Reinforced concrete reinforcement detailings

in Eurocode 2

Sophy Chhang

Department of Transport and Infrastructure Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Institute of Technology of Cambodia

1st draft
Phnom Penh, 2024
Contents
Contents i

1 Material and general detailings 1

1.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Steel for Reinforced Concrete Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Cover to reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Anchorage of links and shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.6 Lap length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.7 Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8 Bundled bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2 Structural member reinforcement detailings 39

2.1 Rectangular Beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2 . . 39
2.2 T-Beam Design in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 Shear reinforcement detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4 Torsion reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Slab reinforcement Detailing in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6 Flat Slab reinforcement Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.7 Punching shear reinforcement detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.8 Wall reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.9 Deep beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . 69
2.10 Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

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 1 Material and general detailings
1.1 Concrete

1
 1. Material and general detailings

Concrete

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Concrete at Service Limit State (SLS)

𝜎𝑐 ≤ 0.6𝑓𝑐𝑘 for class exposure XD, XF and XS only

𝑓𝑐𝑚 0.3
Young modulus 𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 22000 ; 𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8𝑀𝑃𝑎
10
Poisson’s coefficient 𝑣 = 0.2 for non-cracked section and 𝑣 = 0 for cracked section
Calculate the stress of concrete in characteristic combination under bending moment 𝑀𝐸𝑑 :
𝐸𝑐𝑚
𝐸𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑀𝐸𝑞𝑝
1 + 𝜑 ∞, 𝑡0 .
𝑀𝐸𝑑
Calculate the strain of concrete in quasi-permanent combination under bending moment 𝑀𝑞𝑝 :
𝐸𝑐𝑚
𝐸𝑐,𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
1 + 𝜑(∞, 𝑡0 )

2
 1.1. Concrete

Concrete at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Design value of concrete compressive strength:

𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛼𝑐𝑐
𝛾𝑐
𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 1;
𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 for characteristic combination
𝛾𝑐 = 1.2 for quasi-permanent combination
𝛾𝑐 = 1 for accidental combination: fire and earthquake

Concrete at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Characteristic compressive cylinder 𝑓𝑐𝑘
strength of concrete at 28 days 𝑓𝑐𝑘
Mean value of concrete cylinder 𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8
compressive strength 𝑓𝑐𝑚
Design value of concrete 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛼𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝛾𝑐
compressive strength: 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝛼𝑐𝑐 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝛾𝑐 = 1.2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐶50/60 𝑓𝑐𝑘 > 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Mean value of axial tensile strength 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓 2/3 𝑓𝑐𝑚
𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.12ln(1 + )
of concrete 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 10
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘;0.05 (5% fractile) 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘;0.05 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘;0.95 (95% fractile) 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘;0.95 = 1.3𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
Young modulus 0.3
𝑓𝑐𝑚
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 22000
10

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 1. Material and general detailings

Concrete at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

𝑓𝑐𝑘 ≤ 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐶50/60 𝑓𝑐𝑘 > 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Compressive strain in the concrete at 0.31 /1000 ≤ 2.8/1000
𝜀𝑐1 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑚
the peak stress fc 𝜀𝑐1
Ultimate compressive strain in the 𝜀𝑐𝑢1 =3.5/1000 −4
98 − 𝑓𝑐𝑚
concrete 𝜀𝑐𝑢1 𝜀𝑐𝑢1 = (2.8 + 27 )/1000
100
Ultimate compressive strain in the 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 =2/1000 𝜀𝑐𝑢2
concrete 𝜀𝑐𝑢2 −4
90 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= 2.6 + 3.5 /1000
100
Compressive strain in the concrete at 𝜀𝑐3 =1.75/1000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 50
the peak stress fc 𝜀𝑐3 𝜀𝑐3 = 1.75 + 0.55 /1000
40
Ultimate compressive strain in the 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 =3.5/1000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 50
2.6 + 35
concrete 𝜀𝑐𝑢3 40
𝜀𝑐𝑢3 =
1000
−4
𝑛 𝑛=2 90 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑛 = 1.4 + 23.4
100

Concrete at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

4
 1.1. Concrete

Concrete at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

5
 1. Material and general detailings

1.2 Steel for Reinforced Concrete Structure

6
 1.2. Steel for Reinforced Concrete Structure

Steel for Reinforced Concrete Structure

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Steel at Service Limit State (SLS)

𝜎𝑠 ≤ 0.8𝑓𝑦𝑘 (Condition of crack width limiting the stress with low value)
where:
𝑓𝑦𝑘 Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement:

7
 1. Material and general detailings

Steel at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement:

𝑓𝑦𝑘

Design yield strength of reinforcement (idealized

horizontal top branch without the need to check the
strain limit)
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 /𝛾𝑠

Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement:

𝑓𝑦𝑘

Design yield of shear reinforcement

𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 /𝛾𝑠

Young modulus of steel:

𝐸 = 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Steel at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Diagram 1 Diagram 2 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 for quasi-permanent combination

𝛾𝑠 = 1 for accidental combination with fire and earthquake
If 𝜀𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 /𝐸𝑠 𝜎𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 . 𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝜀𝑠 − 𝜀𝑠0
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜎𝑠 = 1+ 𝑘−1
If 𝜀𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦𝑑 /𝐸𝑠 𝛾𝑠 𝛾𝑠 𝜀𝑢𝑘 − 𝜀𝑠0

8
 1.2. Steel for Reinforced Concrete Structure

Steel

Diameter Section area Mass Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 Mandrel (non-damage to steel)

𝜙(𝑚𝑚) (𝑐𝑚2 ) (kg/m) Mandrel For 𝜙 ≤ 16
(𝑚𝑚)
Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝜙
6 0.283 0.222 24
8 0.503 0.395 32 For 𝜙 > 16
10 0.785 0.617 40 Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7 𝜙
12 1.131 0.888 48 Notation:
14 1.539 1.208 56
18 2.011 1.578 112 For deformed bar: the designation is DB.
16 2.545 1.998 126 For round bar: the designation is RB.
20 3.142 2.466 140
22 3.801 2.984 154
25 4.909 3.853 175
32 7.069 5.549 210
40 12.566 9.865 280

𝑘𝑔 𝜋𝐷 2
𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7850 , 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑛
Steel 𝑚3 4
Non-
Diameter of Reinforced area 𝐴𝑠 ( cm2) damage
steel
bar (mm) 𝐷
and number Mass Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛
of bar 𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (kg/m) Mandrel
(𝑚𝑚)

6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 2.83 0.222 24
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 5.03 0.395 32
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 0.617 40
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 11.31 0.888 48
14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 15.39 1.208 56
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 20.11 1.578 112
18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 25.45 1.998 126
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 2.466 140
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 3.853 175
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 5.549 210
40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 125.66 9.865 280

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 1. Material and general detailings

1.3 Cover to reinforcement

10
 1.3. Cover to reinforcement

Cover to reinforcement

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Clear cover to reinforcement c or 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚

