 6/10 = 3/5 of a unit.
Putting it all together in terms of the sine wave, we have the general sine function:
F(t) = A sin (Bt – C) + D
...where |A| is the amplitude, B gives you the period, D gives you the vertical shift (up
or down), and C/B is used to find the phase shift.
"Why don't we just use C for the phase shift?"
Because sometimes more involved stuff is going on inside the function. Remember
that the phase shift comes from what is added or subtracted directly to the variable. If
the variable isn't alone (that is, if there's something multiplied directly on it), then
there's another step to follow.

Trigonometry
For instance, if you have something like:
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡 − 𝜋) or y= sin (2t- 180°)
...the phase shift is not π units! Instead, you first must isolate what's happening to
the variable by factoring, as so:
𝜋
y=sin(2(t−2)) or y= sin(2(t-90°)
𝜋
Now we can see that the phase shift will be 𝑜𝑟 90°. units, not π or 180° units. So,
2
the phase shift, as a formula, is found by dividing C by B.
For F(t) = A f (Bt – C) + D, where f(t) is one of the basic trig functions, we have:
• the amplitude is |A|
𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅
• the period is
|𝑩|
𝑪
• the phase shift is 𝑩
• the vertical shift is D
Find the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift of:
𝑠(𝑡) = −2.5𝑡𝑎𝑛(4𝑡 − 3𝜋) − 4 or 𝑠(𝑡) = −2.5𝑡𝑎𝑛(4𝑡 − 540°) − 4.
The amplitude is given by the coefficient on the trig function. In this case, there's a
-2.5 multiplied directly onto the tangent. This is the "A" from the formula and tells us
that the amplitude is 2.5. (If we were to be graphing this, we would need to note that
this tangent's graph will be upside-down, too.)
The regular period for tangents is π or 180°. In this particular function, there's
𝜋
a 4 multiplied on the variable, so B = 4. Plugging into the period formula, we get 4 or
45°
To find the phase shift, we need to isolate the variable with the shift value, so we need
to factor out the 4 (also known as "C") that's multiplied on the variable.

Trigonometry
3𝜋
The factorization is: 4t −3π = 4(t − ) or 4t −540° = 4(t − 135°)
4
3𝜋
Then the phase shift is or 135° because the shift value is subtracted from the
4
variable, the shift is to the right.
We could also have used the simpler method, directly from the formula, of
dividing C by B. This would have given us the same value, but more quickly and with
less chance of error in the factorization.
Try it both ways yourself and figure out which one you like better. The vertical shift
comes from the value entirely outside of the trig function; namely, the outer 4 (also
known as "D", from the formula). Because this 4 is subtracted from the tangent, the
shift will be four units downward from the usual center line, the x-axis.
amplitude: 2.5
𝜋
period: or 45°
4
3𝜋
phase shift: or 135°
4
vertical shift: downward by 4
If we know the basic graphs, then the more-complicated graphs can be fairly easy to
draw. Here's how it works:
• Graph one period of s(x) = –cos(3x)

The "minus" sign tells me that the graph is upside down. Since the multiplier out front
is an "understood" –1, the amplitude is unchanged. The argument (the 3x inside the
cosine) is growing three times as fast as usual, because of the 3 multiplied on the
2𝜋
variable, so the period is one-third as long. The period for this graph will be or 120°.
3

Trigonometry
Here is the regular graph of cosine:
We need to flip this upside down, so we'll swap the +1 and –1 points on the graph:
...and then we'll fill in the rest of the graph. (The original, "regular", graph is shown in
gray below; my new, flipped, graph is shown in blue.)
Okay, that takes care of the amplitude. Now we need to change the period.
Rather than trying to figure out the points for the graph on the regular axis, we’ll instead
re-number the axis, which is a lot easier. The regular period is from 0 to 2π or
2𝜋
0° 𝑡𝑜 360°, but this graph's period goes from 0 to (120°). Then the midpoint of the
3
1 2𝜋 𝜋 1
period is going to be 2 ( 3 ) = or (120°) = 60°, and the zeroes will be midway
3 2

Trigonometry
between the peaks (the high points) and the troughs (the low points). So, we'll erase
the x-axis values from the regular graph, and re-number the axis.
The following is my final (hand-in) graph:
Notice how we changed the axis instead of the graph. We'll quickly
get pretty good at drawing a regular sine or cosine, but the shifted
and transformed graphs can prove difficult. Instead of trying to figure
out all of the changes to the graph, just tweak the axis system.
The previous example showed how to change things around for the amplitude and the
period. The next example shows how to move things around for a vertical shift.
• Graph at least one period of f(θ) = tan(θ) – 1