Nominal cover = minimum cover + allowance in Clear spacing for vertical and horizontal bar
design for deviation 𝑐ℎ = 𝑐𝑣 = max 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚, 20𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 where
Recommended value Δ𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10𝑚𝑚 except contrary 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum diameter of longitudinal bar
justification 𝑑𝑔 maximum diameter of aggregate (𝑑𝑔 =
20𝑚𝑚 for example)
Summary of nominal cover: 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 (en mm) for class
S4 (design working life for 50 years) For bundle bar,
𝜙𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑛𝑏 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚
𝜙 diameter of bar
𝑛𝑏 number of bar in a group

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 1. Material and general detailings

𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟

Clear cover to reinforcement c or 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 for class S4 design working life for 50 years
Type of element Interior Exterior Exterior vertical Exterior with Superior face of Foundation
and situation protected from wall contacts horizontal wall slab of parking
rain (*) with rain with contact of
rain
Class exposure XC1 XC3 XC4/XF1 XC4/XF3 XD3 XC2
Concrete resistance 20 30 30 30 35 25
𝑓𝑐𝑘 (MPa)
Concrete resistance 20 25 25 30 35 20
𝑓𝑐𝑘 (MPa)
𝑐𝑚,𝑑𝑢𝑟 S4 15 25 30 30 45 25
𝑐𝑚,𝑑𝑢𝑟 S3 10 20 25 25 40 20
Slab 10+10=20 20+10=30 - 25+10=35 40+10=50 -
Beam 15+10=20 25+10=30 - 30+10=40 - -
Column 15+10=25 25+10=35 30+10=40 - - -
Wall 15+10=25 25+10=35 30+10=40 - - 25+10=25
Unit in mm
(*) Exterior faces of column, beam, wall protected by coatings protecting water from contact with element.

12
 1.4. Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement

1.4 Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement

13
 1. Material and general detailings

Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement (EC2-8.4)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

General (EC2-8.4.1)
𝑙𝑏𝑑 , 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞
(1)P Reinforcing bars, wires or welded mesh
fabrics shall be so anchored that the bond
forces are safely transmitted to the concrete
avoiding longitudinal cracking or spalling.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided if
necessary.
(2) Methods of anchorage are shown in EC2-
Figure 8.1 (see also EC2-8.8 (3)).
(3) Bends and hooks do not contribute to 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞
compression anchorages. 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞
(4) Concrete failure inside bends should be
prevented by complying with EC2-8.3 (3).
Mandrel (non-damage to steel)
For 𝜙 ≤ 16: Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝜙
For 𝜙 > 16: Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7 𝜙
OR by calculation Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛

14
 1.4. Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement

General

(5) Where mechanical devices are used the test requirements should be in accordance with the
relevant product standard or a European Technical Approval.

(6) For the transmission of prestressing forces to the concrete, see 8.10.

Good condition of adherences: 𝜂1 = 1

Ultimate bond stress (EC2-8.4.2)
Direction of cast concrete

(1)P The ultimate bond strength shall be sufficient to

prevent bond failure.
(2) The design value of the ultimate bond stress, 𝑓𝑏𝑑 ,
for ribbed (deformed) bars may be taken as:
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2.25𝜂1 𝜂2 . 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 (𝐸𝐶2 − 𝐸𝑞. 8.2)
𝜂1 = 1 for good condition of adhesion
Bad condition of adherences: 𝜂1 = 0.7
𝜂2 = 0.7 for bad condition of adhesion
Direction of cast concrete
𝜂2 = 1.0 for 𝜙 ≤ 32𝑚𝑚
𝜂2 = (132 − 𝜙)/100 for 𝜙 > 32𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 0.7 2
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 𝛼𝑐𝑐 . = = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 3
𝛾𝑐 𝛾𝑐 𝛾c

15
 1. Material and general detailings

Basic anchorage length 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑎𝑑 (EC2-8.4.3) 𝐹 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝜎𝑠𝑑

(1)P The calculation of the required anchorage length

shall take into consideration the type of steel and bond
properties of the bars. lb,rqd

(2) The basic required anchorage length, 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 , for (3) For bent bars the basic anchorage length, 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 and
anchoring the force 𝐴𝑠 𝜎𝑠𝑑 in a straight bar assuming the design length,𝑙𝑏𝑑 should be measured along the
constant bond stress equal to 𝑓𝑏𝑑 follows from: centre-line of the bar (see Figure E2-8.1a).
𝜙 𝜎𝑠𝑑
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 = (𝐸𝐶2 − 𝐸𝑞. 8.3)
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑 For bundle bar, 𝜙 is
replaced by 𝜙𝑛 =
Where 𝜎𝑠𝑑 is the design stress of the bar at the 𝜙 𝑛𝑏 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚
position from where the anchorage is measured 𝜙 diameter of bar
from. 𝑛𝑏 number of bar in a
group
Values for 𝑓𝑏𝑑 are given in EC2-8.4.2.

Design anchorage length 𝑙𝑏𝑑 (EC2-8.4.4(1))

Factor Influence Type of anchorage Bar in Tension Bar in
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 factor compression
𝑙𝑏𝑑 = max 𝛼1 . 𝛼2 . 𝛼5 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 × ;𝑙
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 Form of bar Straight bar 𝛼1 = 1 𝛼1 = 1
𝛼2 . 𝛼3 . 𝛼5 ≥ 0.7, 𝛼3 = 1 Other 𝛼1 = 0.7 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑑 > 3𝜙 𝛼1 = 1
(90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 180𝑜 ) If not 𝛼1 = 1
𝑝 transverse pressure [MPa] at ultimate limit state along 𝑙𝑏𝑑 0.15 𝑐𝑑 −𝜙
𝛼2 Cover Straight bar 𝛼2 = 1 − 𝛼2 = 1
𝜙
Bar in Tension:
≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚] Other 0.15 𝑐𝑑 −𝜙 𝛼2 = 1
𝛼2 = 1 −
(90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 180𝑜 ) 𝜙
Bar in Compression: ≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚] 𝛼5 Confinement § 9.2.1.4 (3) 𝛼5 = 1 − 0.04𝑝 -
≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1

Note. For simplification, we have not detailed the coefficients

𝛼3 and 𝛼4 which only concern the cases of confinement by
transverse reinforcement and by unwelded or welded
transverse reinforcements.

For bundled bars:

- 2 bars superpose in good conditions and consider like
simple bars; otherwise replace 𝜙 by 𝜙 2 Looped bars
- 3 bars: replace 𝜙 by 𝜙 3 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚

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 1.4. Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement

Design anchorage length 𝑙𝑏𝑑 for bar in compression (EC2-8.4.4(1))

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑙𝑏𝑑 = max 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 × ;𝑙
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Bar in Compression:
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚]

EC2-8.4.1-(3) Bends and hooks do not contribute to compression anchorages.