The regular tangent looks like this:

Trigonometry
The graph for tan(θ) – 1 is the same shape as the regular tangent graph, because
nothing is multiplied onto the tangent.
But this graph is shifted down by one unit. In other words, instead of the graph's midline
being the x-axis, it's going to be the line y = -1.
Rather than trying to figure out the points for moving the tangent curve one unit lower,
we'll just erase the original horizontal axis and re-draw the axis one unit higher. Then
my final (hand-in) graph looks like this:
We may, at first, want to use scratch-paper for the various changes (flipping graphs
upside-down, moving axes up and down, changing the measurements on the x-axis,
etc.), so your hand-in homework isn't full of erasures. But get used to working neatly,
from start to finish, on the hand-in sheet, so your work on the next test will be
acceptable.
Hint: Start by drawing lightly in pencil and have a good eraser (like from an office
supply or craft store). Be sure you're using a ruler for your final drawing. Also, it can
be helpful to use a regular pencil for the temporary "regular" graph, but then use
colored pencils for your final version.
The only part of graphing that we haven't yet drawn is phase shifts. The next example
includes this aspect.
• Graph two periods of

𝜋
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋𝑥 + ) + 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180°𝑥 + 90°) + 3
2

Trigonometry
The amplitude of this graph is going to be the same as for regular sine waves, because
there's an "understood" 1 multiplied on the sine. But the midline of the graph is going
to be at y = 3 instead of y = 0 (that is, the (x-axis), because of the "+3" at the end of
the function.
The regular period for sine waves is 2π or 360° but the variable in this function is
multiplied by π; doing the division, the period of this particular function is going to
2𝜋 2(180°)
be =2 or = 2. Since we have to graph "at least two periods" of this function,
𝜋 180°
we'll need my x-axis to be at least four units wide.
Now, the new part of graphing: the phase shift. Looking inside the argument, we see
that there's something multiplied on the variable, and also that something is added
onto it. To figure out the actual phase shift, we'll have to factor out the multiplier π or
1 1
180°, on the variable. The argument factors as π(x+2) or 180°( x+2). Now we can see
1 1
that there's 2 added to the variable, so the graph will be shifted 2 units to the left.
We'll start with the usual graph:
We know that this graph has a vertical shift upwards of three units. But, instead of
shifting the graphed sine wave three units up, we'll add room underneath our current
graph, shift the horizontal axis three units down, and then re-number the y-axis:

Trigonometry
The above is the same graph; all we've really done is moved the x-axis down three
units, redrawn and relabeled it, and then renumbered the y-axis. We haven't touched
the graphed sine wave, drawn in blue.
The regular period for sine waves goes from 0 to 2π or 0° to 360°; this one goes
from 0 to 2, so we'll re-number the x-axis:
All we've done in the above graph is relabel the x-axis from π or 180°, 2π or 360°, 3π
or 540°, and 4π or 720° to 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. We haven't touched my blue
graphed line.
1
From the phase-shift computations, we know that the graph is shifted to the left by 2,
1
so we'll shift the y-axis to the right by 2 and re-number the x-axis again. This is the last
bit of computation, so this is our final graph:

Trigonometry
Example: Determine the equation of the following: 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑞
Max function value is 4 at 0°
Min function value 0 at 180°
max 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−min 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 4−0

Amplitude= = =2
2 2
∴𝐴=2
max + 𝑚𝑖𝑛
q is mid value between the max and the min 𝑞 =
2
𝑞=2
∴ 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜃 + 2
Given the graph of the function: if we want to find the amplitude(A) we

use the formula:
max 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − min 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 =
2

Trigonometry
❖ Module 4: Solution of triangles/sines and cosines

rules.
The geometry of the law of sines

In trigonometry, the law of sines (sine law, sine formula, or sine rule) is
an equation relating the lengths of the sides of a triangle (any shape) to the sine of its
angles.
Given three non-collinear points, A, B and C, there is only one circle containing those
three points. Three non-collinear points also form the vertices of a triangle.
The law of sine (sine rule) states that the ratio of a side of a triangle to the sine of the
opposite angle equals the diameter of the circumscribed circle. Since for a given
triangle there is only one circumscribed circle, then one may compute its diameter by
computing the ratio between any of its three sides and the sine of the angle opposite
that side.
Mathematically we can express the Law of Sines as follows:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
d = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾

Trigonometry
where a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides of a triangle, and 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 are the
opposite angles (see the figure above), while d is the diameter of the
triangle's circumcircle. When the last part of the equation is not used, the law is
sometimes stated using the reciprocals:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Note: The Law of Sines is an identity.
The Law of Sines is useful for solving triangles. There are six pieces of information
that must be known before a triangle is 'solved': the size of its three angles and the
length of its three sides.
In order to solve a triangle, one must know at least three of the six pieces of information
at the start. The one exception to this principle is this: knowing only the three angles
is sufficient for finding the ratios of the three sides but is insufficient for finding the
actual lengths of the three sides.
✓ A side/angle pair
In order to apply the Law of Sines, it is necessary to know the size of at least one side
and the size of the angle opposite that side. That is, one must know at least one side-
sine pair.
One will have a side-sine pair in the case of SSA or SAA. But if one is given ASA, one
can deduce the third angle since the sum all three angles must be 180° . Thus, one will
know a side-sine pair given ASA.
So, the Law of Sines is used to solve triangles given SSA, SAA or ASA.
SAA and ASA are worked essentially the same: find the third angle, then use the
side-sine pair to solve the other two sides.

Trigonometry
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 10, 𝛼 = 30° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = 120° , 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 180° − 30° − 120° = 30°
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 10 sin 30°

𝑁𝑒𝑥𝑡, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑏, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏 = = = 10.
sin 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 sin 30°
𝑐 𝑎 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 10 sin 30°

𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒, = , 𝑠𝑜 𝑐 = = = 10√3.
sin 𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 sin 30°
Thus, the solution of the triangle is:

𝛽 = 120°
𝑏 = 10
𝑐 = 10√3
✓ Supplementary angles have the same sine
Two angles between 0° and 180° are said to be 'supplementary angles' if their sum
is 180° .
Supplementary angles have the same sine.
Knowing the sine of one of the angles of a triangle is not sufficient information to
uniquely determine the angle.
1
For example, suppose we want to find A and all we know is that sin A=2
Then A could be 30° or A could be the supplementary angle 150° We cannot assume
that the correct value is 30° unless we can rule out 150° .
In general, for an angle A in △ABC, if sin A=y, then either A= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y

or A=180° −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ny.
A=𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y is the acute solution and A=180° −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y is the obtuse solution.

Trigonometry
Sometimes this situation arises when solving SSA triangles. When this happens and
when we cannot rule out the larger solution, then we must list two separate solutions
to the triangle.
Given: side a = 20, side c = 24, and angle 𝛾 = 40°. Find the value of angle 𝛼.
Using the law of sines, we conclude that:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾
=
𝑎 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 40°

=
20 24
20𝑠𝑖𝑛 40°
𝛼=𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 24
)
𝛼 ≈ 32,39°
Note that the potential solution 𝛼 = 147.61° is excluded because that would
necessarily give 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 > 180°.
Now we can find the size of the third angle applying 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 =180°, and then we find
the length of the third side applying the Law of Sines once more.
✓ The Law of Cosines
The Law of Cosines is a generalization of the Pythagorean Theorem. In a triangle,

if 𝛾 is a right angle, then a2+b2=c2. The Law of cosines states that:
a2+b2−2ab cos 𝛾 =c2.
But if 𝛾 is not 90° , then that angle has lost its special Status. Thus, the Law of Cosines
must apply to other given variables.

Trigonometry
𝛽
Then: c
a
a2+b2−2ab cos 𝛾 =c2
𝛾 𝛼
a2+c2−2ac cos 𝛽 =b2 b
c2+b2−2cb cos 𝛼 =a2
✓ Solving SAS triangles
The Law of Cosines may be used to solve triangles of type SAS and SSS.
To solve SAS problems, use the Law of Cosines to find the length of the side opposite
the given angle.
Example: Given a=10, 𝛽=32° , and c=15.
The first step is to find the side opposite the given angle, in this case, b.
b2 = a2+c2−2ac cos 𝛽
Thus, b2=100+225−2(10)(15)cos32° =325−300(0.848048096)=325−254.4=70.59.

b2=70.59
Thus b=8.40, approximately.
Now, we must find the sizes of angles 𝛼 and 𝛾.
We can use the Law of Sines, provided we find the angle opposite the smaller
side first.
Why is it important to find the angle opposite the smaller of a and c first? If the triangle
has an obtuse angle ( i.e. >90° ), then it will be opposite the largest side of the triangle.
So, we know that the angle opposite the smaller of the two given sides cannot be

Trigonometry
obtuse. Why should we be concerned whether an angle is obtuse or not? Remember

that knowing the sine of an angle of a triangle does not tell you what the angle is, since
there are two solutions to an equation sin𝛿=y between 0° and 180° , an acute
angle 𝛿=𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y and an obtuse angle 𝛿=180° −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y. If we know in advance that the
angle D is acute, then we know to use 𝛿=𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 y.
In the example, we know a=10, 𝛽=32° ,c=15 and b=8.40. Since a is smaller than c, we
find 𝛼 next using the Law of Sines.
sin 𝛼 sin 32°

10
= 8,40
𝑠𝑜 sin 𝛼 = 0,6309 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛼 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0,6309) = 39,1° .
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝛾 = 180° − 32° − 39,1° = 108,9°
So the solution is
𝑏 = 8,40
𝛼 = 39,1°
𝛾 = 108,9°
✓ Solving SSS triangles
There is an alternate form of the Law of Cosines which is used to solve the SSS case.
In the standard form of the Law of Cosines, each of the three equations is solved for
the cosine of the angle to get:

Trigonometry
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎 2
cos 𝛼 =
2𝑏𝑐
𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
cos 𝛽 =
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐2
cos 𝛾 =
2𝑎𝑏
Thus, given the lengths of the three sides of a triangle, we can find the cosines of the
three angles.
Knowing the cosine of an angle of a triangle, can we deduce the angle itself?
If we know that cos 𝛿=x, where 𝛿 is an interior angle of a triangle, can we deduce that
𝛿 = cos−1 𝑥 ? Recall that the principle domain of the cosine function (for the purpose
of finding the inverse function) is the interval [0,180°]This means that there is only one
angle between 0° and 180° whose cosine is x. Thus, we can conclude that:
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝛼 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
2𝑏𝑐
−1
𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
𝛽 =𝑐𝑜𝑠
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2
𝛾 =𝑐𝑜𝑠−1
2𝑎𝑏
Typically, we use the Law of Cosines to find 𝛼 and 𝛽, then subtract their sum
from 180° to find 𝛾.

Trigonometry
❖ Module 5. Problem solving.

✓ Angles of Elevation and Depression
The angle of elevation of an object as seen by an observer is the angle between
the horizontal and the line from the object to the observer's eye (the line of sight).
If the object is below the level of the observer, then the angle between the horizontal
and the observer's line of sight is called the angle of depression.
Example:
From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, the angle of depression of an object that is
level with the base of the cliff is 34º. How far is the object from the base of the cliff?

Trigonometry
Solution:
Let x m be the distance of the object from the base of the cliff.
So, the object is 59.30 m from the base of the cliff.
✓ Bearings
The conventional bearing of a point is stated as the number of degrees east or west
of the north-south line. We will refer to the conventional bearing simply as
the direction.
To state the direction of a point, write:
• N or S which is determined by the angle being measured

Trigonometry
• the angle between the north or south line and the point, measured in degrees
• E or W which is determined by the location of the point relative to the north-
south line
E.g. In the above diagram, the direction of:
• A from O is N30ºE.
• B from O is N60ºW.
• C from O is S70ºE.
• D from O is S80ºW.
Note:
N30ºE means the direction is 30º east of north.
A bearing is an angle, measured clockwise from the north direction. Below, the bearing
of B from A is 025 degrees (note 3 figures are always given). The bearing of A from B
is 205 degrees.

Trigonometry
Example:
A, B and C are three ships. The bearing of A from B is 045º. The bearing of C from A
is 135º. If AB= 8km and AC= 6km, what is the bearing of B from C?
tanC = 8/6, so C = 53.13º

y = 180º - 135º = 45º (interior angles)
x = 360º - 53.13º - 45º (angles round a point)
x = 262º (to the nearest whole number)
Solving problems using trigonometry
Think of trigonometry as a toolbox. It has several useful tools such as the sine
function and its inverse the 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 function. Our task is to look at the problem and
see which tools can be used to get to the answer.
This site uses a 5-step process to solve trigonometry problems:
1. If a diagram is not given, create one

2. Locate the right triangles
3. Pick a tool that leads to the answer
4. Use algebra to solve the problem
5. Check the answer to see if it looks reasonable