ONLY Straight bar

For bundled bars:

- 2 bars superpose in good conditions and consider like simple bars; otherwise replace 𝜙 by 𝜙 2
- 3 bars: replace 𝜙 by 𝜙 3 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚
- 𝑛𝑏 ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression and for bars in a lapped joint : replace 𝜙 by 𝜙 4 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚

Design anchorage length 𝑙𝑏𝑑 for bar in tension (EC2-8.4.4(1))

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 Factor Influence Type of anchorage Bar in Tension

𝑙𝑏𝑑 = max 𝛼1 . 𝛼2 . 𝛼5 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 × ;𝑙
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 factor
𝛼2 . 𝛼3 . 𝛼5 ≥ 0.7, 𝛼3 = 1 𝛼1 Form of bar Straight bar 𝛼1 = 1
Other 𝛼1 = 0.7 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑑 > 3𝜙
Bar in Tension: (90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 180𝑜 ) If not 𝛼1 = 1
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚] 𝛼2 Cover Straight bar 0.15 𝑐𝑑 −𝜙
𝛼2 = 1 −
𝜙
For straight bar with large space between bars and neglect 𝑝 ≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 Other 0.15 𝑐𝑑 −𝜙
𝑙𝑏𝑑 = max 0.7. 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 × ; 0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚 𝛼2 = 1 −
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 (90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 180𝑜 ) 𝜙
≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1
𝛼5 Confinement § 9.2.1.4 (3) 𝛼5 = 1 − 0.04𝑝
≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 1

17
 1. Material and general detailings

Equivalent anchorage length 𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 (EC2-8.4.4(2))

Factor Influence Type of Bar in Tension Bar in
𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼1 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 for case b),c) and d) factor anchorage compression
𝑙𝑏,𝑒𝑞 = 𝛼4 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 for case e) 𝛼1 Form of bar Straight bar 𝛼1 = 1 𝛼1 = 1
Other 𝛼1 = 0.7 𝑖𝑓 𝑐𝑑 > 3𝜙 𝛼1 = 1
Bar in Tension: ( If not 𝛼1 = 1
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚] 90𝑜 , 135𝑜 , 180𝑜 )

Bar in Compression:
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max[0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 10𝜙; 100𝑚𝑚]

Basic anchorage length (EC2-8.4.3) Good condition of adherences: 𝜂1 = 1

Direction of cast concrete

For 𝜙 ≤ 32𝑚𝑚 and tension stress of steel 𝜎𝑠 :

𝐿 𝜎𝑠
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 = max . ; 10𝛷; 100𝑚𝑚
𝜂1 435

𝑓𝑐𝑘 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.21 2.56 2.90 3.21 3.51 3.80 4.07
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘0.05 1.55 1.80 2.03 2.25 2.46 2.66 2.85
𝑓𝑏𝑑 2.32 2.69 3.04 3.37 3.68 3.99 4.28
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 /𝜙 37 32 29 26 24 22 20 𝜎𝑠𝑑 = 347𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 /𝜙 47 40 36 32 30 27 25 𝜎𝑠𝑑 = 434𝑀𝑃𝑎

18
 1.4. Anchorage length of longitudinal reinforcement

Basic anchorage length Bad condition of adherences: 𝜂1 = 0.7

Direction of cast concrete

For 𝜙 ≤ 32𝑚𝑚 and tension stress of steel 𝜎𝑠 :

𝐿 𝜎𝑠
𝐿𝑏𝑑 = max . ; 10𝛷; 100𝑚𝑚
𝜂1 435

𝑓𝑐𝑘 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.21 2.56 2.90 3.21 3.51 3.80 4.07
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘0.05 1.55 1.80 2.03 2.25 2.46 2.66 2.85
𝑓𝑏𝑑 1.62 1.89 2.13 2.36 2.58 2.79 2.99
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝐿𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞 /𝜙 54 46 41 37 34 31 29 𝜎𝑠𝑑 = 347𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎;
𝐿𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞 /𝜙 67 58 51 46 42 39 36 𝜎𝑠𝑑 = 434𝑀𝑃𝑎

Mandrel and anchorage by hook (EC2-8.3)

Condition of non-damage of steel: We have to verify non-damage of concrete except if

For 𝜙 ≤ 16 If required anchorage of bar is not exceeded 5𝜙 from the extremity
Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4 𝜙 of the curve part or
If the bar is not disposed near the surface and it exists a transversal
For 𝜙 > 16 bar of diameter ≥ 𝜙 at the interior of the curve part
Φ𝑚,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7 𝜙

𝐹𝑏𝑡 1 1
Diameter of mandrel: Φ𝑚 ≥ +
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏 2𝜙

𝐹𝑏𝑡 is the tensile force from ultimate loads in a bar or group of bars in contact at the start of a bend
𝑎𝑏 for a given bar (or group of bars in contact) is half of the centre-to-centre distance between bars (or
groups of bars) perpendicular to the plane of the bend. For a bar or group of bars adjacent to the face of
𝜙
the member, ab should be taken as the cover plus
2
𝜙
𝑎𝑏 = min[ half of center-to-center distance; cover + ]
2

19
 1. Material and general detailings

Mandrel and anchorage by hook (EC2-8.3)

Mandrel and anchorage by hook (EC2-8.3)

Mandrel diameter:
𝐹𝑏𝑡 1 1
Φ𝑚 ≥ + 𝐸𝑞. (1)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏 2𝜙
𝜆 = 𝐿𝑏𝑑 − 𝑑1 − 𝑑4 + 𝜙 + 0.5Φ𝑚 − 0.5𝜑 Φ𝑚 + 𝜙 𝐸𝑞. (2)
2 𝐿𝑏𝑑 − 𝑑1 − 𝑑4 − 0.5𝜑𝜙 − 𝜆
Φ𝑚 = and 𝜆 = 5ϕ 𝐸𝑞. (3)
𝜑−1
𝐹𝐸𝑑 − 𝑋 𝑑4 + 𝑑1 − 𝜙
Φ𝑚1 = 𝑊. 𝐸𝑞. (4)
1 − 𝑊. 𝑋/2
2 𝐿𝑏𝑑 − 𝑑1 − 𝑑4 − 0.5𝜑𝜙 − 𝜆
Φ𝑚 = and 𝜆 = 5ϕ 𝐸𝑞. (3)
𝜑−1
Φ𝑚 = 4ϕ if ϕ ≤ 16𝑚, 𝑚Φ𝑚 = 7ϕ if ϕ > 16𝑚𝑚 𝐸𝑞. (5) 𝜃 = inclination of typical strut in midspan
1 1 1 𝑐 = cover from face of bottom reinforcement
𝑊= + ; 𝑋 = 𝜋. 𝜙. 𝑓𝑏𝑑 𝜙
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑏 2𝜙 𝑢=𝑐+ to axis of bars
2
𝑑3 = 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 = 𝑑1 − 𝜙 − 0.5Φ𝑚
𝜙
𝑑4 = 𝑢. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐 + . 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
2

20
 1.5. Anchorage of links and shear reinforcement

1.5 Anchorage of links and shear reinforcement

21
 1. Material and general detailings

Anchorage of links and shear reinforcement (EC2-8.5)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Basic anchorage length (EC2-8.5.3)

(1) The anchorage of links and shear reinforcement should normally be effected by means of
bends and hooks, or by welded transverse reinforcement. A bar should be provided inside a
hook or bend.
(2) The anchorage should comply with Figure 8.5. Welding should be carried out in accordance
with EN ISO 17660 and have a welding capacity in accordance with EC2-8.6 (2).