Trigonometry
Step 1. Draw a diagram
Here is a classic trigonometry problem:
"An observer looks up at an angle of 40°

looking at the top of a tower. The tower is 350ft
away measured along the ground. What is the
height of the tower?"
The first step is to draw a diagram. Make it

roughly to scale. Use a protractor if you can to
set known angles.
Insert in the diagram all the things you are given. Here, the angle at A is 40°, and the
distance to the tower along the ground (AC) is 350ft.
It is helpful to label the key points. The observer is at point A, and the tower is BC.
Label the thing you are asked to find as x.
Step 2. Find the right triangles
Trigonometry gives us tools that deal with right triangles - where one interior angle is
90°. (Only two trig tools deal with non-right triangles - the Law of Sines and the Law of
Cosines.)
The first thing to do is determine if there are any right triangles. Many times, we have
to assume the right angles. For example, in the tower above, we can assume the tower
is vertical and makes a right angle with the ground at the bottom. Draw this right angle
into the diagram.
In the diagram, we see we have a right triangle ABC - and so we can use the
trigonometry tools.

Trigonometry
Step 3. Choose a tool
Looking at the diagram, we see that we know

one angle (40°), and its adjacent side (350ft),
and we are asked to find the opposite side
(BC). So, looking in our toolbox, we need a
function that contain the angle, its adjacent
side (A), and opposite side (O).
We see that the tangent function uses all

three, so that will be our choice here.
Step 4. Solve the equation

Once we have picked our tool (here the 𝑡𝑎𝑛
function), insert the known values, and the
unknown x:
𝑥
tan 40° =
350
We want to isolate x on one side so we multiply both sides by 350:
350 tan(40°)=x
We see from our calculator, * that tan40° is 0.8391 so:
x=350×0.8391
which comes out to 293.69:
x=293.69
Which is the height of our tower in feet.
Step 5. Is it reasonable?
Once we have calculated the result, check back with the diagram and see if the answer
looks reasonable. In the diagram, we tried to draw it roughly to scale, so the tower
should be a little less tall than the distance to it, so this looks about right. If this is not
the case, the most common error is not setting the calculator to work in degrees or
radians as needed.

Trigonometry
Module 6. Practical exercises.
1.Simplify as far as possible by using reduction formulae and identities:
tan 225° +cos(180°−𝜃).sin (90°+𝜃)

a)
sin(−𝜃)
b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 140° − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 40° . 𝑐𝑜𝑠220° . sin 50°
c) sin 70° . cos 200° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (−70° )
2. Prove the following identities:

1
a) sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 =
tan 𝑡+cot 𝑡
cos 2𝜃
b) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
c) cos 2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
3. Solve the followings equations:
a) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1 d) 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1
b) 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 8 cos 𝑥 + 3 = 0 e) sin 𝑥 + √sin 𝑥 = 0
c) sin 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 f) cos 𝑥√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
4. Without using a calculator, calculate the value of:
a) cos10°. sin 160° + sin 10°. sin 110°
b) cos 320°. cos 20° + sin 140°. sin 200°
5. Simplify the following without the use of calculator.
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛²30°
2 cos² 15°−1

Trigonometry
6. Calculate the following without using a calculator.
a) (cos 30° + sin 30°)²
b) cos 22,5°
3
7. If tan 𝜃 = 4 and 𝜃𝜖(180°; 360°) calculate without the use of a calculator and with
the aid of a diagram the value of:
a) sin 2θ b) tan 2θ. c) cos 2θ
8. Given: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 2𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑝
a) Determine the value of tan A.
b) Without using a calculator, determine the value of p, if A𝜖 [180 ° ; 270 °].
9. Solve:
a) Determine the general solution of 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2 =0
b) Expand sin (x + 300 °) using an appropriate compound angle formula.
c) Without using a calculator, determine the value of:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 + 300 °) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 150 °).

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 1
d) Prove the identity: sin x tan x + cos x = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
10. Consider: sin 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √1 + 𝑘
a) Determine k as a single trigonometric ratio.
b) Hence, determine the maximum value of sin x + cos x.
11. In the diagram are the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥— 45 °) for the
interval 𝑥 𝜖 [-180 ° ; 180 °]. A (-135° ; -1) is a minimum point on graph h and C (45 ° ;1)
is a maximum point on both graphs.
1
The two graphs intersect at B, C and D [165 ° ;− 2].

Trigonometry
a) Write down the period of f.
b) Determine the x-coordinate of B.
4
12. Given that sin α = 5 and 90° < α < 270°.
a) WITHOUT using a calculator, determine the value of each of the following in its
simplest form:
i. sin (–α)
ii. cos α
iii. sin (α – 45°)

8 sin(180°−𝑥) cos(x− 360°)
13. Consider the identity: =−4𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
sin2 x−sin2 (90°+𝑥)
a) Prove the identity above.
b) For which value(s) of x in the interval 0° < x < 180° will the identity be
undefined?
14. Determine the general solution of cos 2𝜃 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4 = 0
15. P (−√7;3) and S(a ; b) are points on the Cartesian plane, as shown in the diagram
below.
𝑃𝑂̂ 𝑅 = 𝑃𝑂̂𝑆 = 𝜃 and OS=6.

Trigonometry
a) Determine, WITHOUT using a calculator, the value of:
i) tan 𝜃
ii) sin(−𝜃)
iii) a
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
16. Simplify to a single trigonometric ratio.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−1
4 sin 15°𝑐𝑜𝑠15°
a) Hence, calculate the value of WITHOUT using a calculator. (Leave
2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 15°−1
your answer in simplest surd form.)
17.Given the equation: sin(x + 600) + 2cos x= 0
a) Show that the equation can be rewritten as tan 𝑥 = −4 − √3
b) Determine the solutions of the equation sin (x + 60 0) + 2cos x = 0 in the interval
−180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.

Trigonometry
c) In the diagram below, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 is drawn for −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤
240 ° .
d) Draw the graph of g(x) sin (x + 600) for −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 240°
e) Determine the values of x in the interval −120° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 240° for which
sin (x + 600) + 2cos x = 0.
18. If x = 3 sin 𝜃 and y = 3 cos 𝜃, determine the value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
19. In the diagram below, T (x; p) is a point in the third quadrant and it is given that
𝑝
sin 𝛼 =
√1+𝑝2

Trigonometry
a) Show that 𝑥 = −1
b) Write 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (180° + 𝑎) in terms of p in its simplest form.
1−𝑝2
c) Show that cos 2α can be written as
1+𝑝2
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−sin 2𝑥
20. For which value(s) of x will be undefined in the interval
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
0° ≤x ≤ 180° .
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−sin 2𝑥
a) Prove the identity: = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
21. Answer question without using a calculator.
The point P(k;8) lies in the first quadrant such that OP=17 units and ∠𝑇𝑂𝑃 = 𝛼 as
shown in the diagram.
a) Determine the value of k.
b) Write down the value of cos α.
c) If it is further given that 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 180°, determine

cos 𝛽 .
d) Hence, determine the value of sin (𝛽 − 𝛼).
3 5
22. If sin 𝛼 = − 5 for 𝛼𝜖[0°; 270°], and cos 𝛽 = 13 for sin 𝛽 < 0, find the value of
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) without using a calculator.
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−sin 𝑥
23. Consider the following expressions 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
sin 2𝑥−cos 𝑥
a) Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) is an identity.
b) Find the values of x for which the identity is undefined in the interval
0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.
sin² 𝜃
24. Simplify as far as possible:
sin(180°−𝜃).cos(90°+𝜃)+𝑡𝑎𝑛45°

Trigonometry
sin 104°(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 15°−1)

25. Simplify without the use of a calculator:
tan 38°.𝑠𝑖𝑛2 412°
26. A hot-air balloon H is directly above point B on the ground. Two ropes are used to
keep the hot-air balloon in position. The ropes are held by two people on the ground
at points C and D. Points B, C and D are in the same horizontal plane. The angle of
elevation from C to H is x. ∠𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 90° − 𝑥. The distance between C and D is k metres.
a) Show that CB=2ksin x.
b) Hence, show that the length of rope HC is 2ktanx
c) If k=40 m, x=230 and HD=31.8 m, calculate θ, the angle between the two ropes.
27. Determine the general solution of: sin(𝑥 + 30°) = cos(3𝑥)
28. If sin(𝑥) = cos(2𝑥) − 1, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒:
a) The general solution.
b) The specific solution if x ∈ [−90°; 270°]
29. Given the equation sin(𝑥 + 60°) + 2 cos 𝑥 = 0
a) Determine the solutions of the equation sin (x+60°) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 in the interval
−180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
30. Determine the general solution of 4sin x + 2 cos 2x=2.

Trigonometry
31.Consider the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 45°) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥.
a) Calculate for which values of x, f(x)=g(x), 𝑥𝜖[−180°; 180]
b) Give the x-coordinates of A,B,C and D, the point of intersection of f and g.
̂ B in terms of x and z and hence show that:

32. From the accompanying figure find A𝐷
𝐴𝐵 sin(𝑦+𝑧) cos 𝑥
BC= sin(𝑥−𝑧)
If AB =64,1m, x=33°, y=8° and z=11°. Calculate BC.