900 1350 1800

22
 1.6. Lap length

1.6 Lap length

23
 1. Material and general detailings

Lap length (EC2-8.7)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

General (EC2-8.7.1)

(1)P Forces are transmitted from one bar to another by:

- lapping of bars, with or without bends or hooks;
- welding;
- mechanical devices assuring load transfer in tension-compression or in compression only.

24
 1.6. Lap length

Laps (EC2-8.7.2)

(1)P The detailing of laps between bars shall be such that:

- the transmission of the forces from one bar to the next is assured;
- spalling of the concrete in the neighbourhood of the joints does not occur;
- large cracks which affect the performance of the structure do not occur.
(2) Laps:
- between bars should normally be staggered and not located in areas of high moments/forces
(e.g. plastic hinges). Exceptions are given in (4) below;
- at any section should normally be arranged symmetrically.

(3) The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with Figure 8.7: - the clear distance between
lapped bars should not be greater than 4 or 50 mm,

Laps (EC2-8.7.2)
(3) The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with Figure 8.7:
- the clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than 4𝜙 or 50 mm, otherwise the lap length
should be increased by a length equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4𝜙 or 50 mm;
- the longitudinal distance between two adjacent laps should not be less than 0,3 times the lap length, 𝑙0 ;
- In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars should not be less than 2𝜙 or 20 mm.

25
 1. Material and general detailings

Laps
The transmission of the force from one bar to the other is done through the concrete strut at 45°, located in
the plane of the two bars and no longer in the common space as previously.
𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿0 = 𝐿𝑏 + 𝑑0
With 𝑑0 = 𝑑 if 𝑑 > min 4𝜙, 50𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑0 = 0

Laps
(4) When the provisions comply with EC2-8.7.2(3) above, the permissible percentage of lapped
bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer. Where the bars are in several
layers the percentage should be reduced to 50%.
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be lapped in one section.

26
 1.6. Lap length

Lap length
𝑙0 = α1 . α2 . α3 . α5 . 𝛼6 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ l0,min = max 0.3. α6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 200𝑚𝑚; 15Φ
𝜌1 0.5
1 ≤ 𝛼6 = ≤ 1.5
25
Values of 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , 𝛼3 and 𝛼5 may be taken from EC2-Table 8.2
As = area of one lapped bar
𝜌1 is the percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0,65 l0 from the centre of the lap length considered (see
Figure 8.8)

Lap length

𝑙0 = α1 . α2 . α3 . α5 . 𝛼6 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ l0,min = max 0.3. α6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 200𝑚𝑚; 15Φ

𝜌1 0.5
1 ≤ 𝛼6 = ≤ 1.5
25
Values of 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , 𝛼3 and 𝛼5 may be taken from EC2-Table 8.2
𝜌1 is the percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0,65 l0 from the centre of the lap length considered (see
Figure 8.8)

27
 1. Material and general detailings

Lap length for bar in compression (straight bar)

𝑙0 = 𝛼6 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ l0,min = max 0.3. α6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 200𝑚𝑚; 15Φ

𝜌1 0.5
1 ≤ 𝛼6 = ≤ 1.5
25
𝜌1 is the percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0,65 𝑙0 from the centre of the lap length considered (see
Figure 8.8)

Lap length for bar in tension (straight bar)

𝑙0 = 𝛼2 . 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ≥ l0,min = max 0.3. α6 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 ; 200𝑚𝑚; 15Φ

𝛼2 = 0.7 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝛼2 = 1 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝜌1 0.5
1 ≤ 𝛼6 = ≤ 1.5
25
𝜌1 is the percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0,65 l0 from the centre of the lap length considered (see
Figure 8.8)

28
 1.7. Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone

1.7 Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone

29
 1. Material and general detailings

Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone (EC2-8.7.4)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Transverse reinforcement for bars in tension (EC2-8.7.4.1)

(1) Transverse reinforcement is required in the lap zone to resist transverse tension forces.

(2) Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars is less than 20 mm, or the percentage of lapped bars in any
section is less than 25%, then any transverse reinforcement or links necessary for other reasons may be
assumed sufficient for the transverse tensile forces without further justification.

𝜙 ≤ 20𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 25% 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

30
 1.7. Transverse reinforcement in the lap zone

Transverse reinforcement for bars in tension (EC2-8.7.4.1)

(3) Where the diameter, 𝜙, of the lapped bars is greater than or equal to 20 mm, the transverse reinforcement
should have a total area, ∑𝐴𝑠𝑡 (sum of all legs parallel to the layer of the spliced reinforcement) of not less than
the area 𝐴𝑠 of one lapped bar (∑𝐴𝑠𝑡 ≥ 1.0𝐴𝑠 ).
The transverse bar should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped reinforcement.
If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the distance, a, between adjacent laps at a
section is ≤ 10𝜙 (see EC2-Figure 8.7) transverse reinforcement should be formed by links or U bars anchored
into the body of the section.

Transverse reinforcement for bars in tension (EC2-8.7.4.1)

(4) The transverse reinforcement provided for (3) above should be positioned at the outer
sections of the lap as shown in EC2- Figure 8.9(a).

31
 1. Material and general detailings

Transverse reinforcement for bars in compression (EC2-8.7.4.2)

(1) In addition to the rules for bars in tension one bar of the transverse reinforcement
should be placed outside each end of the lap length and within 4𝜙 the ends of the lap length
(EC2-Figure 8.9b).

32
 1.8. Bundled bars

1.8 Bundled bars

33
 1. Material and general detailings

Bundled bars(EC2-8.9)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

General (EC2.8.9-1)

(1) Unless otherwise stated, the rules for individual bars also apply for bundles of bars. In a
bundle, all the bars should be of the same characteristics (type and grade). Bars of
different sizes may be bundled provided that the ratio of diameters does not exceed 1,7.
𝜙𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 1.7𝜙𝑖,𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡
(2) In design, the bundle is replaced by a notional bar having the same sectional area and the
same centre of gravity as the bundle. The equivalent diameter, n of this notional bar is such
that:
𝜙𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑛𝑏 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚 (𝐸𝐶2 − 𝐸𝑞. 8.14)
𝑛𝑏 is the number of bars in the bundle, which is limited to:
𝑛𝑏 ≤ 4 for vertical bars in compression and for bars in a lapped joint,
𝑛𝑏 ≤ 3 for all other cases.

34
 1.8. Bundled bars

General (EC2.8.9-1)

(3) For a bundle, the rules given in EC2-8.2 for spacing of bars apply. The equivalent diameter, 𝜙𝑛 , should be used
but the clear distance between bundles should be measured from the actual external contour of the bundle of
bars. The concrete cover should be measured from the actual external contour of the bundles and should not be
less than 𝜙𝑛 . Clear spacing for vertical and horizontal bar
𝑐ℎ = 𝑐𝑣 = max 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚, 20𝑚𝑚
where
𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum diameter of longitudinal bar
𝑑𝑔 maximum diameter of aggregate (𝑑𝑔 = 20𝑚𝑚 for
example)
For bundle bar, 𝜙𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑛𝑏 ≤ 55𝑚𝑚
𝜙 diameter of bar
𝑛𝑏 number of bar in a group
𝑐 = min 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 , 𝜙𝑛

General (EC2.8.9-1)

(4) Where two touching bars are positioned one above the other, and where the bond conditions
are good, such bars need not be treated as a bundle.