D
If AE=m, express BC in terms of m, x, y and z.
A z
y x
E B C
33. A, B and L are points in the same horizontal plane; HL is a vertical pole of length
3 metres. AL=5,2 m, the angle A𝐿̂B=113° and the angle of elevation of H from B is
40°.
a) Calculate the length of LB.
b) Hence, or otherwise, calculate the length of AB.
c) Determine the area of ΔABL.
3m
B
L

Trigonometry
34. In the given diagram PQ is perpendicular to the horizontal plane QRS. RS=x,
Q𝑅̂ S=α, Q𝑆̂R=𝛽 and the angle of depression of S from P is θ. Determine the distance
from P to S in terms of x, α, 𝛽 and θ.
P
α 𝛽
S
R
35. The angle of elevation from a point C on the ground, at the centre of a goalpost,
to the highest point A of the arc, directly above the centre of the Moses Mabhida soccer
stadium, is 64,750. The soccer pitch is 100 metres long and 64 metres wide as
prescribed by FIFA for world cup stadiums. Also AC⊥ 𝑃𝐶 .
In the figure below PQ=100 metres and PC=32 metres.
a) Determine AC
b) Calculate 𝑃𝐴̂𝐶
c) A camera is place at D, 40 m directly below point A, calculate the distance from D

to C.
Note: Give reason(s) in each item

Trigonometry
36. Given that sin 23° = √𝑘 , determine, in its simplest form, the value of each of the
following in terms of k, WITHOUT using a calculator:
a) sin 203 °
b) cos 23 °
c) tan (-23°)
37. Simplify the following expression to a single trigonometric function:

4 𝑐𝑜𝑠(—𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠(90 °+ 𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(30 ° — 𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30 ° — 𝑥).𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
38. Determine the general solution of 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3 = 0
1
39. Given that sine sin 𝜃 = 3 calculate the numerical value of sin 3𝜃 , WITHOUT
using a calculator.
40. In the diagram below, the graphs of f(x) = cos x+ q and g(x) = sin (x + p) are drawn
1
on the same system of axes for —240 ° < x 240 °. The graphs intersect at (0°;2),
(-120°; -1) and (240°; -1).

Trigonometry
a) Determine the values of p and q.
b) Describe a transformation that the graph of g has to undergo to form the graph of
h, where h(x) = - cos x.

Trigonometry
REFERENCES:
• Classroom Mathematics for FET.

• Maths handbook and Study Guide for FET.
• Via Afrika Mathematics for FET.
• Clever Mathematics for FET.
• Creative Mathematics.
• https://www.purplemath.com.
• http://jwbales.us.
• https://www.analyzemath.com/trigonometry/properties.html.
• https://en.wikipedia.org.

Trigonometry
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES:
1. a) –sin 𝜃 b) 1 c) −1
3. a) S={𝑥1 = 300 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑥2 = 1500 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
b) S={𝑥1 = 600 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑥2 = 3000 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
c) S={𝑥1 = 450 + 1800 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
d) S={𝑥1 = 900 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
e) S={𝑥1 = 00 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑥2 = 1800 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑥3 = 900 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
f) It is an identity so, x can take any value but we need to analyze its domain, in this case
𝑥 ≠ 900 + 1800 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
1 1
4. a) 2 b) 2
√3
5. 2
2+√3 √√2+2
6. a) b)
2 2
24 24 7
7. a) 25 b) 7 c)25
√5
8. a) 2 b) − 5
1 √3
9. a) S={𝑥1 = 300 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝑥2 = 1500 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍} b) 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − 2
cos 𝑥
c) 0

Trigonometry
10. a) sin 2𝑥 = 𝑘 b) 𝑀𝑎𝑥 = √2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 45°
11. a)180° b) 𝐵(−75°; −0,5)
4 3 7√2
12. a) i) − ii) − iii)
5 5 10
13. b) S={𝑥1 = 450 ; 𝑥2 = 135°}
14. S={𝜃 = 2100 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍; 𝜃 = 3300 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
−3√7 3 3
15. a) i) 7
ii) − 4 iii) − 4
2√3
16. a) −2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 b) − 3
17. b) S={−80,10 ; 99,90 } d) x𝜖(−80,10 ; 99,90 )
18. 9
1
19. b)−
√1+𝑝2
20. a) S= {1800 𝑘; 900 + 1800 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
15 15
21. a) 15 b) 17 c) − 17 d) sin 2𝛼