35
 1. Material and general detailings

Anchorage of bundles of bars (EC2.8.9-2)

(1) Bundles of bars in tension may be curtailed over end and intermediate supports.
Bundles with an equivalent diameter < 32 mm may be curtailed near a support without
the need for staggering bars. Bundles with an equivalent diameter ≥32 mm which are
anchored near a support should be staggered in the longitudinal direction as shown in
EC2-Figure 8.12.

Anchorage of bundles of bars (EC2.8.9.2)

(2) Where individual bars are anchored with a staggered distance greater than
1.3 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 (where 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 is based on the bar diameter), the diameter of the bar may be
used in assessing 𝑙𝑏𝑑 (see Figure 8.12). Otherwise the equivalent diameter of the
bundle, 𝜙𝑛 , should be used.

36
 1.8. Bundled bars

Anchorage of bundles of bars (EC2.8.9.2)

(3) For compression anchorages bundled bars need not be staggered. For bundles
with an equivalent diameter ≥32 mm, at least four links having a diameter ≥ 12 mm
should be provided at the ends of the bundle. A further link should be provided just
beyond the end of the curtailed bar.

Lapping bundles of bars (EC2.8.9.3)

(1) The lap length should be calculated in accordance with EC2-8.7.3 using 𝜙𝑛 (from EC2-8.9.1 (2))
equivalent diameter of bar.
(2) For bundles which consist of two bars with an equivalent diameter < 32 mm the bars may be
lapped without staggering individual bars. In this case the equivalent bar size should be used to
calculate 𝑙0 .

37
 1. Material and general detailings

Lapping bundles of bars (EC2.8.9.3)

(3) For bundles which consist of two bars with an equivalent diameter ≥ 32mm or of three bars,
individual bars should be staggered in the longitudinal direction by at least 1.3𝑙0 as shown in
Figure 8.13,
where 𝑙0 is based on a single bar.
For this case bar No. 4 is used as the lapping bar. Care should be taken to ensure that there are not
more than four bars in any lap cross section. Bundles of more than three bars should not be
lapped.

References

1. BS EN 1992-1-1-Design of concrete structure– Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings,
2014.

2. NF EN 1992-1-1-Calcul des structures en béton – Partie 1-1 : Règles générales et règles pour
les bâtiments, 2005

3. Le projet de beton armé 2011, SEBTP, 6ème édition, conformé à l’Eurocode 2

38
 2 Structural member reinforcement
detailings
2.1 Rectangular Beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

39
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Rectangular Beam Design in Eurocode 2

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

1

Rectangular Beam Singly Reinforcement

Rectangular Beam design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Design rectangular beam with width 𝑏𝑤 and height of ℎ

𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝜇= 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀𝑢
𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑢 : Singly reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 ≠ 0, 𝐴′𝑠 = 0
𝛼𝑢 = 1.25 1 − 1 − 2𝜇
𝑥𝑢 = 𝛼𝑢 𝑑
𝑧𝑢 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑢
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑧𝑢 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = max(𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
where 𝑓𝑐𝑘
2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = , 𝛾 = 1.5
3 𝛾𝑐 𝑐
0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max 0.26 𝑏 𝑑; 0.0013𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = , 𝛾 = 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑤 𝛾𝑠 𝑠
𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3936, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 390𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3916, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
S. Chhang 𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3717, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎 4

40
 2.1. Rectangular Beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

Rectangular Beam Bar arrangement

Beam arrangement (EC2-8.2)

Clear spacing for vertical and horizontal bar

𝑐ℎ = 𝑐𝑣 = max 𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑑𝑔 + 5𝑚𝑚, 20𝑚𝑚
where
𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 maximum diameter of longitudinal bar
𝑑𝑔 maximum diameter of aggregate
For bundle bar, 𝜙
𝜙𝑛 = 𝜙 𝑛𝑏 𝜙𝑛
𝜙 diameter of bar
𝑛𝑏 number of bar in a group

S. Chhang
Bundle bar 6

41
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.2 T-Beam Design in Eurocode 2

42
 2.2. T-Beam Design in Eurocode 2

T-Beam Design in Eurocode 2

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

11

T-Beam Design for compression in the

flange: Singly reinforcement

T-Beam design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

𝑇
For0.8x ≤ hf or 𝑀𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑀E𝑑 : design rectangular beam with width
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 and height of ℎ
𝑀𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝐸𝑑 = 𝑀𝑢
𝜇=
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑙𝑢 : Singly reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 ≠ 0, 𝐴′𝑠 = 0
𝛼𝑢 = 1.25 1 − 1 − 2𝜇
𝑥𝑢 = 𝛼𝑢 𝑑 (𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑓 0.8𝑥𝑢 ≤ ℎ𝑓 )
𝑧𝑢 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑢 𝑏𝑤
𝑀𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑧𝑢 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = min(𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = , 𝛾 = 1.5
where 𝛾𝑐 𝑐
2 𝑓𝑦𝑘
3
0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = , 𝛾 = 1.15
𝛾𝑠 𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max 0.26 𝑏 𝑑; 0.0013𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑤 𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3936, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 390𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3916, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
S. Chhang 𝜇𝑙𝑢 = 0.3717, 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑃𝑎 15

43
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.3 Shear reinforcement detailing

44
 2.3. Shear reinforcement detailing

Shear Reinforcement detailing (EC2-9.2.2)

90degree stirrup
Shear Reinforcement (EC2-9.2.2)

(1) The shear reinforcement should form an angle 𝛼 of

between 45° and 90° to the longitudinal axis of the structural
element.

(2) The shear reinforcement may consist of a combination of:

- links enclosing the longitudinal tension reinforcement and

the compression zone (see Figure 9.5);

- bent-up bars;

- cages, ladders, etc. which are cast in without enclosing the

longitudinal reinforcement but are properly anchored in the 2 bent-up bars
compression and tension zones.

45
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Shear Reinforcement (EC2-9.2.2)

(3) Links should be effectively anchored. A lap joint

on the leg near the surface of the web is permitted
provided that the link is not required to resist
torsion.

Shear

Shear Reinforcement (EC2-9.2.2(5), (6), (8)) for vertical stirrup 𝛼 = 900

Spacing of legs 𝑠
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑠. 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜌𝑤 = ≥ 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑠. 𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝜌𝑤 ≥ 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘

≥ 𝑏𝑤
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑 ≤ 600𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
2
𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑝
=2 ×
4
where Spacing of legs 𝑠
2 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠
Provide stirrup for restrain bar 𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 150𝑚𝑚 for members
(column) under compression

46
 2.3. Shear reinforcement detailing

Shear

Indirect supports (EC2-9.2.5)

(1) Where a beam is supported by a beam instead of a wall or column, reinforcement

should be provided and designed to resist the mutual reaction. This reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other reasons.