Trigonometry
16
22. − 65
23. b) 𝑆 = {30°; 90°; 150°; 270°}
24. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
25. √3
26. c) 𝜃 = 74,8436°
27. 𝑥1 = 15° + 90°𝑘; 𝑘𝜖𝑍 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 = −30° − 180°𝑘; 𝑘𝜖𝑍
28. a) S= {𝑥 = 𝑘180°; 𝑘𝜖𝑍; 2100 + 360°𝑘; 3300 + 3600 𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
b) 𝑆 = {−30°; 0°; 180°; 210°}
29. S= {−80,10°; 99,89°}
30. S= {1800 𝑘; 900 + 360°𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
31. a) S= {-75°; −135°; 45°; 165°}
b) 𝐴(−75°; −0,866); 𝐵(−135°; 0); 𝐶(45°; 0); 𝐷(165°; 0,866)
𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦+𝑥) cos 𝑥
32. b) 𝐵𝐶 =48,02 c) 𝐵𝐶 = sin 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥−𝑧)
33. a) 3,57𝑚 b) 7,367 𝑚 c)𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐿 = 8,54𝑚2

Trigonometry
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
34. 𝑃𝑆 = sin(𝛼+𝛽) cos 𝜃
35. a) 117,23m b)𝑃𝐴̂𝐶 = 15,26° c) DC=82,83m
𝑘
36. a) −√𝑘 b) √1 − 𝑘 c) −√
1−𝑘
37. -4sin 2x
38. S= {1200 + 360°𝑘; 2400 + 360°𝑘; 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍}
23
39. 27
1
40. a) 𝑞 = − 2 ; 𝑝 = 30° b) Shift to the right 120°

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Teacher development training manual.

CUBAN INTERVENTION PROGRAMME.

• Mrs. Katia Lastre Rodriguez

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 1

TIME TOPICS RESPONSABILITY

10:30 – 13:00 Module I. Trigonometric Facilitators

Session 2 14:00 – 16:30 Module I Trigonometry Facilitators

DAY 2 8:30 – 10:00 Module II Identities and Facilitators

Session 4 14:00- 16:30 Module III Properties and Facilitators

DAY 4 8:30 – 10:00 Module VI Practical Exercises. Facilitators

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch time.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 2

Review the Caps for FET.

Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement:

In FET Phase, learners should be exposed to mathematical experiences that give

Trigonometry for FET:

2. Extend the definitions of sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃 to 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.

4. Define the reciprocals of trigonometric ratios.

6. Derive the reduction formulae.

7. Determine the general solution and/or specific solutions of trigonometric equations.

8. Establish the sine, cosine and area rules.

10. Solve problems in two and three dimensions.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 3

Amplitude: the vertical stretch of a function.

Angle: a measure of rotation.

Angle of depression: an angle measured below the horizontal.

Angle of elevation: an angle measured above the horizontal.

ASTC: an acronym representing which trigonometric functions are positive in each

Asymptotes: lines representing undefined values for trigonometric functions. These

Bearing: an angle measured clockwise from due True-North.

Co-functions: pairs of trigonometric functions of complimentary angles whose

Cosecant: the reciprocal of the Sine function.

Cotangent: the reciprocal of the tangent function.

Co-terminal: two angles in standard position that share a terminal side.

Degree: a unit of angle measurement equal to 1/360 of a revolution.

Difference identities for tangent: identities involving the tangents of differences of

Difference identity for cosine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.

Difference identity for sine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 4

Even function: a function is even if f(-x) = f(x).

General solution: solutions defined over entire domain.

Identity: an equation made up of trigonometric functions of an angle that is valid for

Initial side: side of angle where angle measurement begins.

Inverse notation: notation used to express an angle in terms of the value of

Maximum value: largest value of a function in a given interval.

Minimum value: smallest value of a function in a given interval.

Negative angle: results from clockwise rotation.

Odd function: a function is odd if f(-x) = -f(x).

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 5

Positive angle: results from counterclockwise rotation.

Secant: the reciprocal of the cosine function.

Semi-perimeter: one-half the perimeter of a triangle.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 6

Sum identity for cosine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.

Sum identity for sine: one of the trigonometric addition identities.

Terminal side: side of angle where angle measurement ends.

Trigonometric identity: an equation made up of trigonometric functions of an angle

Unit circle: a circle with a radius of one unit.

CUBAN EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. 7

Trigonometry (from Greek words trigonon "triangle" + metron

Trigonometry is an important tool for evaluating measurements of height and distance.