Suspended loading of beam or slab on main beam.

Additional shear reinforcement!!
This rule also applies to a slab not
supported at the top of a beam. No
additional shear reinforcement!!

Shear

Indirect supports (EC2-9.2.5)

(2) The supporting reinforcement between two beams should consist of links surrounding the
principal reinforcement of the supporting member. Some of these links may be distributed
outside the volume of the concrete, which is common to the two beams, (see Figure 9.7).

47
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Shear

Indirect supports

Bent-bar (BAEL91)
𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑤 =
2𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑉𝐸𝑑 − indrect shear from secondary beam on main beam

48
 2.4. Torsion reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

2.4 Torsion reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

49
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Torsion reinforcement detailing(EC2-9.2.3)

Torsion reinforcement

(1) The torsion links should be closed and be anchored by means of laps or hooked ends, see
Figure 9.6, and should form an angle of 90° with the axis of the structural element.

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 2.4. Torsion reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

Torsion reinforcement

OUI =ok Not allowed to used

Torsion reinforcement for vertical stirrup 𝛼=90^0

(2) The provisions of 9.2.2 (5) and (6) are
generally sufficient to provide the minimum
torsion links required.
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑠. 𝑏𝑤

𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘

≥ 𝑏𝑤
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑢
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 0.75𝑑, 350𝑚𝑚, , min 𝑏, ℎ
8
𝑏 width of section
ℎ depth of section
𝑢 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ for rectangular section
Spacing of legs 𝑠
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 150𝑚𝑚 for member under 𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
compression

51
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.5 Slab reinforcement Detailing in Eurocode 2

52
 2.5. Slab reinforcement Detailing in Eurocode 2

Slab Design in Eurocode 2

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: main and secondary reinforcements

Distributed loads Concentrated loads

Principle reinforcement
Principle reinforcement
along 𝑙𝑥
along 𝑙𝑥
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(2ℎ, 250𝑚𝑚)
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(3ℎ, 400𝑚𝑚)

Secondary reinforcement 𝑙𝑦
Secondary reinforcement along 𝑙𝑦
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(3ℎ, 400𝑚𝑚)
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(3.5ℎ, 450𝑚𝑚)
General case
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 and 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Long direction 𝑙𝑦
For the risk of brittle failure is small Thickness h

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1.2𝐴𝑠,𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ≤ 0.04𝐴𝑐 outside lap length

Short direction 𝑙𝑥
and 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

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 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: main and secondary reinforcements plus shrinkage reinforcement

General case
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 and 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒
For the risk of brittle failure is small
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1.2𝐴𝑠,𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ≤ 0.04𝐴𝑐 outside lap length
and 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑠ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: at free edge

(1) Along a free (unsupported) edge, a slab should normally contain longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement, generally arranged as shown in Figure 9.8.
(2) The normal reinforcement provided for a slab may act as edge reinforcement.

54
 2.5. Slab reinforcement Detailing in Eurocode 2

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: Opening in slab

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: Opening in slab

55
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Slab Design

Slab reinforcement: Opening in slab

56
 2.6. Flat Slab reinforcement Detailing

2.6 Flat Slab reinforcement Detailing

57
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Flat Slab Design

Flat Slab Design : Opening in slab (ACI319-19-8.5.4)

Flat Slab Design

Flat Slab Design :

ACI 13.4.2 (recommendation)

ACI319-19-8.5.4

58
 2.6. Flat Slab reinforcement Detailing

Flat Slab Design

Flat Slab Design :

ACI 13.4.2 (recommendation)

𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠𝑡 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 /4

𝐴𝑠𝑡

ACI319-19-8.5.4

Flat Slab Design

Flat Slab Design :

ACI 13.4.2 (recommendation)

ឹ ប្រហោងធំរំផុតCS
ទទង
Width/8
ដែកប្តូវដតមានចំនួនែដែល
ហៅកនុងប្រហ ោះចំហ

ACI319-19-8.5.4

59
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.7 Punching shear reinforcement detailing

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 2.7. Punching shear reinforcement detailing

Punching Shear

Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases with shear reinforcement (EC2-
6.4.5)
(3) Adjacent to the column the punching shear 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.4𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑑
resistance is limited to a maximum of: 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝐸𝑑 with 𝑣 = 0.6 1 −
250
, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐸𝐶2 − 6.6𝑁)
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽. ≤ 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑢0 𝑑
where 𝑢0 for an interior column
( 𝑢0 = enclosing minimum periphery [mm])
for an edge column
(𝑢0 = 𝑐2 + 3𝑑 ≤ 𝑐2 + 2𝑐1 [mm])
for a corner column (𝑢0 = 3𝑑 ≤ 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 [mm] )
𝑐1 , 𝑐2 are the column dimensions as shown in Figure
6.20
𝛽 see EC2-6.4.3 (3), (4) and (5)

Punching Shear

Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases with shear reinforcement (EC2-
6.4.5)
(4) The control perimeter at which shear reinforcement is not required, 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 (or 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑓 see Figure
6.22) should be calculated from Expression (6.54): 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽. 𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ (𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑑)
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 according to 6.4.4
The outermost perimeter of shear reinforcement should be placed at a distance not greater than
𝑘𝑑 within 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡 (or 𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑓 see Figure 6.22).
National Annex : 𝑘 = 1.50

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 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Punching Shear

Punching shear resistance of slabs and column bases with shear reinforcement (EC2-
6.4.5)
(5) Where proprietary products are used as shear reinforcement, 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐𝑠 should be
determined by testing in accordance with the relevant European Technical Approval.

Punching Shear

Punching shear reinforcement (EC2-9.4.3)

(1) Where punching shear reinforcement is required (see 6.4) it should be placed between the
loaded area/column and 𝑘𝑑 inside the control perimeter at which shear reinforcement is no
longer required. It should be provided in at least two perimeters of link legs (see Figure 9.10).
The spacing of the link leg perimeters should not exceed 0,75𝑑.
National Annex : 𝑘 = 1.50
The spacing of link legs around a
perimeter should not exceed 1,5d
within the first control perimeter
(2d from loaded area), and should
not exceed 2d for perimeters
outside the first control perimeter
where that part of the perimeter is
assumed to contribute to the shear
capacity (see Figure 6.22).

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 2.7. Punching shear reinforcement detailing

Punching Shear

Punching shear reinforcement (EC2-9.4.3)

For bent down bars as arranged in Figure 9.10 b) one perimeter

of link legs may be considered sufficient.
(4) Bent-up bars passing through the loaded area or at a distance
not exceeding 0,25d from this area may be used as punching
shear reinforcement (see Figure 9.10 b), top).

Punching Shear

Punching shear reinforcement (EC2-9.4.3)

(2) Where shear reinforcement is required the area of a link leg (or equivalent), 𝐴𝑠𝑤,min , is given
by Expression (9.11).
1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑤,𝑚𝑖𝑛 . ≥ 0.08. (𝐸𝐶2 − 𝐸𝑞. 9.11)
𝑠𝑟 . 𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑘
where : 𝛼 is the angle between the shear reinforcement and the main steel (i.e. for vertical links
𝛼 = 90° and sin 𝛼 = 1)
𝑠𝑟 is the spacing of shear links in the radial direction
𝑠𝑡 is the spacing of shear links in the tangential direction
𝑓𝑐𝑘 is in 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The vertical component of only those prestressing tendons passing within a distance of 0.5𝑑 of
the column may be included in the shear calculation.

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 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.8 Wall reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

64
 2.8. Wall reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

Reinforcement detailing of wall (EC2-9.6)

Vertical reinforcement (EC2-9.6.2)

𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Where 𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣 , controls in design, 𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 /2 should be located at each face.
Spacing between 2 adjacent bars 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠𝑣 ≤ 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ, 0.4𝑚 ; ℎ[𝑚]

Example :
𝑠𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

Layout plan

65
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Horizontal reinforcement (EC2-9.6.3)

𝐴𝑠,ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max(0.25𝐴𝑠𝑣 , 0.001𝐴𝑐 ) ≤ 𝐴𝑠ℎ ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑠,ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max(0.25𝐴𝑠𝑣 , 0.001𝐴𝑐 ) ≤ 𝐴𝑠ℎ ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Spacing between 2 adjacent bars 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑠ℎ ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
0.4𝑚

Example :
𝑠𝑣
𝑠ℎ
𝐴𝑠ℎ,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒

Elevation plan

Vertical and horizontal reinforcement (EC2-9.6.2 and 9.6.3)

Vertical reinforcement for wall
𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Where 𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝐴𝑠𝑣 , controls in design,
𝐴𝑠,𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 /2 should be located at each face.
Spacing between 2 adjacent bars 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤
𝑠𝑣 ≤ 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ, 0.4𝑚 , ℎ[𝑚]
Horizontal reinforcement for wall
𝐴𝑠,ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max(0.25𝐴𝑠𝑣 , 0.001𝐴𝑐 ) ≤ 𝐴𝑠ℎ
≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑠,ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max(0.25𝐴𝑠𝑣 , 0.001𝐴𝑐 ) ≤ 𝐴𝑠ℎ
≤ 𝐴𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04𝐴𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Spacing between 2 adjacent bars 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤
𝑠ℎ ≤ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.4𝑚

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 2.8. Wall reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

Transverse reinforcement (EC2-9.6.4)

For total aread of vertical reinforcement in the two faces 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 0.02𝐴𝑐 , transverse reinforcement in the form of links
should be provided according to the requirements for column (see EC2-9.5.3).
The large dimension referred to in 9.5.3 (4) (i) need not be taken greater than 4 x thickness of wall.
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ 4ℎ

For both face For both face

𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≤ 0.02𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 0.02𝐴𝑐

Transverse reinforcement (EC2-9.6.4)

For total aread of vertical reinforcement in the two faces 𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 0.02𝐴𝑐 , transverse reinforcement in the
form of links should be provided according to the requirements for column (see EC2-9.5.3).
The large dimension referred to in 9.5.3 (4) (i) need not be taken greater than 4 x thickness of wall.

For both face 𝐷𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟

❑ 𝐷𝐵𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≥ max 6𝑚𝑚, (EC2-9.5.3.1)
4
𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 0.02𝐴𝑐
❑ 𝐷𝐵𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≥ 5𝑚𝑚 (EC2-9.5.3.1)
The transverse reinforcement should be anchored adequately.
Maximum spacing of column for zone without lap
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min(20𝐷𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , min(ℎ, 𝑏), 400𝑚𝑚)
(i) In sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of the wall cross-section above or
below a beam or slab (𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ 4ℎ)
(ii) Near lapped joints, if the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars is greater than 14 mm.
𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.6𝑠𝑐𝑙,𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥
A minimum of 3 bars evenly placed in the lap length is required if 𝐷𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ≥ 14𝑚𝑚 (EC2-
9.5.8.6)

67
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Transverse reinforcement (EC2-9.6.4)

For both face

𝐴𝑠𝑣 > 0.02𝐴𝑐

Transverse reinforcement (EC2-9.6.4)

(2) Where the main reinforcement is placed nearest to the wall faces, transverse reinforcement
should also be provided in the form of links with at least of 4 per 𝑚2 of wall area.

Main reinforcement is not place Welded wire mesh and 𝜙 > 16𝑚𝑚
nearest : no link 4 per 𝑚2 𝜙 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚 and 𝑐 > 2𝜙 4 links per 𝑚2 of wall area

Note: Transverse reinforcement need not be provided where welded wire mesh and bars of
diameter 𝜙 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚 are used with concrete cover larger than 2𝜙
𝑐 > 2𝜙
Example : 𝜙14 → 𝑐 = 2 × 14𝑚𝑚 = 28𝑚𝑚 → Transverse reinforcement not required.

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 2.9. Deep beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

2.9 Deep beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

69
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Deep beam in EC2

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Deep beam (EC2-5.3.1(3))

(3) A beam is a member for which the span is not less than 3 times the overall section depth.
Otherwise it should be considered as a deep beam. (The design of deep beam is by strut-tie
method EC2-6.5)
ℎ ≥ 𝐿/3

Overall Overall
depth ℎ depth ℎ

Effective length 𝐿
b
Support Support

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 2.9. Deep beam reinforcement detailing in Eurocode 2

Deep beam (EC2-9.7)

(1) Deep beams (for definition see EC2-5.3.1 (3)) should normally be
provided with an orthogonal reinforcement mesh near each face, with
a minimum of 𝐴𝑠,𝑑𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 .

150𝑚𝑚2 𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝐴𝑠,𝑑𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = max 0.001𝐴𝑐 ,
𝑚

𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏ℎ ℎ 𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠,𝑑𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛 in the each direction and on each face

(2) The distance between two adjacent bars of the mesh should not exceed
the lesser of twice the deep beam thickness or 300 mm.
𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = min 2 min 𝑏, ℎ , 300𝑚𝑚
b
(3) Tension steel to anchor correctly in the supports.

71
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

2.10 Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

72
 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile Cap Design

Professional recommendation PR art. 9.8.1 on EC2
(application at France)

S. Chhang

Phnom Penh, 2024

Introduction

In France, for the professional recommendation on the application of EC2 went back to traditional
method.

73
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Pile cap on 2 piles

Pile cap on 2 piles

𝑏0 width of pile cap, ℎ height of pile cap

𝐵 section of column, 𝐵𝑝 section of pile
Verified compression of pile :
𝑅1𝑢
𝐵𝑝 ≥
𝜎𝑏𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚
Axes between piles:
𝑎′ ≥ 2.5 𝑡𝑜 3𝑎𝑝
Depth d :
𝑎 𝑎
0.5 𝑎′ − ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 0.7 𝑎′ −
2 2
Angle of strut : 450 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 550
𝑑
Or 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ≤ 1.4
𝑎′ Τ2−𝑎Τ4

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 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile cap on 2 piles

Compressive strut stress verification

𝑃𝑢
- At column level ≤ 0.9𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1.35𝐺0 𝑃𝑢
- At pile level + ≤ 0.9𝑓𝑐𝑘
2𝐵𝑝 2𝐵𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Calculate main reinforcement

𝑃𝑢 𝑎 1 𝑃𝑢 1
𝐴𝑠 = 1.1 a′ − <
4𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2.5 𝑓𝑦𝑑
(from condition tan𝜃 ≤ 1.4)
For cracked control (fissuration préjudiciable or fissuration tres
prejudiciable) : Pu to Pser, fed to su, R1u to R1ser

Pile cap on 2 piles (Professional recommendation PR art. 9.8.1 on EC2)

Shear stress verification

𝑃𝑢
≤ 1.75𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 if not need reinforcement
1.75𝑏0 𝑑
Reinforcement detailing
-Top reinforcement :from 0.125As to 0.2As
-Stirrup HA10 every 12cm for pile load 𝑁 ≤ 1.1𝑀𝑁
If 𝑁 > 1.1𝑀𝑁 , As in proportion with pile load
Horizontal reinforcement is not required.

75
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Pile cap on 2 piles (B.A.E.L91)

Shear stress verification

𝑃𝑢
≤ 1.75𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 if not need reinforcement
1.75𝑏0 𝑑
Reinforcement detailing
-Top reinforcement :from 0.125As to 0.2As
-Stirrup HA10 every 12cm for pile load 𝑁 ≤ 1.1𝑀𝑁
If 𝑁 > 1.1𝑀𝑁 , As in proportion with pile load
Horizontal reinforcement is not required.

Pile cap on 2 piles (B.A.E.L91)

Reinforcement detailing
𝐴𝑠
-Top reinforcement : 𝐴′𝑠 =
10
-horizontal reinforcement Ah and
vertical reinforcement Av
For round bar
𝐴ℎ 𝐴𝑣
𝑜𝑟 = 0.25%𝑏0
𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑣
Or for deformed bar
𝐴ℎ 𝐴𝑣
𝑜𝑟 = 0.20%𝑏0
𝑠ℎ 𝑠𝑣

ℎ
𝑏0 < ​width of pile cap, sh , sv – spacing for stirrup
2

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 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile cap on 3 piles

Pile cap on 3 piles

ℎ height of pile cap

𝐵 section of column, 𝐵𝑝 section of pile
𝑅1𝑢
Verified compression of pile : 𝐵𝑝 ≥
𝜎𝑏𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚
Axes between piles:
𝑎′ ≥ 2.5 𝑡𝑜 3𝑎𝑝
Depth d :
1 ′
𝑎 3 − 𝑎 ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 0.5 𝑎′ 3 − 𝑎
3
𝑑
Angle of strut : 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ≤ 1.4
𝑎′ 3Τ3−0.3𝑎

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 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Pile cap on 3 piles

Compressive strut stress verification

- At column level
𝑃𝑢
≤ 1.15𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
- At pile level
1.35𝐺0 𝑃𝑢
+ ≤ 1.15𝑓𝑐𝑘
3𝐵𝑝 3𝐵𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Pile cap on 3 piles

Calculate main reinforcement

𝑁𝑠
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑
For diagonal disposition
𝑃𝑢 𝑎
𝑁𝑠𝑚 = 3 𝑎′ −
9𝑑 2
For side disposition
𝑃𝑢 𝑎
𝑁𝑠𝑒 = 𝑎′ −
9𝑑 2
For cracked control (fissuration préjudiciable or fissuration tres
prejudiciable) : Pu to Pser, fed to su, R1u to R1ser

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 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile cap on 3 piles

Reinforcement detailing

𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴𝑠 /5
(distributed grid
reinforcement or
quadrillage répartie)

Pile cap on 3 piles

Reinforcement detailing
For top reinforcement, it is not necessary to put but it is preferable to reinforcement of circle at
mid-height.

Total anchorage of bottom reinforcement from inside face of pile.

Lap length of circle reinforcement ls

Shear stress verification is not required for 3 piles.

79
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Pile cap on 4 piles

Pile cap on 4 piles

ℎ height of pile cap

𝐵 section of column, 𝐵𝑝 section of pile
𝑅1𝑢
Verified compression of pile :𝐵𝑝 ≥
𝜎𝑏𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚
Axes between piles:
𝑎′ ≥ 2.5 𝑡𝑜 3𝑎𝑝
Depth d :
𝑎 𝑎
0.7 𝑎′ − ≤ 𝑑 ≤ 𝑎′ −
2 2
𝑑
Angle of strut : 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ≤ 1.4
𝑎′ Τ2−𝑎/4 2

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 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile cap on 4 piles

Compressive strut stress verification

- At column level
𝑃𝑢
≤ 1.35𝑓𝑐28
𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
- At pile level
1.35𝐺0 𝑃𝑢
+ ≤ 1.35𝑓𝑐28
4𝐵𝑝 4𝐵𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Shear stress verification is not necessary for this case.

Pile cap on 4 piles

Calculate main reinforcement

𝑁𝑠
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑
For diagonal disposition
𝑃𝑢 𝑎
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 2 𝑎′ −
8𝑑 2
For side disposition
𝑃𝑢 𝑎
𝑁𝑠𝑒 = 𝑎′ −
8𝑑 2
For cracked control (fissuration préjudiciable or
fissuration tres prejudiciable) : Pu to Pser, fed to su, R1u
to R1ser

81
 2. Structural member reinforcement detailings

Pile cap on 4 piles

Reinforcement detailing
For side disposition, at lease 75 to 85% of reinforcement is needed for the equilibrium of load Pu
and the distributed grid for the equilibrium of the remain.
𝑁𝑠𝑒
𝐴𝑟 = 1.2 × 2 1 − 𝛼 for 𝛼 = 75 𝑡𝑜 85%
𝑓𝑦𝑑

1.2 ​coefficient for the inefficiency of distributed grid.

Pile cap on 4 piles

Reinforcement detailing
For side disposition, at lease 40 to 60% of reinforcement is needed for the equilibrium of load Pu
and the diagonal bar for the equilibrium of the remain.
𝑁𝑠 𝑁𝑠
𝐴𝑐 = 𝛼 for 𝛼 = 40 𝑡𝑜 60%, 𝐴𝑟 = 1 − 𝛼
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

82
 2.10. Pile Cap detailing in Eurocode 2

Pile cap on 4 piles

Reinforcement detailing
For top reinforcement, it is not necessary to put but it is preferable to reinforcement of circle at
mid-height.

Total anchorage of bottom reinforcement from inside face of pile.

Lap length of circle reinforcement ls

Shear stress verification is not required for 4 piles.

References

1. BS EN 1992-1-1-Design of concrete structure– Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings,
2014.

2. NF EN 1992-1-1-Calcul des structures en béton – Partie 1-1 : Règles générales et règles pour
les bâtiments, 2005

3. Le projet de beton armé 2011, SEBTP, 6ème édition, conformé à l’Eurocode 2

83